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Anthony J, Smith J, Murray L, Kirsten GF, Gericke G, Kara Y, Davies V, Pearce D, Van Toorn R, Lippert MM, Lotz JW, Andronikou S, Alheit B, Van Wyk L, Ebrahim AS, Schifrin BS. Commentary on the published position statement regarding the pathogenesis of fetal basal ganglia- thalamic hypoxic-ischaemic injury. S Afr Med J 2023; 114:6-10. [PMID: 38525619 DOI: 10.7196/samj.2024.v114i1.1584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Anthony
- Retired associate professor and Head of Unit: Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital.
| | - J Smith
- Emeritus Professor of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - L Murray
- Private Practice in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - G F Kirsten
- Emeritus Professor of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - G Gericke
- Extraordinary Professor in Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Y Kara
- Paediatrician, Umhlanga Hospital and St Augustines Hospital, Durban, South Africa.
| | - V Davies
- Paediatrician and neonatologist, visiting associate professor, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - D Pearce
- Paediatric neurology consultant, University of the Witwatersrand, Donald Gordon Medical Centre Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - R Van Toorn
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - M M Lippert
- Certified paediatric neurology, private practice in Paediatric Neurology, Unitas Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - J W Lotz
- Emeritus Professor of Radiology, Division of Radiodiagnosis, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - S Andronikou
- Pediatric neuroradiologist and paediatric radiologist at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, USA; professor of radiology at the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA.
| | | | - L Van Wyk
- Neonatologist, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - A S Ebrahim
- Obstetrician and gynaecologist, St Augustine's Hospital, Durban, South Africa.
| | - B S Schifrin
- Formerly professor of obstetrics and gynecology (maternal-fetal medicine), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Hynds R, Huebner A, Pearce D, Pich O, Akarca A, Moore D, Ward S, Hill M, Jamal-Hanjani M, Marafioti T, McGranahan N, Swanton C. 3MO Genomic evolution of non-small cell lung cancer during the establishment and propagation of patient-derived xenograft models. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Pearce D, Nemcek M, Witzenburg C. Combining Unique Planar Biaxial Testing with Full-Field Thickness and Displacement Measurement for Spatial Characterization of Soft Tissues. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e493. [PMID: 35849021 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissues rely on the incredible complexity of their microstructure for proper function. Local variations in material properties arise as tissues develop and adapt, often in response to changes in loading. A barrier to investigating the heterogeneous nature of soft tissues is the difficulty of developing experimental protocols and analysis tools that can accurately capture spatial variations in mechanical behavior. In this article, we detail protocols enabling mechanical characterizations of anisotropic, heterogeneous soft tissues or tissue analogs. We present a series of mechanical tests designed to maximize inhomogeneous strain fields and in-plane shear forces. A customized, 3D-printable gripping system reduces tissue handling and enhances shear. High-resolution imaging and laser micrometry capture full-field displacement and thickness, respectively. As the equipment necessary to conduct these protocols is commercially available, the experimental methods presented offer an accessible route toward addressing heterogeneity. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Unique biaxial testing of soft tissues and tissue analogs Basic Protocol 2: Full-field thickness measurement of soft tissues and tissue analogs Support Protocol 1: Creating and speckling cruciform-shaped samples for mechanical testing Support Protocol 2: Creating custom gripping system to minimize sample handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mark Nemcek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Colleen Witzenburg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Jerber J, Seaton DD, Cuomo ASE, Kumasaka N, Haldane J, Steer J, Patel M, Pearce D, Andersson M, Bonder MJ, Mountjoy E, Ghoussaini M, Lancaster MA, Marioni JC, Merkle FT, Gaffney DJ, Stegle O. Population-scale single-cell RNA-seq profiling across dopaminergic neuron differentiation. Nat Genet 2021; 53:304-312. [PMID: 33664506 PMCID: PMC7610897 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studying the function of common genetic variants in primary human tissues and during development is challenging. To address this, we use an efficient multiplexing strategy to differentiate 215 human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines toward a midbrain neural fate, including dopaminergic neurons, and use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile over 1 million cells across three differentiation time points. The proportion of neurons produced by each cell line is highly reproducible and is predictable by robust molecular markers expressed in pluripotent cells. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) were characterized at different stages of neuronal development and in response to rotenone-induced oxidative stress. Of these, 1,284 eQTL colocalize with known neurological trait risk loci, and 46% are not found in the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) catalog. Our study illustrates how coupling scRNA-seq with long-term iPSC differentiation enables mechanistic studies of human trait-associated genetic variants in otherwise inaccessible cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jerber
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel D Seaton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna S E Cuomo
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natsuhiko Kumasaka
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Haldane
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juliette Steer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Minal Patel
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Pearce
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Malin Andersson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc Jan Bonder
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ed Mountjoy
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maya Ghoussaini
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - John C Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Florian T Merkle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Daniel J Gaffney
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Oliver Stegle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK.
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Rosenbaum S, Watkins A, Ward P, Pearce D, Fitzpatrick K, Curtis J. Psychiatry heal thyself: a lifestyle intervention targeting mental health staff to enhance uptake of lifestyle interventions for people prescribed antipsychotic medication. Eur Psychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPeople experiencing severe mental illness (SMI) face a shortened life expectancy of up to 20 years, primarily due to preventable cardiovascular (CV) diseases. Lifestyle interventions are effective in reducing CV risk, yet examples of service-wide interventions are lacking. Staff culture remains a barrier to the successful implementation of lifestyle interventions. The Keeping the Body in Mind (KBIM) program, established by SESLHD (Australia), aims to close the gap in life expectancy through multidisciplinary teams, including clinical nurse consultants, dieticians, exercise physiologists, and peer support workers. Prior to the KBIM rollout, an individualized lifestyle intervention called Keeping Our Staff In Mind (KoSiM) was offered to all district mental health staff.ObjectiveKoSiM examined the effectiveness of a staff intervention to improve physical health, confidence, knowledge and attitudes of mental health staff.MethodsMental health staffs were invited to participate in an online survey and a 4-week individualized intervention including personalised health screening and lifestyle advice, with a 16-week follow-up. Outcomes assessed included: attitudes, confidence and knowledge regarding metabolic health, weight, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, sleep, diet, physical activity and exercise capacity.ResultsOf a total of 702 staff, 204 completed the survey (29%). Among those completing the survey, 154 staff (75%) participated in the intervention. A mean decrease in waist circumference of 2 ± 2.7 cm, (P < 0.001) was achieved. Among staffs that were overweight or obese at baseline, 75% achieved a decrease in WC.ConclusionImproving staff culture regarding physical health interventions is an important step in integrating lifestyle interventions into routine care.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Pearce D, Fischer S, Huda F, Vahdati A. Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation in Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 17:1-13. [PMID: 32002838 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in cartilage tissue engineering have demonstrated noteworthy potential for developing cartilage for implantation onto sites impacted by joint degeneration and injury. To supplement resource-intensive in vivo and in vitro studies required for cartilage tissue engineering, computational models and simulations can assist in enhancing experimental design. METHODS Research articles pertinent to cartilage tissue engineering and computer modeling were identified, reviewed, and summarized. Various applications of computer modeling for cartilage tissue engineering are highlighted, limitations of in silico modeling are addressed, and suggestions for future work are enumerated. RESULTS Computational modeling can help better characterize shear stresses generated by bioreactor fluid flow, refine scaffold geometry, customize the mechanical properties of engineered cartilage tissue, and model rates of cell growth and dynamics. Thus, results from in silico studies can help resourcefully enhance in vitro and in vivo studies; however, the limitations of these studies, such as the underlying assumptions and simplifications applied in each model, should always be addressed and justified where applicable. In silico models should also seek validation and verification when possible. CONCLUSION Future studies may adopt similar approaches to supplement in vitro trials and further investigate effects of mechanical stimulation on chondrocyte and stem cell dynamics. Additionally, as precision medicine, machine learning, and powerful open-source software become more popular and accessible, applications of multi-scale and multiphysics computational models in cartilage tissue engineering are expected to increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pearce
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Sarah Fischer
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Keplerstraße 7, 70174, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fatama Huda
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA
| | - Ali Vahdati
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, 1000 E Fifth Street, Greenville, NC, 27858, USA.
