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Ghonaim AH, Yi G, Lei M, Xie D, Ma H, Yang Z, Usama U, Wu H, Jiang Y, Li W, He Q. Isolation, characterization and whole-genome analysis of G9 group a rotaviruses in China: Evidence for possible Porcine-Human interspecies transmission. Virology 2024; 597:110129. [PMID: 38908046 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are major causes of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young animals. To enhance our understanding of the relationship between human and animals RVAs, complete genome data are necessary. We screened 92 intestinal and stool samples from diarrheic piglets by RT‒PCR targeting the VP6 gene, revealing a prevalence of 10.9%. RVA was confirmed in two out of 5 calf samples. We successfully isolated two porcine samples using MA104 cell line. The full-length genetic constellation of the two isolates were determined to be G9-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1, with close similarity to human Wa-like and porcine strains. Sequence analysis revealed the majority of genes were closely related to porcine and human RVAs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates might have their ancestral origin from pigs, although some of their gene segments were related to human strains. This study reveals evidence of reassortment and possible interspecies transmission between pigs and humans in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Ghonaim
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Desert Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - GuangYuan Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingkai Lei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongqi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailong Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengxin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Usama Usama
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunbo Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wentao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China; The Animal Disease Diagnostic Centre of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Qigai He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; The Animal Disease Diagnostic Centre of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Jalilvand S, Latifi T, Kachooei A, Mirhoseinian M, Hoseini-Fakhr SS, Behnezhad F, Roohvand F, Shoja Z. Circulating rotavirus strains in children with acute gastroenteritis in Iran, 1986 to 2023 and their genetic/antigenic divergence compared to approved vaccines strains (Rotarix, RotaTeq, ROTAVAC, ROTASIIL) before mass vaccination: Clues for vaccination policy makers. Virus Res 2024; 346:199411. [PMID: 38823689 PMCID: PMC11190746 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, first, rotaviruses that caused acute gastroenteritis in children under five years of age during the time before the vaccine was introduced in Iran (1986 to 2023) are reviewed. Subsequently, the antigenic epitopes of the VP7 and VP4/VP8 proteins in circulating rotavirus strains in Iran and that of the vaccine strains were compared and their genetic differences in histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and the potential impact on rotavirus infection susceptibility and vaccine efficacy were discussed. Overall data indicate that rotavirus was estimated in about 38.1 % of samples tested. The most common genotypes or combinations were G1 and P[8], or G1P[8]. From 2015 to 2023, there was a decline in the prevalence of G1P[8], with intermittent peaks of genotypes G3P[8] and G9P[8]. The analyses suggested that the monovalent Rotarix vaccine or monovalent vaccines containing the G1P[8] component might be proper in areas with a similar rotavirus genotype pattern and genetic background as the Iranian population where the G1P[8] strain is the most predominant and has the ability to bind to HBGA secretors. While the same concept can be applied to RotaTeq and RotasIIL vaccines, their complex vaccine technology, which involves reassortment, makes them less of a priority. The ROTASIIL vaccine, despite not having the VP4 arm (P[5]) as a suitable protection option, has previously shown the ability to neutralize not only G9-lineage I strains but also other G9-lineages at high titers. Thus, vaccination with the ROTASIIL vaccine may be more effective in Iran compared to RotaTeq. However, considering the rotavirus genotypic pattern, ROTAVAC might not be a good choice for Iran. Overall, the findings of this study provide valuable insights into the prevalence of rotavirus strains and the potential effectiveness of different vaccines in the Iranian and similar populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Mirhoseinian
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farzane Behnezhad
