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Kamada H, Nakamura M, Ota H, Higuchi S, Takase K. Blood flow analysis with computational fluid dynamics and 4D-flow MRI for vascular diseases. J Cardiol 2022; 80:386-396. [PMID: 35718672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Both computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and time-resolved, three-dimensional, phase-contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (4D-flow MRI) enable visualization of time-varying blood flow structures and quantification of blood flow in vascular diseases. However, they are totally different. CFD is a method to calculate blood flow by solving the governing equations of fluid mechanics, so the obtained flow field is somewhat virtual. On the other hand, 4D-flow MRI measures blood flow in vivo, thus the flow is real. Recently, with the development and enhancement of computers, medical imaging techniques, and related software, blood flow analysis has become more accessible to clinicians and its usefulness in vascular diseases has been demonstrated. In this review, we have outlined the methods and characteristics of CFD and 4D-flow MRI, respectively. We have discussed the differences in the characteristics between both methods; reviewed the milestones achieved by blood flow analysis in various vascular diseases; and discussed the usefulness, challenges, and limitations of blood flow analysis. We have discussed the difficulties and limitations of current blood flow analysis. We have also discussed our views on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kamada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideki Ota
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoshi Higuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Takase
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
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Takeishi N, Shigematsu T, Enosaki R, Ishida S, Ii S, Wada S. Development of a mesoscopic framework spanning nanoscale protofibril dynamics to macro-scale fibrin clot formation. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210554. [PMID: 34753310 PMCID: PMC8580471 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombi form a micro-scale fibrin network consisting of an interlinked structure of nanoscale protofibrils, resulting in haemostasis. It is theorized that the mechanical effect of the fibrin clot is caused by the polymeric protofibrils between crosslinks, or to their dynamics on a nanoscale order. Despite a number of studies, however, it is still unknown, how the nanoscale protofibril dynamics affect the formation of the macro-scale fibrin clot and thus its mechanical properties. A mesoscopic framework would be useful to tackle this multi-scale problem, but it has not yet been established. We thus propose a minimal mesoscopic model for protofibrils based on Brownian dynamics, and performed numerical simulations of protofibril aggregation. We also performed stretch tests of polymeric protofibrils to quantify the elasticity of fibrin clots. Our model results successfully captured the conformational properties of aggregated protofibrils, e.g., strain-hardening response. Furthermore, the results suggest that the bending stiffness of individual protofibrils increases to resist extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takeishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Taiki Shigematsu
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryogo Enosaki
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Shunichi Ishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ii
- Graduate School of Systems Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-Osawa Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shigeo Wada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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Black RA, Houston G. 40th Anniversary Issue: Reflections on papers from the archive on "Mechanobiology". Med Eng Phys 2020; 72:76-77. [PMID: 31554582 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Black
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
| | - Gregor Houston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Liu T, Bai R, Zhou H, Wang R, Liu J, Zhao Y, Chen C. The effect of size and surface ligands of iron oxide nanoparticles on blood compatibility. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7559-7569. [PMID: 35492144 PMCID: PMC9049842 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10969b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unique physicochemical properties, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have attracted increased attention, which show different effects on red blood cell, plasma, platelet, C3 complement and vascular endothelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Ru Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Huige Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Rongqi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- Beijing Haidian Hospital
- Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital
- Beijing 100080
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
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Yesudasan S, Wang X, Averett RD. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and glycated hemoglobin under compression and shear exhibit an anisotropic mechanical behavior. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:1417-1429. [PMID: 28441918 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1323674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We developed a new mechanical model for determining the compression and shear mechanical behavior of four different hemoglobin structures. Previous studies on hemoglobin structures have focused primarily on overall mechanical behavior; however, this study investigates the mechanical behavior of hemoglobin, a major constituent of red blood cells, using steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations to obtain anisotropic mechanical behavior under compression and shear loading conditions. Four different configurations of hemoglobin molecules were considered: deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb), oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). The SMD simulations were performed on the hemoglobin variants to estimate their unidirectional stiffness and shear stiffness. Although hemoglobin is structurally denoted as a globular protein due to its spherical shape and secondary structure, our simulation results show a significant variation in the mechanical strength in different directions (anisotropy) and also a strength variation among the four different hemoglobin configurations studied. The glycated hemoglobin molecule possesses an overall higher compressive mechanical stiffness and shear stiffness when compared to deoxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, and carboxyhemoglobin molecules. Further results from the models indicate that the hemoglobin structures studied possess a soft outer shell and a stiff core based on stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumith Yesudasan
