1
|
Svoboda M, Nemeckova M, Medkova D, Sardi L, Hodkovicova N. Non-invasive methods for analysing pig welfare biomarkers. VET MED-CZECH 2024; 69:137-155. [PMID: 38841131 PMCID: PMC11148715 DOI: 10.17221/17/2024-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
At present, the assessment of pig welfare quality has gained significant importance, prompting the exploration of novel biomarkers for this purpose. Traditionally, these biomarkers have been monitored in the blood; however, blood sampling is considered an invasive procedure. Currently, non-invasive methods for collecting samples are emerging as viable alternatives for assessing these biomarkers. This article aims to present the current knowledge regarding the use of non-invasive methods for analysing pig welfare biomarkers, specifically focusing on the saliva, hair, faeces, and urine as matrices to determine these biomarkers. The saliva analysis encompasses various biomarkers, such as cortisol, alpha-amylase, chromogranin A, the total esterase, oxytocin, acute phase proteins, adenosine deaminase, immunoglobulins and parameters of redox homeostasis. Cortisol, a specific biomarker, can be determined in the hair, urine and faeces, while urine samples allow for the analysis of catecholamines as non-invasive markers of pig welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Svoboda
- Ruminant and Swine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Nemeckova
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Medkova
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Sardi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Nikola Hodkovicova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Botía M, Escribano D, Ortín-Bustillo A, López-Martínez MJ, Fuentes P, Jiménez-Caparrós FJ, Hernández-Gómez JL, Avellaneda A, Cerón JJ, Rubio CP, Tvarijonaviciute A, Martínez-Subiela S, López-Arjona M, Tecles F. Comparison of the Effect of Two Different Handling Conditions at Slaughter in Saliva Analytes in Pigs. Metabolites 2024; 14:234. [PMID: 38668362 PMCID: PMC11052431 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this report, different handling conditions at slaughterhouse were studied to assess changes in salivary biomarkers. For this purpose, finishing pigs were divided into two groups, one in which handling was improved to minimize stress (Group A, n = 24, transported and stabled at the slaughterhouse at low density without mixing with unfamiliar animals throughout the whole process) and another one in which animals had a more stressful handling process (Group B, n = 24, transported and stabled at high density with unfamiliar animals). Saliva samples were taken the day before transport to the slaughterhouse at 8:00 a.m. (B0) and 12:00 a.m. (B4), and the day of slaughter just after unloading animals at the slaughterhouse at approximately 8:00 a.m. (S0) and after 4 h of lairage at approximately 12:00 a.m. (S4). Group B showed significantly higher cortisol, total esterase activity, oxytocin, adenosine deaminase and haptoglobin levels than the Group A at both S0 and S4 sampling times, and higher levels of calprotectin and creatine kinase at S4 sampling time. This report indicates that differences in the way in which the pigs are handled at the slaughterhouse can lead to changes in salivary biomarkers and opens the possibility of the use of biomarker at slaughter to monitor handling conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Botía
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Damián Escribano
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
- Department of Animal Production, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain
| | - Alba Ortín-Bustillo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - María J. López-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Pablo Fuentes
- Cátedra de Seguridad y Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Grupo Fuertes-Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (P.F.); (F.J.J.-C.); (J.L.H.-G.); (A.A.)
| | - Francisco J. Jiménez-Caparrós
- Cátedra de Seguridad y Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Grupo Fuertes-Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (P.F.); (F.J.J.-C.); (J.L.H.-G.); (A.A.)
| | - Juan L. Hernández-Gómez
- Cátedra de Seguridad y Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Grupo Fuertes-Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (P.F.); (F.J.J.-C.); (J.L.H.-G.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Avellaneda
- Cátedra de Seguridad y Sostenibilidad Alimentaria Grupo Fuertes-Universidad de Murcia, 30003 Murcia, Spain; (P.F.); (F.J.J.-C.); (J.L.H.-G.); (A.A.)