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Barinova A, Fevre R, Brooks Rooney C, Pearce D. RE1 THE IMPACT OF REAL-WORLD EVIDENCE ON REIMBURSEMENT SUBMISSIONS: ARE WE CLEAR ON CURRENT PRACTICES? Value Health Reg Issues 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2019.08.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sevigny CM, Sengupta S, Luo Z, Jin L, Pearce D, Clarke R. Abstract P2-06-14: The role of SLC7A5 (LAT1) in endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p2-06-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Endocrine therapies are commonly used to treat estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers, which comprise 70% of all new breast cancer cases. Unfortunately, emergence of resistance to these therapies presents a major clinical challenge. Cancer cells can adapt to the dysregulation of cellular metabolism induced by endocrine therapy in order to evade cell death.Central to this adaptation is the scavenging of free-formed amino acids from the tumor microenvironment. For example, we found 109 solute carrier (SLC) mRNAs to be differentially expressed between endocrine-sensitive and resistant cells. We began our mechanistic studies of these genes with SLC family 7 member 5 (SLC7A5 or LAT1). SLC7A5 is a key component of a transmembrane transporter, which can complex with CD98 and increase the uptake of large, neutral amino acids (such as leucine or tyrosine).
We used a panel of endocrine therapy-resistant (LCC9) and sensitive (MCF7; LCC1) breast cancer cells. SLC7A5 expression was upregulated by estrogen in MCF7 and LCC1 cells; this induction was blocked by fulvestrant treatment. Basal expression of the SLC7A5 protein in the absence of estrogen was 2.75-fold higher in LCC9 cells compared with MCF7 cells; SLC7A5 mRNA expression was 71-fold higher. Fulvestrant treatment did not significantly alter SLC7A5 mRNA or protein expression in LCC9 cells. Inhibiting SLC7A5 function using either a pharmacological inhibitor (JPH203), or depleting expression using siRNA, led to significant suppression of LCC9 cell growth. Cell cycle analysis revealed that SLC7A5 depletion caused cells to accumulate in the G1-phase, with a concurrent reduction of cells in S-phase. In four publicly available datasets of ER+, tamoxifen treated breast cancer patients, high expression of SLC7A5 was significantly associated with poor relapse-free survival.
This study uncovers a novel adaptive mechanism in endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer cells that is facilitated by increased expression of SLC7A5, which enables them to supplement their increased metabolic needs and promoting cell growth. Blocking the functions of SLC7A5, perhaps in conjunction with inhibition of autophagy, may therefore offer a new avenue of potential therapeutic intervention against endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancers.
Citation Format: Sevigny CM, Sengupta S, Luo Z, Jin L, Pearce D, Clarke R. The role of SLC7A5 (LAT1) in endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-06-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- CM Sevigny
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - S Sengupta
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Z Luo
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - L Jin
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - D Pearce
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - R Clarke
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Clarke R, Dixon M, Jin L, Pearce D, Turnbull A, Selli C, Hu R, Zwart A, Wang Y, Xuan J, Sengupta S, Sims A, Liu MC. Abstract P5-04-17: Local network topology differences between early and late recurrence in ER+ breast cancers. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p5-04-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Late recurrence is characteristic of ER+ breast cancers. Despite an apparently effective adjuvant endocrine therapy, many breast cancers recur years after their initial endocrine treatment. Why some tumors recur early (<3 years) and some recur later (>5 years) is poorly understood. If systemic endocrine therapies killed all cells, recurrence would reflect only the appearance of new disease. Thus, we hypothesized that cells that survive and lie dormant may be driven, in part, by altered wiring of their cell death signaling. We, therefore, studied how cell death signaling is differentially wired in primary tumors that will recur early versus those that will recur later.
Method: Genes involved in apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis were identified from KEGG to initiate network feature analysis of gene expression data from public and our first in-house gene expression dataset. Data were collected from ER+ breast cancer pre-endocrine treatment samples with up to 20 years follow-up. Publicly available datasets used were GSE6532, GSE2034, GSE7390, GSE17705, GSE12093, and TCGA. We applied our Knowledge-fused Differential Dependency Network (KDDN) analysis tool to the public datasets; KDDN has provided powerful new insights into signaling in breast and other cancers. Common gene-gene interactions (edges) predicted in at least two different datasets were extracted from all KDDN analyses results. To strengthen the relevance of these features, predicted network edges that represent known protein-protein interactions (PPI) were identified from the STRING database, and these edges were noted in the signaling graphs. Final network graphs were constructed using the common edges from all overlaid networks. We conducted IPA analysis on all nodes in the final network and selected those incorporating network hubs. We took a similar approach to our second in-house dataset, which we used for independent testing. Here, patients were included if their tumor exhibited an initial reduction in volume of at least 40% by four months in response to neo-adjuvant Letrozole. Patients were then classified into two groups during follow-up of up to 3.7 years: i) initial tumor size reduction followed by continued response (expected to recur late); ii) initial reduction followed by tumor regrowth (expected to recur early). KDDN analysis was performed on pretreatment samples from these two groups and a network created annotated with PPI information.
Results: MAPK8 and CYCS (Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer, p=1.58E-52), TNFRSF1A Neuroinflammation Signaling Pathway, p=1.26E-54), RELA, and NFKB1 (Colorectal Cancer Metastasis Signaling, p=7.94E-35), were identified as hubs. Hubs may be critical signaling components driving the differences between tumors that will become dormant and recur late. Connections between SLC25A6 and SQSTM1 (p = 0.008), BIRC2 and GABARAP (p = 0.021) in the early group, and AKT3 and IRS2 (p = 0.014) in the late group, were shared between the two final networks. With longer follow-up time on the second in-house dataset, we will better define the two groups and identify additional common phenotype specific gene-gene interactions.
Citation Format: Clarke R, Dixon M, Jin L, Pearce D, Turnbull A, Selli C, Hu R, Zwart A, Wang Y, Xuan J, Sengupta S, Sims A, Liu MC. Local network topology differences between early and late recurrence in ER+ breast cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-17.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Clarke
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - M Dixon
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - L Jin
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - D Pearce
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - A Turnbull
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - C Selli
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - R Hu
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - A Zwart
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Y Wang
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - J Xuan
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - S Sengupta
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - A Sims
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - MC Liu
- Georgetown University, Washington, DC; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Breast Cancer Now Research Labs, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Virginia Tech Research Center, Arlington, VA; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Selli C, Turnbull AK, Pearce D, Fernando A, Renshaw L, Thomas JS, Dixon MJ, Sims AH. Abstract P5-04-03: Molecular characterisation of ER+ breast cancer dormancy and acquired resistance using a clinical model: Potential involvement of epigenetic regulation. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-p5-04-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The risk of recurrence for oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer patients treated with 5 years of adjuvant endocrine therapy persists for many years or even decades following surgery and apparently successful adjuvant therapy. This period of dormancy and acquired resistance is inherently difficult to investigate. Therefore, previous efforts have been limited to in vitro or in vivo approaches. In this study sequential tumour samples from patients receiving extended neoadjuvant endocrine treatment were characterised as a novel clinical model of ER+ breast cancer dormancy and acquired resistance.
Methods: Consecutive tumour samples from 62 patients undergoing extended (4-45 months) neoadjuvant letrozole therapy were subjected to transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, representing pre- (before treatment), early-on (13-120 days) and long-term (>120 days) neoadjuvant letrozole treatment. Patients with at least a 40% initial reduction in tumour size by 4 months of treatment were included. Of these, 42 patients with no subsequent progression were classified as “dormant”, and the remaining 20 patients as “acquired resistant”. Expression analysis was performed by using Illumina BeadChips. R and BioConductor packages were used for analysis. Differentially expressed genes were determined by using paired Rank Products (FDR, 5%).
Results: Multidimensional scaling using most variant 500 genes demonstrated that long-term treated dormant samples clustered separately from their matched pre- and early-on samples whereas long-term treated resistant samples were indistinguishable from their pre-treatment counterparts. Therapy-induced changes in resistant tumours were common features of treatment, rather than being specific to resistant phenotype. Comparative analysis of long-term treated dormant and resistant tumours highlighted changes in epigenetics pathways including DNA methylation and histone acetylation. DNA methylation marks 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine were significantly reduced in resistant tumours compared to dormant tissues after extended letrozole treatment. Decrease in 5-hydroxymethylcytosine were significant early-on.