- a School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering , College of Engineering, University of Georgia , 597 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens , GA 30602 , USA
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- b School of Environmental, Civil, Agricultural and Mechanical Engineering , College of Engineering, University of Georgia , 712G Boyd Graduate Studies Research Center, Athens , GA 30602 , USA
| | - Rodney D Averett
- a School of Chemical, Materials, and Biomedical Engineering , College of Engineering, University of Georgia , 597 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens , GA 30602 , USA
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Kamada H, Imai Y, Nakamura M, Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi T. Shear-induced platelet aggregation and distribution of thrombogenesis at stenotic vessels. Microcirculation 2017; 24. [PMID: 28109051 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE SIPA, which is mediated by vWF, is a key mechanism in arterial thrombosis under an abnormally high shear rate of blood flow. We investigated the influence of SIPA on thrombogenesis, focusing on alterations in blood flow at stenotic vessels. METHODS We carried out a computer simulation of thrombogenesis in stenotic vessels at three different injury positions (ie, upstream, apex, and downstream of the stenosis) to evaluate the effect of SIPA. RESULTS The results demonstrated that thrombus volume increased downstream of the stenosis. In particular, growth was enhanced significantly as blood flow velocity and severity of stenosis increased. The influence of SIPA was induced by continuous exposure to high shear rate; thus, SIPA had a greater effect from the apex to downstream of the stenosis along the vessel wall. The asymmetry of the impact of SIPA contributed to the distribution of the thrombus. Furthermore, we found that the degree of SIPA was prolonged in a stenotic vessel with a distal injury, whereas it was moderate with thrombus growth in a nonstenosed vessel. This occurred because platelets and vWF that underwent a high shear rate around the apex were transported to the region downstream of the stenosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that thrombus formation downstream of the stenosis is easily affected by SIPA and hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kamada
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yohsuke Imai
- School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuji Ishikawa
- Department of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takami Yamaguchi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Imai Y, Omori T, Shimogonya Y, Yamaguchi T, Ishikawa T. Numerical methods for simulating blood flow at macro, micro, and multi scales. J Biomech 2016; 49:2221-2228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Omori T, Imai Y, Kikuchi K, Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi T. Hemodynamics in the microcirculation and in microfluidics. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:238-57. [PMID: 25398331 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamics in microcirculation is important for hemorheology and several types of circulatory disease. Although hemodynamics research has a long history, the field continues to expand due to recent advancements in numerical and experimental techniques at the micro-and nano-scales. In this paper, we review recent computational and experimental studies of blood flow in microcirculation and microfluidics. We first focus on the computational studies of red blood cell (RBC) dynamics, from the single cellular level to mesoscopic multiple cellular flows, followed by a review of recent computational adhesion models for white blood cells, platelets, and malaria-infected RBCs, in which the cell adhesion to the vascular wall is essential for cellular function. Recent developments in optical microscopy have enabled the observation of flowing blood cells in microfluidics. Experimental particle image velocimetry and particle tracking velocimetry techniques are described in this article. Advancements in micro total analysis system technologies have facilitated flowing cell separation with microfluidic devices, which can be used for biomedical applications, such as a diagnostic tool for breast cancer or large intestinal tumors. In this paper, cell-separation techniques are reviewed for microfluidic devices, emphasizing recent advances and the potential of this fast-evolving research field in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Omori
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-01, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan,
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Bodnár T, Fasano A, Sequeira A. Mathematical Models for Blood Coagulation. FLUID-STRUCTURE INTERACTION AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0822-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chesnutt JKW, Han HC. Effect of Red Blood Cells on Platelet Activation and Thrombus Formation in Tortuous Arterioles. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2013; 1:18. [PMID: 25022613 PMCID: PMC4090894 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2013.