| | - José J. Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Camila P. Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Silvia Martínez-Subiela
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| | - Marina López-Arjona
- Department of Animal and Food Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola de Vallés, Spain
| | - Fernando Tecles
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU), Veterinary School, Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo s/n, 30100 Espinardo, Spain; (M.B.); (D.E.); (A.O.-B.); (M.J.L.-M.); (J.J.C.); (C.P.R.); (A.T.); (S.M.-S.); (F.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng L, Shi L, Wu X, Hu P, Zhang B, Han X, Wang K, Li X, Yang F, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao R. Advances in Research on Pig Salivary Analytes: A Window to Reveal Pig Health and Physiological Status. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:374. [PMID: 38338017 PMCID: PMC10854898 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an important exocrine fluid that is easy to collect and is a complex mixture of proteins and other molecules from multiple sources from which considerable biological information can be mined. Pig saliva, as an easily available biological liquid rich in bioactive ingredients, is rich in nucleic acid analytes, such as eggs, enzymes, amino acids, sugars, etc. The expression levels of these components in different diseases have received extensive attention, and the analysis of specific proteins, metabolites, and biological compositions in pig saliva has become a new direction for disease diagnosis and treatment. The study of the changes in analytes in pig saliva can provide a new strategy for early diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and treatment of diseases. In this paper, the detection methods and research progress of porcine salivary analytes are reviewed, the application and research progress of porcine salivary analytes in diseases are discussed, and the future application prospect is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruimin Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar P, Ahmed MA, Abubakar AA, Hayat MN, Kaka U, Ajat M, Goh YM, Sazili AQ. Improving animal welfare status and meat quality through assessment of stress biomarkers: A critical review. Meat Sci 2023; 197:109048. [PMID: 36469986 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2022.109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Stress induces various physiological and biochemical alterations in the animal body, which are used to assess the stress status of animals. Blood profiles, serum hormones, enzymes, and physiological conditions such as body temperature, heart, and breathing rate of animals are the most commonly used stress biomarkers in the livestock sector. Previous exposure, genetics, stress adaptation, intensity, duration, and rearing practices result in wide intra- and inter-animal variations in the expression of various stress biomarkers. The use of meat proteomics by adequately analyzing the expression of various muscle proteins such as heat shock proteins (HSPs), acute phase proteins (APPs), texture, and tenderness biomarkers help predict meat quality and stress in animals before slaughter. Thus, there is a need to identify non-invasive, rapid, and accurate stress biomarkers that can objectively assess stress in animals. The present manuscript critically reviews various aspects of stress biomarkers in animals and their application in mitigating preslaughter stress in meat production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Muideen Adewale Ahmed
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abubakar Ahmed Abubakar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nizam Hayat
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ubedullah Kaka
- Department of Companion Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong Meng Goh
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biosecurity and Lairage Time versus Pork Meat Quality Traits in a Farm-Abattoir Continuum. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233382. [PMID: 36496903 PMCID: PMC9738693 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern pig production chain is increasingly focused on biosecurity, quality, and safety of meat and is associated with many challenges impacting world meat markets, such as animal disease outbreaks and sanitary restrictions, trade regulations and quality requirements. To overcome such challenges and assure more consistent pork meat quality (and safety), there is a need to develop an effective and reliable monitoring system in a farm-abattoir continuum that can be based on selected biomarkers. This study assessed interrelations of selected stress and inflammation biomarkers (acute phase proteins (APP)) between farm biosecurity score versus pork meat quality traits after two different lairage periods. Briefly, the maximum recorded levels of stress hormones (436.2 and 241.2 ng/mL, for cortisol and Chromogranin A (CgA), respectively) and APP (389.4 and 400.9 μg/mL, Pig Major Acute Proteins (MAP) and Haptoglobin (Hp), respectively) at four commercial farms were within the recommended threshold values. Cortisol and APP were negatively correlated to the internal and total biosecurity scores of farms. The increase of level of both sets of biomarkers was found at bleeding (after transportation and lairage period), but with lower values after long (18-20 h) versus short (1-3 h) lairage lay-over time. In general, negative correlation was confirmed between stress and inflammation biomarkers and carcass/meat quality traits. The farm total biosecurity level significantly affected chilling yield, meat temperature, and a* value. Pig-MAP emerged as a good biomarker with a promising potential for assessment and anticipation of broad aspects in the pork meat chain. It can be used for detection of failures in the pig production system and might be incorporated in certification programs for the pork meat industry.