Conclusions: This is the first patient-matched gene expression study investigating long-term aromatase inhibitor-induced dormancy and acquired resistance in breast cancer. Dormant tumors exhibit distinct molecular changes under extended treatment whereas acquired resistant tumors are more similar to matched diagnostic samples supporting the molecular concordance between primary tumors and metastases. Global loss of DNA methylation was observed in resistant tumours under extended treatment which can be predicted within first 4 months of therapy. Epigenetic alterations may lead to escape from dormancy and drive acquired resistance in a subset of patients supporting a potential role for therapy targeted at these epigenetic alterations in the management of endocrine resistant breast cancer.
Funding: This work was supported by Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship [H2020-MSCA-IF, 658170] and Welcome Trust Institutional Fund (ISSF3) to CS and AHS, Breast Cancer Now to AHS.
Citation Format: Selli C, Turnbull AK, Pearce D, Fernando A, Renshaw L, Thomas JS, Dixon MJ, Sims AH. Molecular characterisation of ER+ breast cancer dormancy and acquired resistance using a clinical model: Potential involvement of epigenetic regulation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-04-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Selli
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburrgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - AK Turnbull
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburrgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - D Pearce
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburrgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - A Fernando
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburrgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - L Renshaw
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburrgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - JS Thomas
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburrgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - MJ Dixon
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburrgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - AH Sims
- Applied Bioinformatics of Cancer, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, The University of Edinburrgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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11
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Valdivia A, Ly J, Gonzalez L, Hussain P, Saing T, Islamoglu H, Pearce D, Ochoa C, Venketaraman V. Restoring Cytokine Balance in HIV-Positive Individuals with Low CD4 T Cell Counts. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2017; 33:905-918. [PMID: 28398068 PMCID: PMC5576219 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infects and destroys CD4+ T cells leading to a compromised immune system. In a double-blinded study, a group of HIV-infected individuals with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm3 were given either an empty liposomal supplement or a liposomal glutathione (L-GSH) supplement to take over a 3-month period. Baseline measurements in HIV-positive subjects show a significant decrease in levels of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-2, and interferon (IFN)-γ, along with a substantial increase in the levels of IL-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and free radicals, compared to healthy individuals. Supplementation of HIV-positive subjects with L-GSH for 3 months resulted in a notable increase in the levels of IL-12, IL-2, and IFN-γ, with a concomitant decrease in the levels of IL-6, IL-10, and free radicals, and stabilization in the levels of TGF-β, IL-1, and IL-17, compared to their placebo counterparts. Levels of free radicals in CD4+ T cells stabilized, while GSH levels increased in the treatment group. Those in the placebo group showed no significant difference throughout the study. In summary, supplementation with L-GSH in HIV-infected individuals with CD4+ T cell counts below 350 cells/mm3 can help restore redox homeostasis and cytokine balance, therefore aiding the immune system to control opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anddre Valdivia
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Judy Ly
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Leslie Gonzalez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Parveen Hussain
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Tommy Saing
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Hicret Islamoglu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California
| | - Daniel Pearce
- Riverside University Health System, Public Health, Early Intervention/HIV, Riverside, California
- Department of Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Cesar Ochoa
- Western Diabetes Institute, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
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12
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Lago A, Tovar C, Zaragoza J, Luiz D, Pearce D. 0155 The treatment of only environmental Streptococci clinical mastitis cases reduced antibiotic use, days out of the tank, recurrence of clinical mastitis and a tendency to reduce culling. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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13
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Lago A, Luiz D, Pearce D, Tovar C, Zaragoza J. 0156 Effect of the selective treatment of gram-positive clinical mastitis cases versus blanket therapy. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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DeJesus E, Rodwick BM, Bowers D, Cohen CJ, Pearce D. Use of Dronabinol Improves Appetite and Reverses Weight Loss in HIV/AIDS-Infected Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:95-100. [PMID: 17538000 DOI: 10.1177/1545109707300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To determine whether dronabinol affects appetite and weight status in patients living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted to analyze weight and appetite changes and nausea status in patients with HIV/AIDS who received dronabinol for 3 to 12 months from January 11, 1993, to March 17, 2003. Results: Of the 117 patients who lost weight before baseline, 63% maintained or gained weight. In patients receiving dronabinol for 1 year, the mean weight gain (± SD) was 3.7 ± 10.6 lb. The percentage of patients experiencing loss of appetite decreased significantly from 71% at baseline to 26% at 1 month (P < .001) and continued to decline throughout the trial. The percentage of patients experiencing nausea at baseline (38%) decreased consistently from week 2 on; this change from baseline was significant at month 6 (P = .031). Conclusion: When taken for 3 months to 1 year, dronabinol significantly improves appetite and reverses weight loss in patients living with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin DeJesus
- Orlando Immunology Center, Orlando, Florida 32803-1851, USA.
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15
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Saing T, Valdivia A, Hussain P, Ly J, Gonzalez L, Guilford FT, Pearce D, Venketaraman V. Data on pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-6 in the peripheral blood of HIV-infected individuals. Data Brief 2016; 8:1044-7. [PMID: 27508262 PMCID: PMC4969237 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our most recent data indicate differences in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-17, and IL-6) and malondialdehyde (MDA), a stable end-product of lipid peroxidation in the plasma samples between HIV positive individuals with low CD4 T cell counts <200 mm(3) and HIV positive individuals with CD4 T cell counts between 200 and 300 mm(3) (ee). The data lend support and provide valuable correlation between CD4 T cell counts and the levels of inflammatory cytokines in HIV positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Saing
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Anddre Valdivia
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Parveen Hussain
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Judy Ly
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Leslie Gonzalez
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | | | - Daniel Pearce
- Riverside County Regional Medical Center, Moreno Valley, CA, USA
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA
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16
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Ly J, Lagman M, Saing T, Singh MK, Tudela EV, Morris D, Anderson J, Daliva J, Ochoa C, Patel N, Pearce D, Venketaraman V. Liposomal Glutathione Supplementation Restores TH1 Cytokine Response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in HIV-Infected Individuals. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 35:875-87. [PMID: 26133750 PMCID: PMC4642835 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are signaling biomolecules that serve as key regulators of our immune system. CD4+ T-cells can be grouped into 2 major categories based on their cytokine profile: T-helper 1 (TH1) subset and T-helper 2 (TH2) subset. Protective immunity against HIV infection requires TH1-directed CD4 T-cell responses, mediated by cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-12, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Cytokines released by the TH1 subset of CD4 T-cells are considered important for mediating effective immune responses against intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Oxidative stress and redox imbalance that occur during HIV infection often lead to inappropriate immune responses. Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant present in nearly all cells and is recognized for its function in maintaining redox homeostasis. Our laboratory previously reported that individuals with HIV infection have lower levels of GSH. In this study, we report a link between lower levels of GSH and dysregulation of TH1- and TH2-associated cytokines in the plasma samples of HIV-positive subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrate that supplementing individuals with HIV infection for 13 weeks with liposomal GSH (lGSH) resulted in a significant increase in the levels of TH1 cytokines, IL-1β, IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. lGSH supplementation in individuals with HIV infection also resulted in a substantial decrease in the levels of free radicals and immunosuppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β, relative to those in a placebo-controlled cohort. Finally, we determined the effects of lGSH supplementation in improving the functions of immune cells to control M. tb infection by conducting in vitro assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from HIV-positive individuals at post-GSH supplementation. Our studies establish a correlation between low levels of GSH and increased susceptibility to M. tb infection through TH2-directed response, which may be relieved with lGSH supplementation enhancing the TH1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Ly
- 1 Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California.,2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California
| | - Minette Lagman
