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Siddiqui IFS, Muthu ML, Reinhardt DP. Isolation and adipogenic differentiation of murine mesenchymal stem cells harvested from macrophage-depleted bone marrow and adipose tissue. Adipocyte 2024; 13:2350751. [PMID: 38860452 PMCID: PMC11174124 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2024.2350751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE Mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide a resourceful tool to study physiological and pathological aspects of adipogenesis. Bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs (ASCs) are widely used for these studies. Since there is a wide spectrum of methods available, the purpose is to provide a focused hands-on procedural guide for isolation and characterization of murine BM-MSCs and ASCs and to effectively differentiate them into adipocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Optimized harvesting procedures for murine BM-MSCs and ASCs are described and graphically documented. Since macrophages reside in bone-marrow and fat tissues and regulate the biological behaviour of BM-MSCs and ASCs, we included a procedure to deplete macrophages from the MSC preparations. The identity and stemness of BM-MSCs and ASCs were confirmed by flow cytometry using established markers. Since the composition and concentrations of adipogenic differentiation cocktails differ widely, we present a standardized four-component adipogenic cocktail, consisting of insulin, dexamethasone, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, and indomethacin to efficiently differentiate freshly isolated or frozen/thawed BM-MSCs and ASCs into adipocytes. We further included visualization and quantification protocols of the differentiated adipocytes. CONCLUSION This laboratory protocol was designed as a step-by-step procedure for harvesting murine BM-MSCs and ASCs and differentiating them into adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muthu L. Muthu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dieter P. Reinhardt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Pallarés-Moratalla C, Bergers G. The ins and outs of microglial cells in brain health and disease. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1305087. [PMID: 38665919 PMCID: PMC11043497 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1305087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the brain's resident macrophages that play pivotal roles in immune surveillance and maintaining homeostasis of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Microglia are functionally implicated in various cerebrovascular diseases, including stroke, aneurysm, and tumorigenesis as they regulate neuroinflammatory responses and tissue repair processes. Here, we review the manifold functions of microglia in the brain under physiological and pathological conditions, primarily focusing on the implication of microglia in glioma propagation and progression. We further review the current status of therapies targeting microglial cells, including their re-education, depletion, and re-population approaches as therapeutic options to improve patient outcomes for various neurological and neuroinflammatory disorders, including cancer.
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Hiengrach P, Chindamporn A, Leelahavanichkul A. Kazachstania pintolopesii in Blood and Intestinal Wall of Macrophage-Depleted Mice with Cecal Ligation and Puncture, the Control of Fungi by Macrophages during Sepsis. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1164. [PMID: 38132765 PMCID: PMC10744925 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although macrophage depletion is a possible emerging therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis and melanoma, the lack of macrophage functions can lead to inappropriate microbial control, especially the regulation of intestinal microbiota. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis was performed in regular mice and in mice with clodronate-induced macrophage depletion. Macrophage depletion significantly increased the mortality and severity of sepsis-CLP mice, partly through the increased fecal Ascomycota, especially Kazachstania pintolopesii, with polymicrobialbacteremia (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Acinetobacter radioresistens). Indeed, macrophage depletion with sepsis facilitated gut dysbiosis that directly affected gut permeability as yeast cells were located and hidden in the colon crypts. To determine the interactions of fungal molecules on bacterial abundance, the heat-kill lysate of fungi (K. pintolopesii and C. albicans) and purified (1→3)-β-d-glucan (BG; a major component of the fungal cell wall) were incubated with bacteria that were isolated from the blood of macrophage-depleted mice. There was enhanced cytokine production of enterocytes (Caco-2) after the incubation of the lysate of K. pintolopesii (isolated from sepsis mice), the lysate of C. albicans (extracted from sepsis patients), and BG, together with bacterial lysate. These data support a possible influence of fungi in worsening sepsis severity. In conclusion, macrophage depletion enhanced K. pintolopesii in feces, causing the overgrowth of fecal pathogenic bacteria and inducing a gut permeability defect that additively worsened sepsis severity. Hence, the fecal fungus could be spontaneously elevated and altered in response to macrophage-depleted therapy, which might be associated with sepsis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratsanee Hiengrach
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Research and Diagnostic Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases (RCEID), Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ariya Chindamporn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Felkle D, Zięba K, Kaleta K, Czaja J, Zyzdorf A, Sobocińska W, Jarczyński M, Bryniarski K, Nazimek K. Overreactive macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection: The effects of ACEI. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110858. [PMID: 37708705 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Among various factors influencing the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, macrophage overactivation is considered the main cause of the cytokine storm that leads to severe complications of COVID-19. Moreover, the increased expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an obligatory entry receptor of the coronavirus, caused by treatment with ACE inhibitors (ACEI) lowered overall confidence in the safety of these drugs. However, analysis of the course of coronavirus infection in patients treated with ACEI does not support these concerns. Instead, the beneficial effect of ACEI on macrophages has increasingly been emphasized. This includes their anti-inflammatory activation and the consequent reduction in the risk of severe disease and life-threatening complications. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge and understanding of the dual role of macrophages in SARS-CoV-2 infection, with a special focus on the postulated mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of macrophage targeting by ACEI. These seem to involve the stimulation of macrophage angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors by angiotensin 1-7, intensively produced due to the up-regulation of ACE2 expression on macrophages, as well as the direct inhibition of macrophage hyper-responsiveness by ACEI. The impact of ACEI on macrophages may also lead to the activation of an effective antiviral response due to the increased expression of ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Felkle
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zięba
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Konrad Kaleta
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Julia Czaja
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Amanda Zyzdorf
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Sobocińska
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jarczyński
- Students' Scientific Group at the Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Czysta 18, 31-121 Kraków, Poland.