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Dong HJ, Liu LY, Jia LP, Zhao LQ, Jin FH, Zhou L, Qian Y. Prevalence and genomic analysis of t203-like G9 (G9-VI) rotaviruses circulating in children with gastroenteritis in Beijing, China. Arch Virol 2023; 168:257. [PMID: 37755543 PMCID: PMC10533636 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Our previous surveillance revealed that t203-like G9 (tentatively designated subtype G9-VI) rotaviruses re-emerged in 2010 in Beijing and rapidly prevailed over the G9-III subtype (the most common G9 subtype globally) and previously predominant G genotypes over the following two years. G9-VI belongs to the VP7 evolutionary lineage VI, which includes unusual and sporadic human rotaviruses from China (t203) and Japan. To obtain insight into the epidemiology, evolution, and transmission advantages of G9-VI rotavirus, we performed follow-up surveillance (2014-2017) and whole-genome analysis of 12 representative G9 strains. The results showed that the G9 genotype was predominant (77.4%), with a marked increase in prevalence (previously 43.5%). Within the G9 genotype, subtype G9-VI accounted for the majority (98.3%) of cases. The most prevalent P-genotype was P[8] (93.7%), within which subtype P[8]b was rare (0.7%). Phylogenetically, the G9-VI subtype strains in this study clustered closely with contemporary emerging human rotaviruses from many other countries in VP7 lineage VI, indicating that this subtype is capable of spreading globally. These currently emerging G9-VI rotaviruses formed a distinct monophyletic subcluster when compared to early G9-VI rotaviruses. Furthermore, four specific amino acid substitutions and synonymous codon substitutions were observed in the VP7 genes between the current G9-VI and globally common G9-III rotaviruses. The remaining nine genes of all of the analyzed representative G9 strains, whether G9-VI or G9-III, combined with the P[8]a, P[8]b, or P[6] genotype and exhibited the same Wa-like backbone constellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jin Dong
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Li-Ping Jia
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Lin-Qing Zhao
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Feng-Hua Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Children's Hospital to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Children's Hospital to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yuan Qian
- Laboratory of Virology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Etiology of Viral Diseases in Children, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Sashina TA, Velikzhanina EI, Morozova OV, Epifanova NV, Novikova NA. Detection and full-genotype determination of rare and reassortant rotavirus A strains in Nizhny Novgorod in the European part of Russia. Arch Virol 2023; 168:215. [PMID: 37524885 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Reassortant DS-1-like rotavirus A strains have been shown to circulate widely in many countries around the world. In Russia, the prevalence of such strains remains unclear due to the preferred use of the traditional binary classification system. In this work, we obtained partial sequence data from all 11 genome segments and determined the full-genotype constellations of rare and reassortant rotaviruses circulating in Nizhny Novgorod in 2016-2019. DS-1-like G3P[8] and G8P[8] strains were found, reflecting the global trend. Most likely, these strains were introduced into the territory of Russia from other countries but subsequently underwent further evolutionary changes locally. G3P[8], G9P[8], and G12P[8] Wa-like strains of subgenotypic lineages that are unusual for the territory of Russia were also identified. Reassortant G2P[8], G4P[4], and G9P[4] strains with one Wa-like gene (VP4 or VP7) on a DS-1-like backbone were found, and these apparently had a local origin. Feline-like G3P[9] and G6P[9] strains were found to be phylogenetically close to BA222 isolated from a cat in Italy but carried some traces of reassortment with human strains from Russia and other countries. Thus, full-genotype determination of rotavirus A strains in Nizhny Novgorod has clarified some questions related to their origin and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Sashina
- Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections, I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - E I Velikzhanina
- Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections, I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - O V Morozova
- Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections, I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - N V Epifanova
- Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections, I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - N A Novikova
- Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections, I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