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, which can lead to myocardial infarction and stroke. Thrombosis may form in tortuous microvessels, which are often seen throughout the human body, but the microscale mechanisms and processes are not well understood. In straight vessels, the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) is known to push platelets toward walls, which may affect platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. However in tortuous vessels, the effects of RBC interactions with platelets in thrombosis are largely unknown. Accordingly, the objective of this work was to determine the physical effects of RBCs, platelet size, and vessel tortuosity on platelet activation and thrombus formation in tortuous arterioles. A discrete element computational model was used to simulate the transport, collision, adhesion, aggregation, and shear-induced platelet activation of hundreds of individual platelets and RBCs in thrombus formation in tortuous arterioles. Results showed that high shear stress near the inner sides of curved arteriole walls activated platelets to initiate thrombosis. RBCs initially promoted platelet activation, but then collisions of RBCs with mural thrombi reduced the amount of mural thrombus and the size of emboli. In the absence of RBCs, mural thrombus mass was smaller in a highly tortuous arteriole compared to a less tortuous arteriole. In the presence of RBCs however, mural thrombus mass was larger in the highly tortuous arteriole compared to the less tortuous arteriole. As well, smaller platelet size yielded less mural thrombus mass and smaller emboli, either with or without RBCs. This study shed light on microscopic interactions of RBCs and platelets in tortuous microvessels, which have implications in various pathologies associated with thrombosis and bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K W Chesnutt
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX , USA ; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX , USA
| | - Hai-Chao Han
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX , USA ; Biomedical Engineering Program, UTSA-UTHSCSA , San Antonio, TX , USA
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Chesnutt JKW, Han HC. Platelet size and density affect shear-induced thrombus formation in tortuous arterioles. Phys Biol 2013; 10:056003. [PMID: 23974300 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/5/056003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis accounts for 80% of deaths in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients demonstrate tortuous microvessels and larger than normal platelets. Large platelets are associated with increased platelet activation and thrombosis, but the physical effects of large platelets in the microscale processes of thrombus formation are not clear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the physical effects of mean platelet volume (MPV), mean platelet density (MPD) and vessel tortuosity on platelet activation and thrombus formation in tortuous arterioles. A computational model of the transport, shear-induced activation, collision, adhesion and aggregation of individual platelets was used to simulate platelet interactions and thrombus formation in tortuous arterioles. Our results showed that an increase in MPV resulted in a larger number of activated platelets, though MPD and level of tortuosity made little difference on platelet activation. Platelets with normal MPD yielded the lowest amount of mural thrombus. With platelets of normal MPD, the amount of mural thrombus decreased with increasing level of tortuosity but did not have a simple monotonic relationship with MPV. The physical mechanisms associated with MPV, MPD and arteriole tortuosity play important roles in platelet activation and thrombus formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K W Chesnutt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA. Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Kamada H, Imai Y, Nakamura M, Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi T. Computational study on thrombus formation regulated by platelet glycoprotein and blood flow shear. Microvasc Res 2013; 89:95-106. [PMID: 23743249 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thrombogenesis results from the interaction between glycoprotein receptors and their ligands, although a thrombus is affected by multiple factors such as blood flow, platelet interactions, and changes in ligand characteristics. In this study, we propose a platelet adhesion and aggregation model, focusing on the interaction between the glycoprotein receptor and its ligand. First, we conducted thrombogenesis simulations to compare physiological and pathological conditions. The results suggested that simulations of thrombogenesis differed in distribution, volume, and stability of the thrombus based on disorders of platelet adhesion, aggregation, and the activation. For example, distribution and volume were affected by the activation of GPIIb/IIIa with a GPIb/IX/V deficiency. The thrombus was also unstable, but formed from the upstream side of the injured site, with a GPIIb/IIIa deficiency. Second, we investigated thrombogenesis enhanced by the shear-induced platelet aggregation (SIPA) mechanism. The results demonstrated that the degree of SIPA decreased gradually with thrombus growth in a straight vessel. This result suggests that SIPA is a key hemostasis mechanism in an injured healthy arteriole, although it can lead to the formation of an occlusive thrombus in stenosed vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kamada
- School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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Computational modeling of thrombosis as a tool in the design and optimization of vascular implants. J Biomech 2013; 46:248-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Alizadehrad D, Imai Y, Nakaaki K, Ishikawa T, Yamaguchi T. Quantification of red blood cell deformation at high-hematocrit blood flow in microvessels. J Biomech 2012; 45:2684-9. [PMID: 22981440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The deformation of red blood cells in microvessels was investigated numerically for various vessel diameters, hematocrits, and shear rates. We simulated blood flow in circular channels with diameters ranging from 9 to 50 μm, hematocrits from 20% to 45%, and shear rates from 20 to 150 s(-1) using a particle-based model with parallel computing. The apparent viscosity predicted by the simulation was in good agreement with previous experimental results. We quantified the deformation of red blood cells as a function of radial position. The numerical results demonstrated that because of the shape transition in response to local shear stress and the wall effect, the radial variation of red blood cell deformation in relatively large microvessels could be classified into three different regions: near-center, middle, and near-wall regions. Effects of the local shear stress and wall varied with vessel diameter, hematocrit, and shear rate.
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