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Zhang L. Biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18089. [PMID: 37483808 PMCID: PMC10362228 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus caused an infectious disease, named COVID-19. Biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug have played a crucial role in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, up to now, there still has been no literature summarizing the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of this infectious disease from the perspective of biomedical equipments. Thus, this review wants to give an overview on the biomedical equipments, vaccine and drug in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of this disease, and avoids the overlap with previous research, more emphasis on biomedical equipments, and less emphasis on biomaterials. The existing problems in the current research and application were summarized, and the future research direction was proposed, so as to provide reference to deal with similar viral infections in the future.
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Mass E. The stunning clodronate. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230339. [PMID: 36976179 PMCID: PMC10067525 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Not only macrophages, but also neutrophils, are a main target of clodronate. In this issue of JEM, Culemann et al. (2023. J. Exp. Med.https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20220525) demonstrate that anti-inflammatory effects of clodronate liposomes are driven via stunning of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and not solely through depletion of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Mass
- Developmental Biology of the Immune System, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Al Zaki A, McCurry D, Strati P. CAR T-cells and macrophages in large B-cell lymphoma: impact on toxicity and efficacy. Leuk Lymphoma 2023; 64:808-815. [PMID: 36891619 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2023.2185090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy targeting CD19 is the current standard of care for the treatment of relapsed refractory large B cell lymphoma, demonstrating impressive response rates in the second- and third-line setting. Despite these advances, this treatment strategy can result in significant toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell associated neurotoxicity syndrome. While the exact mechanisms of these immune-mediated toxicities are not clearly understood, emerging pre-clinical and clinical studies have revealed the pivotal role of myeloid cells, particularly macrophages, as key contributors to the efficacy of treatments and as crucial mediators of toxicity. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of how macrophages mediate these effects, highlighting specific mechanisms of macrophage biology relevant to CAR T-cell therapy activity and side effects. These findings are resulting in novel treatment strategies that target macrophages, and able to mitigate toxicity while preserving CAR T-cell therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajlan Al Zaki
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dustin McCurry
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paolo Strati
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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De Jong WH, Geertsma RE, Borchard G. Regulatory safety evaluation of nanomedical products: key issues to refine. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2042-2047. [PMID: 35908133 PMCID: PMC9358921 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies enable great opportunities for the development and use of innovative (nano)medicines. As is common for scientific and technical developments, recognized safety evaluation methods for regulatory purposes are lagging behind. The specific properties responsible for the desired functioning also hamper the safety evaluation of such products. Pharmacokinetics determination of the active pharmaceutical ingredient as well as the nanomaterial component is crucial. Due to their particulate nature, nanomedicines, similar to all nanomaterials, are primarily removed from the circulation by phagocytizing cells that are part of the immune system. Therefore, the immune system can be potentially a specific target for adverse effects of nanomedicines, and thus needs special attention during the safety evaluation. This DDTR special issue on the results of the REFINE project on a regulatory science framework for nanomedical products presents a highly valuable body of knowledge needed to address regulatory challenges and gaps in currently available testing methods for the safety evaluation of nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim H De Jong
- Formerly (retired) National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E Geertsma
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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