- 1 Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California.,2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California
| | - Tommy Saing
- 1 Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California
| | - Manpreet Kaur Singh
- 1 Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California.,2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California
| | - Enrique Vera Tudela
- 1 Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California.,2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California
| | - Devin Morris
- 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California
| | - Jessica Anderson
- 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California
| | - John Daliva
- 2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California
| | - Cesar Ochoa
- 3 Western Diabetes Institute , Pomona, California
| | | | - Daniel Pearce
- 4 Center for Comparative Effectiveness and Outcomes Research, Loma Linda University , Loma Linda, California
| | - Vishwanath Venketaraman
- 1 Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California.,2 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences , Pomona, California
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17
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Taheri A, Sandoval LF, Pearce D, Lee Novick N, Mansoori P. Treatment of a deep infantile hemangioma using a penetrating insulated electrosurgical electrode (sublation). Dermatol Surg 2014; 40:702-4. [PMID: 24852479 DOI: 10.1111/dsu.0000000000000014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Taheri
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Dermatology Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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18
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Taheri A, Mansoori P, Sandoval LF, Feldman SR, Pearce D, Williford PM. Electrosurgery: part I. Basics and principles. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:591.e1-591.e14. [PMID: 24629361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The term electrosurgery (also called radiofrequency surgery) refers to the passage of high-frequency alternating electrical current through the tissue in order to achieve a specific surgical effect. Although the mechanism behind electrosurgery is not completely understood, heat production and thermal tissue damage is responsible for at least the majority--if not all--of the tissue effects in electrosurgery. Adjacent to the active electrode, tissue resistance to the passage of current converts electrical energy to heat. The only variable that determines the final tissue effects of a current is the depth and the rate at which heat is produced. Electrocoagulation occurs when tissue is heated below the boiling point and undergoes thermal denaturation. An additional slow increase in temperature leads to vaporization of the water content in the coagulated tissue and tissue drying, a process called desiccation. A sudden increase in tissue temperature above the boiling point causes rapid explosive vaporization of the water content in the tissue adjacent to the electrode, which leads to tissue fragmentation and cutting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Taheri
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
| | - Parisa Mansoori
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Laura F Sandoval
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Pearce
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Phillip M Williford
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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19
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Taheri A, Mansoori P, Sandoval LF, Feldman SR, Pearce D, Williford PM. Electrosurgery: part II. Technology, applications, and safety of electrosurgical devices. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:607.e1-607.e12. [PMID: 24629362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrosurgical currents can be delivered to tissue in monopolar or bipolar and monoterminal or biterminal modes, with the primary difference between these modes being their safety profiles. A monopolar electrosurgical circuit includes an active electrode and a dispersive (return) electrode, while there are 2 active electrodes in bipolar mode. In monoterminal mode, there is an active electrode, but there is no dispersive electrode connected to the patient's body and instead the earth acts as the return electrode. Biterminal mode uses a dispersive electrode connected to the patient's body, has a higher maximum power, and can be safer than monoterminal mode in certain situations. Electrosurgical units have different technologies for controlling the output power and for providing safety. A thorough understanding of these technologies helps with a better selection of the appropriate surgical generator and modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Taheri
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
| | - Parisa Mansoori
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Laura F Sandoval
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Steven R Feldman
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Pearce
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Phillip M Williford
- Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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20
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Whitmore C, Boldrin L, Beaver C, Pearce D, Morgan J. P64 The effect of calorie restriction on satellite cell function. Neuromuscul Disord 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8966(14)70080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Taheri A, Mansoori P, Sandoval LF, Feldman SR, Williford PM, Pearce D. Entrance and propagation pattern of high-frequency electrical currents in biological tissues as applied to fractional skin rejuvenation using penetrating electrodes. Skin Res Technol 2013; 20:270-3. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Taheri
- Department of Dermatology; Center for Dermatology Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - P. Mansoori
- Department of Pathology; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - L. F. Sandoval
- Department of Dermatology; Center for Dermatology Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - S. R. Feldman
- Department of Dermatology; Center for Dermatology Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
- Department of Pathology; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - P. M. Williford
- Department of Dermatology; Center for Dermatology Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
| | - D. Pearce
- Department of Dermatology; Center for Dermatology Research; Wake Forest School of Medicine; Winston-Salem NC USA
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22
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Pearce D, Marsh B. P5.084 Multiplex Capability of a Fully-Integrated, Low-Cost, Ultra-Rapid PCR Device with Point-Of-Care Applications. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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23
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McAfee L, Tung C, Espinosa-Silva Y, Rahman M, Fatima K, Clark R, Wang Z, Pearce D. A survey of a small sample of emergency department and admitted patients asking whether they expect to be tested for HIV routinely. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care 2013; 12:247-52. [PMID: 23735853 DOI: 10.1177/2325957413488197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many US HIV-positive patients are unaware of their infection. Although there are multiple studies assessing the acceptance of testing, there are none that assess the patient's expectations of routine HIV testing. METHODS Through a prospective, cross-sectional, unfunded, convenience sample survey, we assessed the patient's expectation of testing at a regional medical center serving an indigent population. Also, we compared the providers' predictions of the proportion of patients expecting a test. RESULTS Of the 69 patients, 23% expected a test. The only factor that correlated with this was their desire to be tested (P = .004). Providers' (N = 59) mean prediction was that 21% of the patients expected a test (range: 0%-100%). The proportion of emergency department (ED) patients wanting a test was 52% (of 30) and internal medicine inpatients were 44% (of 39). CONCLUSIONS Nearly a quarter of patients expected routine HIV testing. This finding should encourage a review of policies promoting HIV testing, especially within the ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa McAfee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Arrowhead Regional Medical Center, Colton, CA, USA
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24
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Pearce D, Sandoval LF, Feldman SR, Williford PM. Commentary: The Growing Skin Cancer Problem. Dermatol Surg 2013; 39:603-4. [DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Pearce D, Ani C, Espinosa-Silva Y, Clark R, Fatima K, Rahman M, Diebolt E, Ovbiagele B. Comparison of in-hospital mortality from acute myocardial infarction in HIV sero-positive versus sero-negative individuals. Am J Cardiol 2012; 110:1078-84. [PMID: 22762716 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have explored hospitalization outcome differences between patients who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compared to HIV-seronegative patients with acute myocardial infarctions (AMIs). The aim of this study was to explore in-hospital AMI mortality risk in seropositive and seronegative patients. A secondary analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1997 to 2006 was conducted. This sample allows the approximation of all United States hospitalizations. All AMI encounters with and without co-occurring HIV were identified using appropriate International Classification of Diseases and procedure codes. Descriptive and Cox proportional-hazards analyses were then conducted to estimate mortality differences between seropositive and seronegative patients while adjusting for demographic, clinical, hospital, and care factors. The results demonstrated higher AMI hospitalization mortality hazard in seropositive compared to seronegative patients after adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, medical co-morbidities, hospital type, and number of in-hospital procedures (HR 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.87, p = 0.04). Stratified analysis demonstrated greater although not statistically significant mortality hazard for non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in seropositive compared to seronegative patients. Typical AMI care procedures occurred at significantly lower rates in seropositive versus seronegative patients, including thrombolytic and anticoagulant agents (18% vs 22%), coronary arteriography (48% vs 63%), left cardiac catheterization (52% vs 66%), and coronary artery bypass graft (6% vs 14%). In conclusion, additional mortality burden and lower procedure rates occur for HIV-seropositive patients receiving AMI care. Health care providers should be alert to the increased mortality burden when treating seropositive patients with AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pearce
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University, California, USA.