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Lagan P, Mooney MH, Lemon K. Genome analyses of species A rotavirus isolated from various mammalian hosts in Northern Ireland during 2013-2016. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead039. [PMID: 37547380 PMCID: PMC10403756 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus group A (RVA) is the most important cause of acute diarrhoea and severe dehydration in young mammals. Infection in livestock is associated with significant mortality and economic losses and, together with wildlife reservoirs, acts as a potential source of zoonotic transmission. Therefore, molecular surveillance of circulating RVA strains in animal species is necessary to assess the risks posed to humans and their livestock. An RVA molecular epidemiological surveillance study on clinically diseased livestock species revealed high prevalence in cattle and pigs (31 per cent and 18 per cent, respectively) with significant phylogenetic diversity including a novel and divergent ovine artiodactyl DS-1-like constellation G10-P[15]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A11-N2-T6-E2-H3. An RVA gene reassortment occurred in an RVA asymptomatic pig and identified as a G5-P[13] strain, and a non-structural protein (NSP)2 gene had intergenomically reassorted with a human RVA strain (reverse zoonosis) and possessed a novel NSP4 enterotoxin E9 which may relate to the asymptomatic RVA infection. Analysis of a novel sheep G10-P[15] strain viral protein 4 gene imparts a putative homologous intergenic and interspecies recombination event, subsequently creating the new P[15] divergent lineage. While surveillance across a wider range of wildlife and exotic species identified generally negative or low prevalence, a novel RVA interspecies transmission in a non-indigenous pudu deer (zoo origin) with the constellation of G6-P[11]12-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3 was detected at a viral load of 11.1 log10 copies/gram. The detection of novel emerging strains, interspecies reassortment, interspecies infection, and recombination of RVA circulating in animal livestock and wildlife reservoirs is of paramount importance to the RVA epidemiology and evolution for the One Health approach and post-human vaccine introduction era where highly virulent animal RVA genotypes have the potential to be zoonotically transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lagan
- Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Mark H Mooney
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Ken Lemon
- Virology, Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Stormont, Belfast BT4 3SD, UK
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Peng R, Li D, Wang J, Xiong G, Wang M, Liu D, Wei Y, Pang L, Sun X, Li H, Kong X, Shahar S, Duan Z. Reassortment and genomic analysis of a G9P[8]-E2 rotavirus isolated in China. Virol J 2023; 20:135. [PMID: 37349792 PMCID: PMC10286334 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate a prevalent G9P[8] group A rotavirus (RVA) (N4006) in China and investigate its genomic and evolutionary characteristics, with the goal of facilitating the development of a new rotavirus vaccine. METHODS The RVA G9P[8] genotype from a diarrhea sample was passaged in MA104 cells. The virus was evaluated by TEM, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The complete genome of virus was obtained by RT-PCR and sequencing. The genomic and evolutionary characteristics of the virus were evaluated by nucleic acid sequence analysis with MEGA ver. 5.0.5 and DNASTAR software. The neutralizing epitopes of VP7 and VP4 (VP5* and VP8*) were analyzed using BioEdit ver. 7.0.9.0 and PyMOL ver. 2.5.2. RESULTS The RVA N4006 (G9P[8] genotype) was adapted in MA104 cells with a high titer (105.5 PFU/mL). Whole-genome sequence analysis showed N4006 to be a reassortant rotavirus of Wa-like G9P[8] RVA and the NSP4 gene of DS-1-like G2P[4] RVA, with the genotype constellation G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E2-H1 (G9P[8]-E2). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that N4006 had a common ancestor with Japanese G9P[8]-E2 rotavirus. Neutralizing epitope analysis showed that VP7, VP5*, and VP8* of N4006 had low homology with vaccine viruses of the same genotype and marked differences with vaccine viruses of other genotypes. CONCLUSION The RVA G9P[8] genotype with the G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E2-H1 (G9P[8]-E2) constellation predominates in China and may originate from reassortment between Japanese G9P[8] with Japanese DS-1-like G2P[4] rotaviruses. The antigenic variation of N4006 with the vaccine virus necessitates an evaluation of the effect of the rotavirus vaccine on G9P[8]-E2 genotype rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Peng
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310 Malaysia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Viruses and Viral Diseases, Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
- College of Life Science, Hengshui University, Hengshui, 053000 China
| | - Dandi Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Viruses and Viral Diseases, Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Jindong Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053 China
| | - Guangping Xiong
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Viruses and Viral Diseases, Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Dan Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Viruses and Viral Diseases, Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Yuhang Wei
