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The Effect of Replacement of Soybean Meal with Corn Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (cDDGS) and Differentiation of Dietary Fat Sources on Pig Meat Quality and Fatty Acid Profile. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051277. [PMID: 33946686 PMCID: PMC8146195 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The growing demand for protein and the reluctance of consumers to use genetically modified feeds necessitate the use of other protein feeds. Corn dried distillers grains with solubles (cDDGS) is a well-digested protein feed; however, it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and can negatively affect the meat quality and oxidative stability. The negative influence of dietary unsaturated fatty acids on meat quality can be balanced by feed additives, e.g., a dietary saturated fat source increasing the iodine value of fat. To reduce the detrimental effect of corn DDGS in the present experiment, the beef tallow and coconut oil in a feed mixture were studied, as both of them are more saturated than corn DDGS and rapeseed oil. The aim of the study was to investigate mixtures comprising corn DDGS as a partial replacer for soybean meal as well as different dietary saturated fat sources to determine their effect on the meat quality and fatty acid profile. The relationships between dietary fatty acid profile and meat fatty acid profile and between various meat quality parameters were analyzed. Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate mixtures comprising corn distillers dried grain with solubles as a partial replacer for soybean meal (SBM) and different dietary fat sources, in order to determine their effect on the meat quality and fatty acid profile. Thirty-two crossbred fatteners were divided into four groups: I–SBM + rapeseed oil, II–cDDGS + rapeseed oil, III–cDDGS + beef tallow, IV–cDDGS + coconut oil. The experiment took place from 60 to 118 kg. At the end of fattening, all pigs were slaughtered and samples of meat (musculuslongissimus lumborum) were taken. The fatty acid profile, texture, and quality traits were analyzed. Corn DDGS affected drip loss. Beef tallow and coconut oil improved water holding capacity and drip loss and increased fat content, compared to the control group. The dietary fat type affected the fatty acid composition, iodine value, and consequently some quality traits of meat. However, these relationships varied. Fat content in the meat was inversely correlated with shear force and texture parameters, but positively with tenderness and juiciness. The fatty acid profile significantly influenced cohesiveness, chewiness, resilience and sensory traits, which were the most beneficial in meat with higher fat content and higher fat saturation index.
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Škrlep M, Poklukar K, Kress K, Vrecl M, Fazarinc G, Batorek Lukač N, Weiler U, Stefanski V, Čandek-Potokar M. Effect of immunocastration and housing conditions on pig carcass and meat quality traits. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa055. [PMID: 32705051 PMCID: PMC7284115 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of immunocastration and housing conditions on carcass, meat, and fat quality traits. Immunocastrates (IC, n = 48), entire (EM, n = 48), and surgical castrates (SC, n = 48) male pigs were reared under three different housing conditions. The conditions were standard (n = 36), enriched (n = 36, twice as much space as standard and additional outdoor access), or standard with repeated social mixing (n = 72). Pigs of the IC group were vaccinated at the age of 12 and 22 wk. The animals were slaughtered in four batches, balanced for sex category and housing, at the age of 27 wk reaching 124.7 ± 1.0 kg. Immunocastration led to increased fat deposition (i.e., thicker subcutaneous fat at different anatomical locations, more leaf fat, fatter belly in IC than EM, P < 0.05) but did not affect muscularity traits. As a result, EM exhibited higher and SC lower (P < 0.05) carcass leanness than IC. Fatty acids composition of either subcutaneous or intramuscular fat (IMF) agreed with general adiposity, that is, IC were intermediate between EM and SC exhibiting the lowest and highest fat saturation (P < 0.05), respectively. Compared to SC, EM exhibited higher (P < 0.05) levels of muscle oxidation and collagen content than SC, with IC taking an intermediate position in the case of the level of peroxidation and collagen content, or closer to SC as regards to oxidation of muscle proteins (i.e., carbonyl groups). Meat quality (including marbling score, cooking loss, subjective color redness, and chroma) of IC was similar to EM, and both differed (P < 0.05) from SC. However, IC and SC had less (P < 0.05) tough meat than EM, consistent with protein oxidation. The effect of housing was less evident. Mixing of pigs resulted in lower (P < 0.05) carcass weight and fatness in all sex categories with lower (P < 0.05) oleic and higher (P < 0.05) arachidonic acid in IMF of EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Škrlep
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Klavdija Poklukar
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kevin Kress
- Department of Behavioural Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Fazarinc
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nina Batorek Lukač
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ulrike Weiler
- Department of Behavioural Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioural Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola, Hoče, Slovenia