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26
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Romero Y, Vuandaba M, Suarez P, Grey C, Calvel P, Conne B, Pearce D, de Massy B, Hummler E, Nef S. The Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ) Is essential for spermatogonial survival and spermatogenesis. Sex Dev 2012; 6:169-77. [PMID: 22571926 DOI: 10.1159/000338415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis relies on the precise regulation of the self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonia to provide a continuous supply of differentiating germ cells. The understanding of the cellular pathways regulating this equilibrium remains unfortunately incomplete. This investigation aimed to elucidate the testicular and ovarian functions of the glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper protein (GILZ) encoded by the X-linked Tsc22d3 (Gilz) gene. We found that GILZ is specifically expressed in the cytoplasm of proliferating spermatogonia and preleptotene spermatocytes. While Gilz mutant female mice were fully fertile, constitutive or male germ cell-specific ablation of Gilz led to sterility due to a complete absence of post-meiotic germ cells and mature spermatozoa. Alterations were observed as early as postnatal day 5 during the first spermatogenic wave and included extensive apoptosis at the spermatogonial level and meiotic arrest in the mid-late zygotene stage. Overall, these data emphasize the essential role played by GILZ in mediating spermatogonial survival and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Romero
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Guerra C, Johal K, Morris D, Moreno S, Alvarado O, Gray D, Tanzil M, Pearce D, Venketaraman V. Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by activated natural killer cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 168:142-52. [PMID: 22385249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized the underlying mechanisms by which glutathione (GSH)-enhanced natural killer (NK) cells inhibit the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) inside human monocytes. We observed that in healthy individuals, treatment of NK cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a GSH prodrug in conjunction with cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 + IL-12, resulted in enhanced expression of NK cytotoxic ligands (FasL and CD40L) with concomitant stasis in the intracellular growth of M. tb. Neutralization of FasL and CD40L in IL-2 + IL-12 + NAC-treated NK cells resulted in abrogation in the growth inhibition of M. tb inside monocytes. Importantly, we observed that the levels of GSH are decreased significantly in NK cells derived from individuals with HIV infection compared to healthy subjects, and this decrease correlated with a several-fold increase in the growth of M. tb inside monocytes. This study describes a novel innate defence mechanism adopted by NK cells to control M. tb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Guerra
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific Graduate of College of Biomedical Sciences Western University of Health Sciences, 309 East SecondStreet, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Taiwo O, Wilson GA, Morris T, Seisenberger S, Reik W, Pearce D, Beck S, Butcher LM. Methylome analysis using MeDIP-seq with low DNA concentrations. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:617-36. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
Meclizine, an antihistamine, has been widely used for prophylactic treatment and management of motion sickness. However, the onset of action of meclizine was about 1 hour for the treatment of motion sickness and vertigo. A new suspension formulation of meclizine (MOS) was developed with the intention to achieve a rapid effect. To investigate the pharmacokinetics of the new MOS formulation versus the marketed meclizine oral tablet (MOT), a phase 1 pharmacokinetic study was performed in 20 healthy volunteers. In addition, an in vitro metabolic study using human hepatic microsome and recombinant CYP enzyme was also performed to determine the metabolic pathway in the human body. The plasma concentration of MOS appeared more rapidly in comparison to the MOT. The geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) of AUC(0-24) and AUC(0-∞) indicated no significant difference in bioavailability between the 2 formulations. CYP2D6 was found to be the dominant enzyme for metabolism of meclizine, and its genetic polymorphism could contribute to the large interindividual variability. In view of the similar bioavailability with a much shorter peak time of the plasma meclizine concentration from the MOS formulation, this new formulation is expected to produce a much quicker onset of action when used for the management of motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wang
- Center for Advancement of Drug Research and Evaluation, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Science, 309E, 2nd St, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
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Pearce D, Shenton D, Brake S, Larry A, Green M, Gaydos C. P4-S1.03 Demonstrating performance of a low-cost, ultra-rapid PCR device with true point-of-care applications. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kempe DS, Ackermann TF, Boini KM, Klaus F, Umbach AT, Dërmaku-Sopjani M, Judenhofer MS, Pichler BJ, Capuano P, Stange G, Wagner CA, Birnbaum MJ, Pearce D, Föller M, Lang F. Akt2/PKBbeta-sensitive regulation of renal phosphate transport. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 200:75-85. [PMID: 20236253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM The protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt is known to stimulate the cellular uptake of glucose and amino acids. The kinase is expressed in proximal renal tubules. The present study explored the influence of Akt/PKB on renal tubular phosphate transport. METHODS The renal phosphate transporter NaPi-IIa was expressed in Xenopus oocytes with or without PKB/Akt and Na(+) phosphate cotransport determined using dual electrode voltage clamp. Renal phosphate excretion was determined in Akt2/PKBbeta knockout mice (akt2(-/-)) and corresponding wild-type mice (akt2(+/+)). Transporter protein abundance was determined using Western blotting and phosphate transport by (32)P uptake into brush border membrane vesicles. RESULTS The phosphate-induced current in NaPi-IIa-expressing Xenopus oocytes was significantly increased by the coexpression of Akt/PKB. Phosphate excretion [micromol per 24 h per g BW] was higher by 91% in akt2(-/-) than in akt2(+/+) mice. The phosphaturia of akt2(-/-) mice occurred despite normal transport activity and expression of the renal phosphate transporters NaPi-IIa, NaPi-IIc and Pit2 in the brush border membrane, a significantly decreased plasma PTH concentration (by 46%) and a significantly enhanced plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) concentration (by 46%). Moreover, fractional renal Ca(2+) excretion was significantly enhanced (by 53%) and bone density significantly reduced (by 11%) in akt2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Akt2/PKBbeta plays a role in the acute regulation of renal phosphate transport and thus contributes to the maintenance of phosphate balance and adequate mineralization of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Kempe
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
Four commercially important maize parental inbreds and their 12 F(1) hybrids were studied to investigate the role of the phytohormone gibberellin (GA) in the regulation of heterosis (hybrid vigor). All hybrids grew faster than any inbred. In contrast, all inbreds showed a greater promotion of shoot growth after the exogenous application of GA(3). Concentrations of endogenous GA(1), the biological effector for shoot growth in maize, and GA(19), a precursor of GA(1), were measured in apical meristematic shoot cylinders for three of the inbreds and their hybrids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring; deuterated GAs were used as quantitative internal standards. In 34 of 36 comparisons, hybrids contained higher concentrations of endogenous GAs than their parental inbreds. Preferential growth acceleration of the inbreds by exogenous GA(3) indicates that a deficiency of endogenous GA limits the growth of the inbreds and is thus a cause of inbreeding depression. Conversely, the increased endogenous concentration of GA in the hybrids could provide a phytohormonal basis for heterosis for shoot growth.
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Oke A, Pearce D, Wilkinson RW, Crafter C, Odedra R, Cavenagh J, Fitzgibbon J, Lister AT, Joel S, Bonnet D. AZD1152 rapidly and negatively affects the growth and survival of human acute myeloid leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2009; 69:4150-8. [PMID: 19366807 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinases play a critical role in regulating mitosis and cell division, and their overexpression has been implicated in the survival and proliferation of human cancer. In this study, we report the in vitro and in vivo activities of AZD1152, a compound that has selectivity for aurora B kinase, in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines, primary AML samples, and cord blood cells. AZD1152 exerted antiproliferative or cytotoxic effects in all cell lines studied, inhibited the phosphorylation of histone H3 (pHis H3) on Ser10 in a dose-dependent manner, and resulted in cells with >4N DNA content. THP-1 cells treated with AZD1152 accumulated in a state of polyploidy and showed a senescent response to the drug, in contrast to the apoptotic response seen in other cell lines. Accordingly, AZD1152 profoundly affected the growth of AML cell lines and primary AML in an in vivo xenotransplantation model. However, concentration-dependent effects on cell growth, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression were also observed when human cord blood and primary lineage-negative stem and progenitor cells were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that the inhibition of aurora B kinase may be a useful therapeutic strategy in the treatment of AML and that further exploration of dosing and treatment schedules is warranted in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedayo Oke
- Medical Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital and Medical School, London, UK
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Pearce D, Bonnet D. Ageing within the hematopoietic stem cell compartment. Mech Ageing Dev 2009; 130:54-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Smith LL, Pearce D, Smith ML, Jenner M, Lister TA, Bonnet D, Goff L, Fitzgibbon J. Development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method for monitoring CEBPA mutations in normal karyotype acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2006; 133:103-5. [PMID: 16512836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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van Servellen G, Nyamathi A, Carpio F, Pearce D, Garcia-Teague L, Herrera G, Lombardi E. Effects of a treatment adherence enhancement program on health literacy, patient-provider relationships, and adherence to HAART among low-income HIV-positive Spanish-speaking Latinos. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:745-59. [PMID: 16283835 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2005.19.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of an adherence enhancement program for low income HIV-infected Spanish-speaking Latinos on health literacy, patient-provider relationships, and adherence to HAART was examined. Evaluations were conducted at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6 months for participants (n = 85) randomly assigned to either the intervention group or a comparison group; 69 (81%) remained in the study for the entire 6-month duration. The intervention group scored significantly better than the comparison group on 3 of 5 measures of HIV health literacy at 6 weeks and on 2 of 5 measures, at 6 months. While there was a weak trend for the intervention group to report an increase in self-efficacy of medication adherence management, baseline to 6 weeks, no other changes were significant. Perceptions of the quality of relationship and communications with their HIV-treating physicians improved both at 6 weeks (p = 0.04) and at 6 months (p < 0.001). The comparison group showed little change baseline to 6 weeks and baseline to 6 months. While there was a trend for the pilot group to report better medication adherence, these differences were not statistically significant. Further evaluation of the impact of this adherence enhancement program is needed.