- College of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Lili Pang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Viruses and Viral Diseases, Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xiaoman Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Viruses and Viral Diseases, Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Huiying Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Viruses and Viral Diseases, Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Viruses and Viral Diseases, Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Saleha Shahar
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310 Malaysia
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Viruses and Viral Diseases, Institute of Viral Disease Prevention and Control, National Health Commission, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
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Amit LN, John JL, Mori D, Chin AZ, Mosiun AK, Ahmed K. Increase in rotavirus prevalence with the emergence of genotype G9P[8] in replacement of genotype G12P[6] in Sabah, Malaysia. Arch Virol 2023; 168:173. [PMID: 37269384 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are major causative agents of acute diarrhea in children under 5 years of age in Malaysia. However, a rotavirus vaccine has not been included in the national vaccination program. To date, only two studies have been carried out in the state of Sabah, Malaysia, although children in this state are at risk of diarrheal diseases. Previous studies showed that 16%-17% of cases of diarrhea were caused by rotaviruses and that equine-like G3 rotavirus strains are predominant. Because the prevalence of rotaviruses and their genotype distribution vary over time, this study was conducted at four government healthcare facilities from September 2019 through February 2020. Our study revealed that the proportion of rotavirus diarrhea increased significantly to 37.2% (51/137) after the emergence of the G9P[8] genotype in replacement of the G12P[8] genotype. Although equine-like G3P[8] strains remain the predominant rotaviruses circulating among children, the Sabahan G9P[8] strain belonged to lineage VI and was phylogenetically related to strains from other countries. A comparison of the Sabahan G9 strains with the G9 vaccine strains used in the RotaSiil and Rotavac vaccines revealed several mismatches in neutralizing epitopes, indicating that these vaccines might not be effective in Sabahan children. However, a vaccine trial may be necessary to understand the precise effects of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Natasha Amit
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Jecelyn Leaslie John
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Abraham Zefong Chin
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Andau Konodan Mosiun
- Kunak District Health Office, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kunak, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Kamruddin Ahmed
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
- Borneo Medical and Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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8
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Velikzhanina EI, Sashina TA, Morozova OV, Epifanova NV, Novikova NA. [Variability of genes encoding nonstructural proteins of rotavirus А (Reoviridae: Rotavirus: Rotavirus A) genotype G9P[8] during the period of dominance in the territory of Nizhny Novgorod (central part of Russia) (2011-2020)]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 67:475-486. [PMID: 37264837 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In Russia, rotavirus A is the main cause of severe viral gastroenteritis in young children. The molecular features that allow a rotavirus of a particular genotype to gain an evolutionary advantage remain unclear, therefore, the study of the genetic diversity of rotaviruses based on genes encoding nonstructural proteins (NSPs) responsible for the reproduction of the virus in the cell is an urgent task. OBJECTIVE To study the genetic diversity of rotaviruses of genotype G9P[8], which dominated Nizhny Novgorod in 20112020, based on genes encoding nonstructural proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rotavirus-positive samples were subjected to PCR-genotyping and sequencing of NSP1 NSP5 genes. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out in the MEGA X program. RESULTS In the period 20112020, G9P[8] rotaviruses with four variants of the NSP2 gene were co-circulating in Nizhny Novgorod. New alleles were noted in 2012 (N1-a-III), 2016 (N1-a-IV) and in 2019 (N1-a-II). The appearance of new variants of other genes occurred in 2014 (E1-3, NSP4), 2018 (T1-a3-III, NSP3) and in 2019 (A1-b-II, NSP1). NSP2 gene had the most variable amino acid sequence (16 substitutions), 2 to 7 substitutions were observed in NSP1, NSP3 and NSP4, NSP5 was conservative. DISCUSSION The results obtained are consistent with the literature data and indicate the participation of NSP genes in maintaining the heterogeneity of the rotavirus population. CONCLUSION Until 2018, the genetic diversity of rotaviruses in Nizhny Novgorod was determined by the circulation of strains carrying several alleles of the NSP2 gene and conservative genes NSP1, NSP3NSP5. By the end of the study period, new variants of the genotype G9P[8] were formed in the population, carrying previously unknown combinations of alleles of nonstructural genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E I Velikzhanina
