[Antibiotic resistance profile of community acquired uropathogenic enterobacteria in El Jadida (Morocco)]

Review and analysis of the overlapping threats of carbapenem and polymyxin resistant E. coli and Klebsiella in Africa

BACKGROUND

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales are among the most serious antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threats. Emerging resistance to polymyxins raises the specter of untreatable infections. These resistant organisms have spread globally but, as indicated in WHO reports, the surveillance needed to identify and track them is insufficient, particularly in less resourced countries. This study employs comprehensive search strategies with data extraction, meta-analysis and mapping to help address gaps in the understanding of the risks of carbapenem and polymyxin resistance in the nations of Africa.

METHODS

Three comprehensive Boolean searches were constructed and utilized to query scientific and medical databases as well as grey literature sources through the end of 2019. Search results were screened to exclude irrelevant results and remaining studies were examined for relevant information regarding carbapenem and/or polymyxin(s) susceptibility and/or resistance amongst E. coli and Klebsiella isolates from humans. Such data and study characteristics were extracted and coded, and the resulting data was analyzed and geographically mapped.

RESULTS

Our analysis yielded 1341 reports documenting carbapenem resistance in 40 of 54 nations. Resistance among E. coli was estimated as high (> 5%) in 3, moderate (1-5%) in 8 and low (< 1%) in 14 nations with at least 100 representative isolates from 2010 to 2019, while present in 9 others with insufficient isolates to support estimates. Carbapenem resistance was generally higher among Klebsiella: high in 10 nations, moderate in 6, low in 6, and present in 11 with insufficient isolates for estimates. While much less information was available concerning polymyxins, we found 341 reports from 33 of 54 nations, documenting resistance in 23. Resistance among E. coli was high in 2 nations, moderate in 1 and low in 6, while present in 10 with insufficient isolates for estimates. Among Klebsiella, resistance was low in 8 nations and present in 8 with insufficient isolates for estimates. The most widespread associated genotypes were, for carbapenems, blaOXA-48, blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-181 and, for polymyxins, mcr-1, mgrB, and phoPQ/pmrAB. Overlapping carbapenem and polymyxin resistance was documented in 23 nations.

CONCLUSIONS

While numerous data gaps remain, these data show that significant carbapenem resistance is widespread in Africa and polymyxin resistance is also widely distributed, indicating the need to support robust AMR surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship and infection control in a manner that also addresses broader animal and environmental health dimensions.

[Resistant phenotypes of Escherichia coli strains responsible for urinary tract infection in the laboratory of the University Hospital Joseph Raseta Befelatanana, Antananarivo]

Introduction

I’infection urinaire à Escherichia coli est fréquente en milieu hospitalier. Cette étude se propose de décrire les différents phénotypes de résistance des souches d’Escherichia coli afin de surveiller leur émergence.

Méthodes

Il s’agit d’une étude rétrospective de type descriptif de 102 souches d’Escherchia coli responsables d’infection urinaire sur une période allant du mois de Janvier 2014 au mois d’Octobre 2016 au Laboratoire du Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Befelatanana Antananarivo.

Résultats

La résistance aux béta-lactamines a identifié des pénicillinases de haut niveau 50% (n=51), des Escherichia coli sécrétrices de Béta-Lactamase à Spectre Etendu E-BLSE 22,5% (n=23), des céphalosporinases de haut niveau 14,7% (n=15), des pénicillinases de bas niveau 5,9% (n=6), des souches sauvages 5,9% (n=6) et une souche d’Escherichia coli hautement résistante émergente. La résistance aux aminosides a concerné 58 (56,9%) phénotypes sauvages, 29 (28,4%) souches sensibles à l’amikacine et 15 (14,7%) résistants à tous les aminosides. La résistance aux fluoroquinolones a identifiée 52 (51%) souches sauvages, 9 (8,8%) souches sensibles à la ciprofloxacine et 41 (40,2%) résistantes à tous les fluoroquinolones. Les femmes (25, 7%) (p= 0,25, NS), les sujets de plus de 60 ans (38,7%) (p=0,02), les sujets hospitalisés dans le service de néphrologie (53,8%) (p=0,04), ayant présenté des troubles urinaires et rénaux (29, 7%) (p= 0,2, NS), ont été les plus affectés par les E-BLSE.

Conclusion

La multi-résistance élevée des souches d’Escherichia coli interpelle sur une révision du traitement empirique des infections urinaires.

Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections in Africa

Our objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in adults in Africa. The PubMed database was systematically searched to identify relevant studies published after 2000. Google, World Health Organization, and African Field Epidemiology networks were also searched. Twenty-eight studies, accounting for 381,899 urine isolates from 14 African countries, met the inclusion criteria. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Proteus spp. were the most commonly encountered uropathogens. Cefotaxime, imipenem, fosfomycin, and ciprofloxacin were the antibiotics with the highest activity against E. coli isolates from outpatients, with susceptibility being 92 to 99, 100, 100, and 68 to 91%, respectively. The susceptibility among Klebsiella spp. isolates from outpatients varied from 80 to 100% for amikacin and from 53 to 100% for ciprofloxacin, while susceptibility was 74 to 78, 97, and 77% for ciprofloxacin, amikacin, and fosfomycin, respectively, among Klebsiella species isolates from inpatients or patients with hospital-acquired UTIs. With regard to Proteus spp., the highest activity was observed among fluoroquinolones; 71 to 100% of the P. mirabilis isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin in four studies, and 74 to 100% of the P. vulgaris isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin in two studies. The currently available evidence suggests that the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Enterobacteriaceae uropathogens in African countries were similar to those in countries of southeast Europe. Further original studies are warranted from African countries for which there is limited published data.