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37
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Meijer OC, Kalkhoven E, van der Laan S, Steenbergen PJ, Houtman SH, Dijkmans TF, Pearce D, de Kloet ER. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 splice variants differentially affect corticosteroid receptor signaling. Endocrinology 2005; 146:1438-48. [PMID: 15564339 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of receptor- and cell-specific effects of the adrenal corticosteroid hormones via mineralo- (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are still poorly understood. Because the expression levels of two splice variants of the steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) 1a and 1e, can differ significantly in certain cell populations, we tested the hypothesis that their relative abundance could determine cell- and receptor-specific effects of corticosteroid receptor-mediated transcription. In transient transfections, we demonstrate three novel types of SRC-1a- and SRC-1e-specific effects for corticosteroid receptors. One is promoter dependence: SRC-1e much more potently coactivated transcription from several multiple response element-containing promoters. Mammalian 1-hydrid studies indicated that this likely does not involve promoter-specific coactivator recruitment. Endogenous phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase mRNA induction via GRs was also differentially affected by the splice variants. Another type is receptor specificity: responses mediated by the N-terminal part of the MR, but not the GR, were augmented by SRC-1e at synergizing response elements. SRC fragment SRC(988-1240) by the MR but not the GR N-terminal fragment in a 1-hybrid assay. The last type, for GRs, is ligand dependence. Due to effects on partial agonism of RU486-activated GRs, different ratios of SRC-1a and 1e can lead to large differences in the extent of antagonism of RU486 on GR-mediated transcription. Furthermore, we show that SRC-1e but not SRC-1a mRNA expression was regulated in the pituitary by corticosterone. We conclude that the cellular differences in SRC-1a to SRC-1e ratio demonstrated in vivo might be involved in cell-specific responses to corticosteroids in a promoter- and ligand-dependent way.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Corticosterone/metabolism
- Genes, Reporter
- Histone Acetyltransferases
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Ligands
- Models, Biological
- Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Meijer
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9503, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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38
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Saag MS, Cahn P, Raffi F, Wolff M, Pearce D, Molina JM, Powderly W, Shaw AL, Mondou E, Hinkle J, Borroto-Esoda K, Quinn JB, Barry DW, Rousseau F. Efficacy and safety of emtricitabine vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a randomized trial. JAMA 2004; 292:180-9. [PMID: 15249567 DOI: 10.1001/jama.292.2.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Emtricitabine is a new, once-daily nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy and safety of emtricitabine as compared with stavudine when used with a background regimen of didanosine and efavirenz. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study conducted at 101 research clinics in North America, Latin America, and Europe. The first patient was enrolled on August 21, 2000; no investigator or patient was unblinded until the last patient randomized completed the week 48 visit on October 24, 2002. Analyses were based on data collected in a double-blind setting with a median follow-up of 60 weeks. Patients were 571 antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected adults aged 18 years or older with viral load levels greater than or equal to 5000 copies/mL. INTERVENTIONS Receipt of either 200 mg of emtricitabine once daily (plus stavudine placebo twice daily) (n = 286) or stavudine at standard doses twice daily (plus emtricitabine placebo once daily) (n = 285) plus open-label didanosine and efavirenz, once daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Persistent virological response, defined as achieving and maintaining viral load at or below the limit of assay quantification (< or =400 or 50 copies/mL). RESULTS At the interim analysis on June 14, 2002, when the last patient randomized completed 24 weeks of double-blind treatment (median follow-up time of 42 weeks), patients in the emtricitabine group had a higher probability of a persistent virological response < or =50 copies/mL vs the stavudine group (85% vs 76%, P =.005). This was associated with a higher mean CD4 cell count change from baseline for the emtricitabine group (156 cells/ microL vs 119 cells/microL, P =.01 [of note, there was no statistical difference at 48 weeks [P =.15], although a sensitivity analysis, using an intent-to-treat population with the last CD4 cell count observation carried forward to week 48 showed a difference [P =.02]]). The independent data and safety monitoring board recommended offering open-label emtricitabine based on the interim analysis. The probability of persistent virological response < or =50 copies/mL through week 60 was 76% for the emtricitabine group vs 54% for the stavudine group (P<.001). The probability of virological failure through week 60 was 4% in the emtricitabine group and 12% in the stavudine group (P<.001). Patients in the stavudine group had a greater probability of an adverse event that led to study drug discontinuation through week 60 than did those in the emtricitabine group (15% vs 7%, P =.005). CONCLUSION Once-daily emtricitabine appeared to demonstrate greater virological efficacy, durability of response, and tolerability compared with twice-daily stavudine when used with once-daily didanosine and efavirenz.
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McGuckin CP, Pearce D, Forraz N, Tooze JA, Watt SM, Pettengell R. Multiparametric analysis of immature cell populations in umbilical cord blood and bone marrow. Eur J Haematol 2004; 71:341-50. [PMID: 14667197 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0609.2003.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are finding increased therapeutic potential not least in tissue regeneration protocols. The cell sources being proposed for such protocols include embryonic, umbilical cord blood (CB) and adult bone marrow (BM). Although embryonic sources are controversial, CB and marrow are available immediately. The appropriate cells of use in these sources are considered to be extremely rare and a characterisation of the starting cell source is important for the development of adult stem cell protocols and ex vivo expansion. Umbilical CB and BM mononuclear cells were labelled for the antigens CD34, CD133, CD117, CD164, Thy-1 or CD38, and additional intracellular CD34 antigen. Three dimensional flow-cytometric analyses were carried out together with dual laser confocal microscope analysis for antigen profile expression. Variable levels of immaturity were detected on CB and BM populations using internal and external CD34 antigen. For CB and BM cells, internal CD34 (intCD34+) could be detected on co-expressing CD133+ cells before expression of external CD34 antigen (extCD34+). CD38 co-expression analysis also showed that a small but distinct group of cells expressing low CD38 and no external CD34 antigen could be detected. Additional phenotyping of these cells using CD117, Thy-1, CD164 and CD133 demonstrated variable primitive status detectable within the external CD34- population. Newly harvested primary CB and BM populations were shown to contain not only cellular populations of known standard sequential maturity but also populations of more extreme rarity. The presence of cells which lacked extracellular CD34 antigen, in both CB and BM, but which possessed CD133, has important implications for purification of human stem cells in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin P McGuckin
- King-George Laboratory, St George's Hospital Medical School and Kingston University, London, UK.