- «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology»
| | - T A Sashina
- «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology»
| | - O V Morozova
- «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology»
| | - N V Epifanova
- «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology»
| | - N A Novikova
- «Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology»
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9
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Farahmand M, Latifi T, Kachooei A, Jalilvand S, Shoja Z. Circulating rotavirus P[8]-lineage IV, unlike P[8]-lineage III, significantly related to nonsecretors status in Iranian children. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28160. [PMID: 36123611 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) P[8] strains are responsible for the most of the RV infections globally and are significantly associated with the secretor and Lewis positive status. Among the distinct P[8] lineages, different ligand affinities have been detected which can be linked to differences in secretor status associated histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Herein, we report the lineages of P[8] strains and their associated secretor and Lewis antigen phenotypes in Iranian children. The phylogenetic tree and sequence analyses showed that the most common detected RV P[8] strain belonged to P[8]-lineage III (92%) and were significantly associated with secretor and Lewis positive status. In contrast, 8% of P[8] strains clustered into the P[8]-lineage IV and were significantly associated with nonsecretor status, implying that lineage IV tends to infect nonsecretor individuals. Furthermore, protein modeling and amino acid analyses of the VP8* glycan binding site of Iranian P[8]-lineage IV strains indicated two residual substitutions (T184V and N216V/I) compared to the P[8]-lineage III strains that might have affected the glycan affinity among P[8]-lineages IV strains. The corresponding residual changes might permit their continued transmission in nonsecretor children in competition with other P[8]-lineages. Although nonsecretors show natural resistant to P[8] strains, but such residual changes might overcome this natural resistance which in turn might indirectly contribute to the decline in the vaccine efficacy in populations where HBGA polymorphism allows their circulation at high frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Latifi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Kachooei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Omatola CA, Olaniran AO. Genetic heterogeneity of group A rotaviruses: a review of the evolutionary dynamics and implication on vaccination. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1587-1602. [PMID: 36285575 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2139239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human rotavirus remains a major etiology of acute gastroenteritis among under 5-year children worldwide despite the availability of oral vaccines. The genetic instability of rotavirus and the ability to form different combinations from the different G- and P-types reshapes the antigenic landscape of emerging strains which often display limited or no antigen identities with the vaccine strain. As evidence also suggests, the selection of the antigenically distinct novel or rare strains and their successful spread in the human population has raised concerns regarding undermining the effectiveness of vaccination programs. AREAS COVERED We review aspects related to current knowledge about genetic and antigenic heterogeneity of rotavirus, the mechanism of genetic diversity and evolution, and the implication of genetic change on vaccination. EXPERT OPINION Genetic changes in the segmented genome of rotavirus can alter the antigenic landscape on the virion capsid and further promote viral fitness in a fully vaccinated population. Against this background, the potential risk of the appearance of new rotavirus strains over the long term would be better predicted by a continued and increased close monitoring of the variants across the globe to identify any change associated with disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius A Omatola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, Republic of South Africa
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11
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Liu X, Wang M, Li S, Li J, Xiao J, Li H, Zhang Q, Kong X, Wang H, Li D, Duan Z. Genomic and evolutionary characteristics of G9P[8], the dominant group a rotavirus in China (2016–2018). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:997957. [PMID: 36187963 PMCID: PMC9522900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.997957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
