1
|
Pearce D, Nemcek M, Witzenburg C. Combining Unique Planar Biaxial Testing with Full-Field Thickness and Displacement Measurement for Spatial Characterization of Soft Tissues. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e493. [PMID: 35849021 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissues rely on the incredible complexity of their microstructure for proper function. Local variations in material properties arise as tissues develop and adapt, often in response to changes in loading. A barrier to investigating the heterogeneous nature of soft tissues is the difficulty of developing experimental protocols and analysis tools that can accurately capture spatial variations in mechanical behavior. In this article, we detail protocols enabling mechanical characterizations of anisotropic, heterogeneous soft tissues or tissue analogs. We present a series of mechanical tests designed to maximize inhomogeneous strain fields and in-plane shear forces. A customized, 3D-printable gripping system reduces tissue handling and enhances shear. High-resolution imaging and laser micrometry capture full-field displacement and thickness, respectively. As the equipment necessary to conduct these protocols is commercially available, the experimental methods presented offer an accessible route toward addressing heterogeneity. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Unique biaxial testing of soft tissues and tissue analogs Basic Protocol 2: Full-field thickness measurement of soft tissues and tissue analogs Support Protocol 1: Creating and speckling cruciform-shaped samples for mechanical testing Support Protocol 2: Creating custom gripping system to minimize sample handling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Nemcek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Colleen Witzenburg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zou X, Wang B. Accurate internal deformation measurement of an indentation test using micro-CT and self-adaptive digital volume correlation. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:C89-C98. [PMID: 35201002 DOI: 10.1364/ao.445818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical indentation testing is a widely used technique for determining local mechanical properties of materials. Accurate measurement of internal deformation in the indentation test is necessary for further study of material properties. Therefore, an in situ experimental measurement strategy combining micro-CT imaging and self-adaptive digital volume correlation (SA-DVC) is proposed. Unlike conventional DVC, SA-DVC can automatically identify the optimal subvolume size for each calculation point, which can effectively minimize measurement errors. The efficacy of the proposed method is first verified by the simulated indentation experiment. Then, it is used to analyze the deformation of epoxy resin composite in a real indentation experiment. Measurement results indicate that the proposed method can estimate three-dimensional displacement and strain fields with enhanced accuracy, and further application of the obtained measurement results on material parameter identification and stress field reconstruction is expected.
Collapse
|
3
|
León-Rodríguez M, Rayas JA, Martínez-García A, Martínez-González A, Téllez-Quiñones A, Porras-Aguilar R. Panoramic reconstruction of quasi-cylindrical objects with digital holography and a conical mirror. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4749-4752. [PMID: 34598190 DOI: 10.1364/ol.433434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present a panoramic digital holographic system for the first time capable of obtaining 3D information of a quasi-cylindrical object by using a conical mirror. The proposed panoramic digital holographic system is able to scan the entire surface of the object to determine the amplitude and phase simultaneously. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of analyzing quasi-cylindrical objects in a short time (0.5 s) with a single camera and a minimum number of optical components. In addition, it can be applied to determine not only topographic measurement of the cylindrical surface but also measurements of radial deformations. Experimental results are presented at different magnifications, thus illustrating its capabilities and versatility.
Collapse
|
4
|
Vairavan R, Abdullah O, Retnasamy PB, Sauli Z, Shahimin MM, Retnasamy V. A Brief Review on Breast Carcinoma and Deliberation on Current Non Invasive Imaging Techniques for Detection. Curr Med Imaging 2020; 15:85-121. [PMID: 31975658 DOI: 10.2174/1573405613666170912115617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast carcinoma is a life threatening disease that accounts for 25.1% of all carcinoma among women worldwide. Early detection of the disease enhances the chance for survival. DISCUSSION This paper presents comprehensive report on breast carcinoma disease and its modalities available for detection and diagnosis, as it delves into the screening and detection modalities with special focus placed on the non-invasive techniques and its recent advancement work done, as well as a proposal on a novel method for the application of early breast carcinoma detection. CONCLUSION This paper aims to serve as a foundation guidance for the reader to attain bird's eye understanding on breast carcinoma disease and its current non-invasive modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendaran Vairavan
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Othman Abdullah
- Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim, 08000 Sg. Petani, Kedah, Malaysia
| | | | - Zaliman Sauli
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Mukhzeer Mohamad Shahimin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia (UPNM), Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vithyacharan Retnasamy
- School of Microelectronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Soltani A, Lahti J, Järvelä K, Laurikka J, Kuokkala VT, Hokka M. Characterization of the anisotropic deformation of the right ventricle during open heart surgery. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019; 23:103-113. [PMID: 31847587 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2019.1703133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used for studying the anisotropic behavior of the thin walled right ventricle of the human heart. Strains measured with Speckle Tracking Echocardiography (STE) were compared with the DIC data. Both DIC and STE were used to measure longitudinal strains of the right ventricle in the beginning of an open-heart surgery as well as after the cardiopulmonary bypass. Based on the results, the maximum end-systolic strains obtained with the DIC and STE change similarly during the surgery with less than 10% difference. The difference is largely due to the errors in matching the longitudinal direction in the two methods, sensitivity of the measurement to the positioning of the virtual extensometer of in both STE and DIC, and physiological difference of the measurements as the DIC measures the top surface of the heart whereas the STE obtains the data from below. The anisotropy of the RV was measured using full field principal strains acquired from the DIC displacement fields. The full field principal strains cover the entire region of interest instead of just two points as the virtual extensometer approach used by the STE. The principal strains are not direction dependent measures, and therefore are more independent of the anatomy of the patient and the exact positioning of the virtual strain gage or the STE probe. The results show that the longitudinal strains alone are not enough to fully characterize the behavior of the heart, as the deformation of the heart can be very anisotropic, and the anisotropy changes during the surgery, and from patient to patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Soltani
- Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Lahti
- Hospital Heart Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - K Järvelä
- Hospital Heart Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Laurikka
- Hospital Heart Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - V-T Kuokkala
- Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| | - M Hokka
- Tampere University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferraiuoli P, Fixsen LS, Kappler B, Lopata RGP, Fenner JW, Narracott AJ. Measurement of in vitro cardiac deformation by means of 3D digital image correlation and ultrasound 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography. Med Eng Phys 2019; 74:146-152. [PMID: 31615731 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-based 2D speckle-tracking echocardiography (US-2D-STE) is increasingly used to assess the functionality of the heart. In particular, the analysis of cardiac strain plays an important role in the identification of several cardiovascular diseases. However, this imaging technique presents some limitations associated with its operating principle that result in low accuracy and reproducibility of the measurement. In this study, an experimental framework for multimodal strain imaging in an in vitro porcine heart was developed. Specifically, the aim of this work was to analyse displacement and strain in the heart by means of 3D digital image correlation (3D-DIC) and US-2D-STE. Over a single cardiac cycle, displacement values obtained from the two techniques were in strong correlation, although systematically larger displacements were observed with 3D-DIC. Notwithstanding an absolute comparison of the strain measurements was not possible to achieve between the two methods, maximum principal strain directions computed with 3D-DIC were consistent with the longitudinal and circumferential strain distribution measured with US-2D-STE. 3D-DIC confirmed its high repeatability in quantifying displacement and strain over multiple cardiac cycles, unlike US-2D-STE which is affected by accumulated errors over time (i.e. drift). To conclude, this study demonstrates the potential of 3D-DIC to perform dynamic measurement of displacement and strain during heart deformations and supports future applications of this method in ex vivo beating heart platforms, which replicate more fully the complex contraction of the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ferraiuoli
- Mathematical Modelling in Medicine Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Insigneo Institute for in silico medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| | - Louis S Fixsen
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Kappler
- LifeTec Group B.V., Eindhoven, Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department Cardiothoracic Surgery, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard G P Lopata
- Cardiovascular Biomechanics group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - John W Fenner
- Mathematical Modelling in Medicine Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Insigneo Institute for in silico medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Narracott
- Mathematical Modelling in Medicine Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Insigneo Institute for in silico medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferraiuoli P, Kappler B, van Tuijl S, Stijnen M, de Mol BA, Fenner JW, Narracott AJ. Full-field analysis of epicardial strain in an in vitro porcine heart platform. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 91:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
8
|
Soltani A, Lahti J, Järvelä K, Curtze S, Laurikka J, Hokka M, Kuokkala VT. An Optical Method for the In-Vivo Characterization of the Biomechanical Response of the Right Ventricle. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6831. [PMID: 29717224 PMCID: PMC5931522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraoperative in-vivo mechanical function of the left ventricle has been studied thoroughly using echocardiography in the past. However, due to technical and anatomical issues, the ultrasound technology cannot easily be focused on the right side of the heart during open-heart surgery, and the function of the right ventricle during the intervention remains largely unexplored. We used optical imaging and digital image correlation for the characterization of the right ventricle motion and deformation during open-heart surgery. This work is a pilot study focusing on one patient only with the aim of establishing the framework for long term research. These experiments show that optical imaging and the analysis of the images can be used to obtain similar parameters, and partly at higher accuracy, for describing the mechanical functioning of the heart as the ultrasound technology. This work describes the optical imaging based method to characterize the mechanical response of the heart in-vivo, and offers new insight into the mechanical function of the right ventricle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Soltani
- Tampere University of Technology, Laboratory of Materials Science, POB 589, FI33101, Tampere, Finland.
| | - J Lahti
- Tampere University Hospital Heart Center, POB 2000, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland
| | - K Järvelä
- Tampere University Hospital Heart Center, POB 2000, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland
| | - S Curtze
- Tampere University of Technology, Laboratory of Materials Science, POB 589, FI33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Laurikka
- Tampere University Hospital Heart Center, POB 2000, FI-33521, Tampere, Finland.,University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, POB 100, Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
| | - M Hokka
- Tampere University of Technology, Laboratory of Materials Science, POB 589, FI33101, Tampere, Finland
| | - V-T Kuokkala
- Tampere University of Technology, Laboratory of Materials Science, POB 589, FI33101, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chanda A, Ruchti T, Unnikrishnan V. Computational Modeling of Wound Suture: A Review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2018; 11:165-176. [DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2018.2804219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
10
|
Maiti R, Gerhardt LC, Lee ZS, Byers RA, Woods D, Sanz-Herrera JA, Franklin SE, Lewis R, Matcher SJ, Carré MJ. In vivo measurement of skin surface strain and sub-surface layer deformation induced by natural tissue stretching. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 62:556-569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
11
|
Palanca M, Tozzi G, Cristofolini L. The use of digital image correlation in the biomechanical area: a review. Int Biomech 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/23335432.2015.1117395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Palanca
- School of Engineering and Architecture, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tozzi
- School of Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Luca Cristofolini
- School of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|