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40
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Abstract
Determining the cellular distribution of key adhesion molecules may aid in understanding haematopoietic progenitor/stem cell (HPSC) homing to bone marrow (BM). CD34, a well-characterized marker for blast-like HPSC, is widely used for the isolation and enumeration of HPSC. Functional studies have yet to identify a ligand for CD34. However, growing evidence suggests that CD34 may aid the regulation of HPSC differentiation and modulate the expression of other HPSC adhesion molecules necessary for homing. This study aimed to determine CD34 distribution on umbilical cord blood (CB) and BM. CD34-selected cells were adhered to positively charged gold slides at room temperature, before indirect fluorescent antibody labelling with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Fluorescent distribution was determined by 1-microm interval, confocal laser scanning microscope Z-sections. Initial analysis showed CD34 distributed within peripheral halos and dense pocket regions. The development of three-dimensional imaging software enabled spatial visualization of CD34 distribution on CB and BM in association with differential interference contrast cell image. This showed that CD34 was distributed within peripheral halos, with magnupodia-associated 'meridian-shaped crescents', extending from points of cell-slide adhesion towards the top of the cell. True CD34 distribution, not previously discernible by confocal laser scanning microscopy alone, suggests a possible role in cell adhesion/homing revealed by three-dimensional imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Whiting
- King-George Laboratory, St George's Hospital Medical School and Kingston University, London, UK
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Friedrich B, Feng Y, Cohen P, Risler T, Vandewalle A, Bröer S, Wang J, Pearce D, Lang F. The serine/threonine kinases SGK2 and SGK3 are potent stimulators of the epithelial Na+ channel alpha,beta,gamma-ENaC. Pflugers Arch 2003; 445:693-6. [PMID: 12632189 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-002-0993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2002] [Revised: 10/29/2002] [Accepted: 11/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) has been identified as a signalling molecule up-regulated by aldosterone, which stimulates the renal epithelial Na(+) channel ENaC. It is therefore thought to participate in the antinatriuretic action of this hormone. More recently, two isoforms, SGK2 and SGK3, have been cloned. The present study was performed to establish whether SGK2 and SGK3 influence ENaC activity similarly to SGK1. Dual-electrode voltage-clamp experiments in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing alpha,ss,gamma-ENaC with or without SGK1, SGK2 or SGK3 revealed a stimulatory effect of all three kinases on the amiloride-sensitive current (I(Na)). To establish whether the SGK isoforms exert their effects through direct phosphorylation, we replaced the serine at the SGK consensus site of alphaENaC (alpha(S622A)ENaC) by site-directed mutagenesis. alpha(S622A),beta,gamma-ENaC was up-regulated similar to wild-type ENaC, suggesting that SGK isoforms do not act via direct phosphorylation of the transport proteins. In conclusion, SGK2 and SGK3 mimic the function of SGK1 and are likely to participate in the regulation of ENaC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Friedrich
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Wheat LJ, Farthing C, Cohen C, Pierone G, Lalezari J, Pilson RS, Siemon-Hryczyk P, Baxter J, Beer V, Bellos NC, Bissett J, Braun J, Brosgart C, Burman W, Burnside A, Cervia J, Cheeseman S, Cimoch P, Cohen C, DeJesus E, Diaz L, Dieterich D, Dobkin J, Dretler R, El-Sadr W, Eng R, Farthing C, Feinberg J, Feleke G, Fessel J, Fish D, Galpin J, Gathe J, Gilson I, Gold M, Goodgame J, Goodrich J, Greenberg R, Greiger P, Grossman H, Grossman R, Hanna B, Hathaway B, Hoffman-Terry M, Jacobson S, Jemsek J, Jordan W, Kaplan M, Kostman J, Lalezari J, Landesman S, Lindquist C, MacArthur R, Madhava V, Marsh B, Martin D, Mathur-Wagh U, McMeeking A, Miao P, Mogyoros M, Murphy R, Mustafa M, Nadler J, Norris D, Onbirbak B, Parker RH, Pearce D, Pierone G, Poblete R, Poretz DM, Reyelt MC, Rivera-Vazquez C, Salvato P, Sands M, Schwartz R, Sension M, Skowron G, Slater L, Smith D, Stavola J, Steinhart C, Temesgen Z, Thompson M, Timpone J, Valentine FT, Vollmer K, Wada S, Ward D, Wheat LJ, Yangco B, Carey P, Jablonowski H, Theisen A, Lazzarin A, Ocana I. Efficacy and Safety of Twice-Daily versus Three-Times Daily Saquinavir Soft Gelatin Capsules as Part of Triple Combination Therapy for HIV-1 Infection. Antivir Ther 2002. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350200700310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether a triple therapy regimen incorporating twice-daily saquinavir is as effective as a three-times daily regimen. Methods This was an open-label, Phase III, multicentre, 48-week study involving 837 HIV-1-infected patients randomised to one of the following: saquinavir soft gel capsule (SGC) 1200 mg three-times daily, plus two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) (arm A); saquinavir SGC 1600 mg twice-daily, plus two NRTIs (arm B); saquinavir SGC 1200 mg twice-daily and nelfinavir 1250 mg twice-daily, plus a single NRTI (arm C). The primary outcome measure was the virological response in arm A versus B and in arm A versus C with respect to the percentage of patients whose plasma HIV-1 RNA levels fell below the level of quantification for the Amplicor assay (<400 copies/ml) at weeks 24 and 48. Results At 48 weeks, the percentage of patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA levels <400 copies/ml was 47.1% (arm A), 45.3% (arm B) and 42.7% (arm C) in the intention-to-treat analysis. The treatment difference between arm B–arm A was -1.8% (95% confidence intervals -10.1, 6.5) and for arm C–arm A was -4.5% (95% confidence intervals -12.7, 3.7) in the intention-to-treat analysis. These differences fell within the maximum allowable difference (±12%) for arm B compared with arm A. At week 24, the percentage of patients with HIV-1 RNA levels <400 copies/ml was 59.6% (arm A), 57.6% (arm B) and 51.3% (arm C). Conclusions A twice-daily triple therapy regimen incorporating saquinavir SGC plus two NRTIs was of equivalent efficacy to the three-times daily regimen studied. All regimens were generally well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Joseph Wheat
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind., USA
| | - Charles Farthing
- AIDS HealthCare Foundation Research Center, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Calvin Cohen
- Community Research Initiative, Brookline, Mass., USA
| | - Gerald Pierone
- Treasure Coast Infectious Disease Specialists, Vero Beach, Fla., USA
| | - Jay Lalezari
- Quest Clinical Research, San Francisco, Calif., USA
| | | | | | | | - Victor Beer
- Beer Medical Group, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | | | - Jack Bissett
- Austin Infectious Disease Consultants, Austin, Tex., USA
| | | | - Carol Brosgart
- Alta Bates Medical Ctr, East Bay AIDS Center, Berkeley, Calif., USA
| | | | | | - Joe Cervia
- NY Hospital/Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Cheeseman
- University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Mass., USA
| | - Paul Cimoch
- Orange County Center for Special Immunology, Fountain Valley, Calif., USA
| | - Calvin Cohen
- Community Research Initiative, Brookline, Mass., USA
| | - Edwin DeJesus
- IDC Research Initiative, Altamonte Springs, Fla., USA
| | - Leslie Diaz
- Stratogen Health of Palm Beach, Jupiter, Fla., USA
| | | | - Jay Dobkin
- Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robin Dretler
- Infectious Disease Specialists of Atlanta, Decauter, Ga., USA
| | | | - Robert Eng
- VA New Jersey Health Care System III-ID, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Charles Farthing
- AIDS Healthcare Foundation Research Center, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Judith Feinberg
- University of Cincinnati Medical Center, AIDS Treatment Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey Fessel
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, HIV Research Unit, San Francisco, Calif., USA
| | - Douglas Fish
- Albany Medical College, Division of HIV Medicine, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Galpin
- Shared Medical Research Foundation, Sherman Oaks Hospital, Sherman Oaks, Calif., USA
| | | | - Ian Gilson
- Aurora Medical Group, Milwaukee, Wis., USA
| | - Marla Gold
- MCH Hahnermann University, Partnership Comprehensive Care Practice, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ron Grossman
- Anderson Clinical Research, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bruce Hathaway
- ECU School of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Greenville, NC, USA
| | | | - Susan Jacobson
- Alta Bates Medical Center, East Bay AIDS Center, Berkeley, Calif., USA
| | | | | | - Mark Kaplan
- North Shore University Hospital, Center for AIDS Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodger MacArthur
- Wayne State University/Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Mich., USA
| | | | - Bryan Marsh
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Usha Mathur-Wagh
- Peter Krueger Clinic/Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter Miao
- Sherman Oaks Hospital Research Institute, Sherman Oaks, Calif., USA
| | - Miguel Mogyoros
- Kaiser Permanente, Department of Infectious Diseases, Denver, Col., USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Nadler
- Hillsborough County Health Department of Health, Tampa, Fla., USA
| | | | - Brian Onbirbak
- HIV Wellness Center/University Medical Center, Las Vegas, Nev., USA
| | | | | | | | - Ronald Poblete
- New Jersey Community Research Initiative, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Sands
- Boulevard Comprehensive Care Center, Jacksonville, Fla., USA
| | | | - Michael Sension
- Urgent Care Center, North Broward Hospital District, Fort Lauderdale, Fla., USA
| | - Gail Skowron
- Roger Williams Medical Division of Infectious Disease, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Leonard Slater
- Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Okla., USA
| | - David Smith
- Research Medical Center/Antibiotic Research Assoc., Kansas City, Mont., USA
| | - Joseph Stavola
- NY Hospital/Cornell Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Fred T Valentine
- AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, NYU Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly Vollmer
- Arizona Clinical Research Center Inc., Tucson, Ariz., USA
| | - Suzanne Wada
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex., USA
| | - Douglas Ward
- Dupont Circle Physicians Group, Washington, DC, USA
| | - L Joseph Wheat
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind., USA
| | | | - Peter Carey
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helmut Jablonowski
- Medizinische Einrichtungen der Heinrich Heine Univ, Duesseldoft, Germany
| | - Albert Theisen
- Medizinische Einrichtungen der Heinrich Heine Univ, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Inma Ocana
- Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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43
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Scott A, Pearce D, Goldblatt P. The sizes and characteristics of the minority ethnic populations of Great Britain--latest estimates. Popul Trends 2002:6-15. [PMID: 11599123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
This article presents estimates of the minority ethnic populations of Great Britain in 2000 and describes the regional distributions of the different groups. It also discusses changes in the sizes of the different minority ethnic populations during the 1990s. The paper provides information on some key demographic features of these populations at the end of the 1990s--age and sex structures, proportions born in the United Kingdom and whether children lived with their natural parents.