G9P[8] became the predominant rotavirus A (RVA) genotype in China in 2012. To evaluate its genetic composition at the whole-genome level, 115 G9P[8] RVA strains isolated from children under 5 years old were sequenced and characterized. All 13 strains in 2016 and 2017 and an additional 54 strains in 2018 were genotyped as G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. The other 48 strains in 2018 were all genotyped as G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E2-H1, with the NSP4 gene characterized as a DS-1-like genotype. The time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) and evolution rates of the VP7, VP4, and NSP4 (E1 and E2) genes of these strains were estimated by Bayesian evolutionary dynamics analysis. We estimated the evolution rates (nt substitutions per site per year) as 1.38 × 10–3 [the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) was 1.09–1.72 × 10–3] for VP7, 0.87 × 10–3 (95% HPD: 0.75–1.00 × 10–3) for VP4, 0.56 × 10–3 (95% HPD: 0.41–0.73 × 10–3) for NSP4-E1, and 1.35 × 10–3 (95% HPD: 0.92–1.86 × 10–3) for NSP4-E2. The tMRCA was estimated to be 1935.4 (95% HPD: 1892.4–1961.3) for VP7, 1894.3 (95% HPD: 1850.5–1937.8) for VP4, 1929.4 (95% HPD: 1892.4–1961.3) for NSP4-E1, and 1969.2 (95% HPD: 1942.2–1985.3) for NSP4-E2. The baseline genetic information in this study is expected to improve our understanding of the genomic and evolutionary characteristics of the rotavirus genome. Furthermore, it will provide a basis for the development of next-generation rotavirus vaccines for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiafei Liu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinbo Xiao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dandi Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dandi Li,
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Zhaojun Duan,
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12
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Brnić D, Čolić D, Kunić V, Maltar-Strmečki N, Krešić N, Konjević D, Bujanić M, Bačani I, Hižman D, Jemeršić L. Rotavirus A in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boars: High Genetic Diversity and Interspecies Transmission. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092028. [PMID: 36146832 PMCID: PMC9503859 DOI: 10.3390/v14092028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is an important pathogen for porcine health. In comparison to humans, RVA in domestic animals and especially in wildlife is under researched. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence, genetic diversity, molecular epidemiology and interspecies transmission of RVA in domestic pigs and wild boars. During the three consecutive RVA seasons (2018–2021) we collected 445 and 441 samples from domestic pigs and wild boars, respectively. Samples were tested by real-time RT-PCR, and RVA-positive samples were genotyped in VP7 and VP4 segments. Our results report an RVA prevalence of 49.9% in domestic pigs and 9.3% in wild boars. Outstanding RVA genetic diversity was observed in VP7 and VP4 segments, especially in domestic pigs exhibiting a striking 23 different RVA combinations (G5P[13] and G9P[23] prevailed). Interspecies transmission events were numerous between domestic pigs and wild boars, sharing G3, G5, G6, G9, G11 and P[13] genotypes. Furthermore, our data indicate that such transmission events involved even bovines (G6, P[11]) and, intriguingly, humans (G1P[8]). This study contributes to the basic knowledge that may be considered important for vaccine development and introduction, as a valuable and currently missing tool for efficient pig health management in the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Brnić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-6123-674
| | - Daniel Čolić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentina Kunić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nadica Maltar-Strmečki
- Laboratory for Electron Spin Spectroscopy, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Krešić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Konjević
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Miljenko Bujanić
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Bačani
- Animal Feed Factory Ltd., Dr. Ivana Novaka 11, 40000 Čakovec, Croatia
| | - Dražen Hižman
- Belje Agro-Vet plus Ltd., Kokingrad 4, Mece, 31326 Darda, Croatia
- Rusagro, LLC “Tambovsky bacon”, Bazarnaya 104, 392036 Tambov, Russia
| | - Lorena Jemeršić
- Virology Department, Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Li Y, Wang F, Kan R, Cao H, Tang C, Yue H, Zhang B. Genetic and immunological characterization of G9 group A porcine rotaviruses in China. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:694-703. [PMID: 35608375 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