Collapse
|
6
|
Simonov M, Stronskyi I, Salata V, Stronskyi Y, Kladnytska L, Kukhtyn M, Tomchuk V, Kozytska T, Tokarchuk T. The effect of transportation and pre-slaughter detention on quality of pig meat. POTRAVINARSTVO 2022. [DOI: 10.5219/1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to determine the influence of stress of various etiologies in pigs caused by transportation and pre-slaughter conditions on meat quality. For this purpose, pigs were divided into 11 groups within two meat processing enterprises, depending on the duration of transportation (short, long without breaks and long with breaks) and the conditions of keeping animals before slaughter. Also, within the two groups were created two subgroups with pigs of different breeds. A total of 156 pigs were studied. Blood was collected from all pigs to determine cortisol and lactate levels, and a sample of meat from the longest back muscle. The pH of the meat was determined at different stages of its maturation, and the weight loss of the sample was determined. As a result of the research, it was found that the highest quality pork was obtained from pigs that experienced lower levels of stress before slaughter. Keeping pigs for 10 – 14 hours before slaughter without access to water and food resulted in higher stress levels, which were probably expressed in higher blood concentrations of cortisol and lactate. Pigs’ access to food and water during pre-slaughter retention allows for high-quality meat by reducing the influence of stress. Pigs’ access to water before pre-slaughter does not affect the stress level but positively affects the loss of meat weight during maturation. The higher the concentration of lactate in pigs’ blood, the faster the pH of the meat decreases after slaughter, which negatively affects its quality and moisture retention. If there is a long-term transport of pigs, there is no rest stop that can significantly reduce stress levels in pigs. Duration of transportation of pigs does not correlate with stress levels, as the conditions before slaughter content.
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Acevedo-Giraldo J, Sánchez J, Romero M. Effects of feed withdrawal times prior to slaughter on some animal welfare indicators and meat quality traits in commercial pigs. Meat Sci 2020; 167:107993. [PMID: 32388087 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
9
|
Evolution of steroid concentrations in saliva from immature to pubertal gilts for the identification of biomarkers of gilts receptivity to boar effect. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
10
|
Rey-Salgueiro L, Martinez-Carballo E, Fajardo P, Chapela M, Espiñeira M, Simal-Gandara J. Meat quality in relation to swine well-being after transport and during lairage at the slaughterhouse. Meat Sci 2018; 142:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
11
|
Dalla Costa FA, Lopes LS, Dalla Costa OA. Effects of the Truck Suspension System on Animal Welfare, Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7010005. [PMID: 28106802 PMCID: PMC5295155 DOI: 10.3390/ani7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of two types of commercial suspension (leaf-spring (LS) vs. air suspension (AS)) installed on two similar double-decked trucks on blood cortisol and lactate concentration, lairage behavior, carcass skin lesions and pork quality traits of 120 crossbred pigs. The suspension type neither influenced pig behaviour in lairage nor blood cortisol and lactate concentrations (p > 0.10). However, when compared with the AS suspension system, the use of LS increased the number of skin lesions in the back and thigh (p = 0.03 and p = 0.01, respectively) and produced thigh with lower pHu (p < 0.001) and yellower colour (higher b* value; p = 0.03), and paler back muscles (subjective colour; p < 0.05), with a tendency to lower pH (p = 0.06). Therefore, the use air suspension system can improve carcass and meat quality traits of pigs transported to slaughter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Antônio Dalla Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, University of São Paulo State UNESP-FCAV, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil.
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Etologia e Ecologia Animal-ETCO, UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Letícia S Lopes
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, BR 153, Km 110, Concórdia 89700-991, Brazil.
| | - Osmar Antônio Dalla Costa
- Grupo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Etologia e Ecologia Animal-ETCO, UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal 14884-900, Brazil.
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, BR 153, Km 110, Concórdia 89700-991, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elucidating a molecular mechanism that the deterioration of porcine meat quality responds to increased cortisol based on transcriptome sequencing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36589. [PMID: 27833113 PMCID: PMC5105143 DOI: 10.1038/srep36589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress response is tightly linked to meat quality. The current understanding of the intrinsic mechanism of meat deterioration under stress is limited. Here, male piglets were randomly assigned to cortisol and control groups. Our results showed that when serum cortisol level was significantly increased, the meat color at 1 h postmortem, muscle bundle ratio, apoptosis rate, and gene expression levels of calcium channel and cell apoptosis including SERCA1, IP3R1, BAX, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3, were notably increased. However, the value of drip loss at 24 h postmortem and serum CK were significantly decreased. Additionally, a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GC regulation mechanism were screened out using transcriptome sequencing technology. A total of 223 DEGs were found, including 80 up-regulated genes and 143 down-regulated genes. A total of 204 genes were enriched in GO terms, and 140 genes annotated into in KEGG database. Numerous genes were primarily involved in defense, inflammatory and wound responses. This study not only identifies important genes and signalling pathways that may affect the meat quality but also offers a reference for breeding and feeding management to provide consumers with better quality pork products.
Collapse
|