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Han P, Li P, Zhou W, Fan L, Wang B, Liu H, Gao C, Du T, Pu G, Wu C, Zhang Z, Niu P, Huang R, Li H. Effects of various levels of dietary fiber on carcass traits, meat quality and myosin heavy chain I, IIa, IIx and IIb expression in muscles in Erhualian and Large White pigs. Meat Sci 2020; 169:108160. [PMID: 32593014 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of bran fiber levels on carcass traits, meat quality and expression of myosin heavy chain isoform genes in muscles in Erhualian (Er-HL) and Large White pig (LW). Our results showed that fiber level did not affect carcass weight of Er-HL, while carcass weight of LW decreased with the increase of fiber level. Fiber level did not influence meat quality traits of LW, whereas increased fiber level led to an increase in pH45 min of Er-HL, and Er-HL fed 7% bran fiber (BRC) increased redness of meat compared with control diet (CON). We observed a decreased MyHCIIb and MyHCIIx mRNAs and protein levels in Er-HL fed 7% BRC compared with those in other groups, accompanying with a tendency for increased mRNA abundance of MyHCI. The slow-twitch oxidative fiber (MyHCI) is rich in myoglobin and mitochondrial oxidative metabolic enzymes, and the increased expression of MyHCI fiber in pork has resulted in higher redness value. In summary, bran fiber had no adverse effect on the meat quality of LW and appropriate fiber level addition in diets could improve meat quality of Er-HL through regulation the expression of myofiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Han
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Pinghua Li
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China; Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China; Nanjing Agricultural University's New Rural Research and Development Corporation of Huaian City, Huaian 223005, China.
| | - Wuduo Zhou
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lijuan Fan
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Taoran Du
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Guang Pu
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Chengwu Wu
- Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China; Nanjing Agricultural University's New Rural Research and Development Corporation of Huaian City, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Zongping Zhang
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Peipei Niu
- Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China
| | - Ruihua Huang
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Huaian Academy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Huaian 223005, China; Industrial Technology System Integration Innovation Center of Jiangsu Modern Agriculture (PIG), Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Institute of Swine Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Sekhon JK, Rosentrater KA, Jung S, Wang T. Nutrient Enhancement of Corn Distillers Dried Grains by Addition of Coproducts of the Enzyme‐Assisted Aqueous Extraction Process of Soybeans in Corn Fermentation. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasreen K. Sekhon
- Department of Culinary Arts and Food Science Drexel University 110 Academic Building, Philadelphia PA, Drexel 19104 USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Center for Crops Utilization Research Iowa State University 2312 Food Science Building, Ames IA, Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Kurt A. Rosentrater
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Center for Crops Utilization Research Iowa State University 2312 Food Science Building, Ames IA, Iowa 50011 USA
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Iowa State University 536 Farm House Lane Ames IA 50011 USA
| | - Stephanie Jung
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition California Polytechnic State University 1 Grand Avenue San Luis Obispo CA 93407 USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Center for Crops Utilization Research Iowa State University 2312 Food Science Building, Ames IA, Iowa 50011 USA
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Harris EK, Mellencamp MA, Johnston LJ, Cox RB, Shurson GC. Effectiveness of different corn dried distillers grains with solubles feeding strategies and increasing the time intervals between the second Improvest dose and slaughter of immunologically castrated pigs on belly and pork fat quality. Meat Sci 2017; 135:62-73. [PMID: 28926824 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Effects of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) feeding strategies (a corn-soybean meal (CS) fed continously; CS+40% DDGS fed continously; CS+40, 30, 20, or 10% DDGS in 4 phases, respectively; or CS+40% DDGS in phases 1 to 3 and CS in phase 4 before slaughter) on belly and pork fat quality of immunologically castrated (n=192) pigs were evaluated. All pigs received the first Improvest dose at 11week of age, and the second dose at 9, 7, or 5week before slaughter at 24week of age. Increasing the time interval of the second Improvest dose before slaughter reduced IV in all fat depots and increased belly thickness. Gradually decreasing dietary DDGS and DDGS withdrawal feeding strategies reduced IV in all fat depots. Calculated IV were greater using the Meadus et al. (2010) equation compared with using the AOCS (1998) equation because it includes more long-chain unsaturated fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Harris
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, United States
| | | | - L J Johnston
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, United States; West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris 56267, United States
| | - R B Cox
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, United States
| | - G C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, United States.
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