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44
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Pearce D, Bovagnet FC. The demographic situation in the European Union. Popul Trends 2002:6-11. [PMID: 11464735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
This article draws selected material from the annual Yearbook on Demography (2000 edition) published by Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Communities. Some key comparisons with other regions of the world are included, together with a broad picture of the demographic situation in the European Union. Topic coverage is selective.
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45
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Abstract
Ion transport in epithelia is regulated by a variety of hormonal and nonhormonal factors, including mineralocorticoids, insulin, shear stress and osmotic pressure. In mammals, the mineralocorticoid aldosterone is the principal regulator of sodium homeostasis and hence is central to the control of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. Aldosterone acts through a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), to control the transcriptional activity of specific target genes. Recently, a serine/threonine kinase, SGK1 (serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase isoform 1) was identified as a candidate mediator of aldosterone action in the colon and distal nephron. The aldosterone-activated MR increases SGK1 gene transcription and SGK1, in turn, strongly stimulates the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Interestingly, other factors appear to regulate SGK1 gene expression and kinase activity. Insulin, for example, stimulates SGK1 activity (but not gene transcription) through its effects on phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and osmotic shock appears to stimulate both SGK1 activity and gene transcription. Hence, SGK1 might integrate the effects of multiple hormonal and nonhormonal regulators of Na(+) transport in tight epithelia and thereby play a key role in volume homeostasis. It is interesting to speculate that SGK1 might be implicated in medical conditions, such as the insulin resistance syndrome, hypertension and congestive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pearce
- Division of Nephrology, Dept of Medicine, Box 0532, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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46
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Loffing J, Zecevic M, Féraille E, Kaissling B, Asher C, Rossier BC, Firestone GL, Pearce D, Verrey F. Aldosterone induces rapid apical translocation of ENaC in early portion of renal collecting system: possible role of SGK. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 280:F675-82. [PMID: 11249859 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.4.f675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone controls sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN). Although clearance measurements have shown that aldosterone induces these transports within 30--60 min, no early effects have been demonstrated in vivo at the level of the apical epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), the main effector of this regulation. Here we show by real-time RT-PCR and immunofluorescence that an aldosterone injection in adrenalectomized rats induces alpha-ENaC subunit expression along the entire ASDN within 2 h, whereas beta- and gamma-ENaC are constitutively expressed. In the proximal ASDN portions only, ENaC is shifted toward the apical cellular pole and the apical plasma membrane within 2 and 4 h, respectively. To address the question of whether the early aldosterone-induced serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK) might mediate this apical shift of ENaC, we analyzed SGK induction in vivo. Two hours after aldosterone, SGK was highly induced in all segment-specific cells of the ASDN, and its level decreased thereafter. In Xenopus laevis oocytes, SGK induced ENaC activation and surface expression by a kinase activity-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, the rapid in vivo accumulation of SGK and alpha-ENaC after aldosterone injection takes place along the entire ASDN, whereas the translocation of alpha,beta,gamma-ENaC to the apical plasma membrane is restricted to its proximal portions. Results from oocyte experiments suggest the hypothesis that a localized activation of SGK may play a role in the mediation of ENaC translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Loffing
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zürich, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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47
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Bhargava A, Fullerton MJ, Myles K, Purdy TM, Funder JW, Pearce D, Cole TJ. The serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase is a physiological mediator of aldosterone action. Endocrinology 2001; 142:1587-94. [PMID: 11250940 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.4.8095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone plays a major role in regulating sodium and potassium flux in epithelial tissues such as kidney and colon. Recent evidence suggests that serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK) is induced by aldosterone and acts as a key mediator of aldosterone action in epithelial tissues. Induction of SGK messenger RNA (mRNA) has previously been shown within 30 min of addition of supraphysiological doses of aldosterone to Xenopus A6 cells and within 4 h in rat kidney in vivo. In this study we determined the time course of SGK induction, at doses of aldosterone in the physiological range, in rat kidney and colon, using Northern and Western blot analyses and in situ hybridization and determined concurrent changes in urinary sodium and potassium excretion by Kagawa bioassay. On Northern blot analysis, SGK mRNA levels were significantly elevated in both kidney and colon 60 min after the injection of aldosterone. SGK protein in late distal colon was significantly elevated 2 and 4 h after aldosterone treatment. In situ hybridization showed SGK mRNA to be induced in renal collecting ducts and distal tubular elements in both cortex and medulla by doses of aldosterone of 0.1 microg/100 g BW or more within 30 min of steroid treatment. Significant changes in urinary composition were similarly seen with an aldosterone dose of 0.1 microg/100 g BW from 90 min after aldosterone injection. The early onset of SGK induction in kidney and colon and the correlation with urinary changes in terms of both time course and dose response suggest that SGK plays an important role in mediating the effects of aldosterone on sodium homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bhargava
- Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne 8008, Australia
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48
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Wang J, Barbry P, Maiyar AC, Rozansky DJ, Bhargava A, Leong M, Firestone GL, Pearce D. SGK integrates insulin and mineralocorticoid regulation of epithelial sodium transport. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 280:F303-13. [PMID: 11208606 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.2001.280.2.f303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) constitutes the rate-limiting step for Na+ transport across tight epithelia and is the principal target of hormonal regulation, particularly by insulin and mineralocorticoids. Recently, the serine-threonine kinase (SGK) was identified as a rapidly mineralocorticoid-responsive gene, the product of which stimulates ENaC-mediated Na+ transport. Like its close relative, protein kinase B (also called Akt), SGK's kinase activity is dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a key mediator of insulin signaling. In our study we show that PI3K is required for SGK-dependent stimulation of ENaC-mediated Na+ transport as well as for the production of the phosphorylated form of SGK. In A6 kidney cells, mineralocorticoid induction of the phosphorylated form of SGK preceded the increase in Na+ transport, and specific inhibition of PI3K inhibited both phosphorylation of SGK and mineralocorticoid-induced Na+ transport. Insulin both augmented SGK phosphorylation and synergized with mineralocorticoids in stimulating Na+ transport. In a Xenopus laevis oocyte coexpression assay, SGK-stimulated ENaC activity was also markedly reduced by PI3K inhibition. Finally, in vitro-translated SGK specifically interacted with the ENaC subunits expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. These data suggest that SGK is a PI3K-dependent integrator of insulin and mineralocorticoid actions that interacts with ENaC subunits to control Na+ entry into kidney collecting duct cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco 94143, USA
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49
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Hayward-Costa C, Pearce D, Pettengell R, Forraz N, Davies A, Edwards W, McGuckin C. Electron microscopy demonstration of CD34 antigen on progenitor pseudopodia. Exp Hematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(00)00568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Cheung TW, Jayaweera DT, Pearce D, Benson P, Nahass R, Olson C, Wool GM. Safety of oral versus intravenous hydration during induction therapy with intravenous foscarnet in AIDS patients with cytomegalovirus infections. Int J STD AIDS 2000; 11:640-7. [PMID: 11057934 DOI: 10.1258/0956462001914995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We undertook a study to compare the safety of intravenous (i.v.) versus oral hydration to prevent nephrotoxicity associated with the use of foscarnet for induction therapy of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in HIV-infected persons. Patients, given foscarnet at a dose of 90 mg/kg every 12 h, were randomized to receive either i.v. or oral hydration. Thirty-seven patients were given i.v. hydration and 44 were given oral hydration. Median duration of therapy for both groups was 17 days. There was no difference between the 2 groups in either serious adverse events or rise of creatinine to > or = 2.0 mg/dl. However, serum creatinine, while generally remained within normal limits, increased more in patients who received oral hydration after 10 days of therapy (significant only by slope analysis, P < 0.05). Although i.v. hydration provided better protection against nephrotoxicity, oral hydration was relatively safe and convenient provided that creatinine clearance (CrCl) is monitored closely.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Cheung
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, USA.
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