G9 group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are considered emerging pathogens in pigs and humans, and pigs are considered a potential host reservoir for human G9 RVAs. In this study, RVAs of two genotypes, G9P[23] and G9P[13], were successfully isolated and the genomic sequences were obtained, the genome constellation is G9-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 and G9-P[13]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T7-E1-H1 respectively. One strain which amplified from clinic faecal sample had an unique genome constellation G9-P[23]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. All the genomic segments of three porcine G9 RVAs were closely related to those of porcine and/or porcine-like human RVAs, demonstrating that the three viruses were porcine-human reassortant strains. To study the immunogenicity of the porcine G9 RVAs, 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were immunized with inactivated vaccines derived from porcine RVAs and then mated. The highest titres of neutralizing antibodies against G9P[23] and G9P[13] porcine RVAs (1,291 ± 35.22 and 1:232 ± 39.28 respectively) were produced in mice 7 days after the second immunization. Suckling mice born to the vaccinated dams were protected by maternal antibodies against challenge with homologous strains. Overall, our data demonstrate the occurrence of porcine-human reassortants of G9 RVAs, and extend our understanding of the immunogenicity of porcine G9 rotaviruses. They also provide a basis for the development of a porcine G9 RVA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengxuan Wang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruici Kan
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Cao
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Veterinary Medicine and Drug Innovation Group of China Agricultural Research System, China, Chengdu
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
- Key laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Veterinary Medicine and Drug Innovation Group of China Agricultural Research System, China, Chengdu
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14
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Oki H, Masuda T, Hayashi-Miyamoto M, Kawai M, Ito M, Madarame H, Fukase Y, Takemae H, Sakaguchi S, Furuya T, Mizutani T, Oba M, Nagai M. Genomic diversity and intragenic recombination of species C rotaviruses. J Gen Virol 2022; 103. [PMID: 35175914 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus C (RVC) is a major cause of diarrhoea in swine, cattle, and humans worldwide. RVC exhibits sequence diversity in all 11 genes, especially in VP4 and VP7, and all segment-based genotyping has been performed similar to rotavirus A. To date, recombination events have been reported in rotavirus A and B. However, there are no reports describing gene recombination of RVC, except for recombination in NSP3 between RVC and rotavirus H. In this study, nine porcine RVC strains identified in Japanese pigs were completely sequenced and analysed together with RVC sequences from the GenBank database. The analyses showed that sequences of the VP4, VP2, and NSP1 of several porcine RVC strains did not branch with any of those of the RVC strains in the GenBank database, suggesting new genotypes. Several homologous recombination events, between or within genotypes, were identified in the VP4, VP7, VP2, NSP1, and NSP3 genes. Of these, nine, one, and one intergenotypic recombination events in the VP4, VP2, and NSP3 genes, respectively, were supported with sufficient statistical values. Although these findings suggest occurrences of the intragenic recombination events in the RVC genome, potential sequence errors and poor sequence assemblies in the databases should be watched with care. The results in this study present data about the important recombination events of the RVCs, which influence evolution of the virus by aiding them to gain genetic diversity and plasticity, although further sequence data will be necessary to obtain more comprehensive understanding of such mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Oki
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Tsuneyuki Masuda
- Seibu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Houki, Tottori 689-4213, Japan
| | | | - Megumi Kawai
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Mika Ito
- Ishikawa Nanbu Livestock Hygiene Service Center, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-3101, Japan
| | - Hiroo Madarame
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yuka Fukase
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takemae
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shoichi Sakaguchi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Furuya
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mami Oba
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Nagai
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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15
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Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Group A Rotavirus Genotypes in Moscow (2019-2020). Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060674. [PMID: 34070814 PMCID: PMC8228337 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) infection is the leading cause of hospitalization of children under 5 years old, presenting with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. The aim of our study was to explore the genetic diversity of RVA among patients admitted to Moscow Infectious Disease Clinical Hospital No. 1 with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. A total of 653 samples were collected from May 2019 through March 2020. Out of them, 135 (20.67%) fecal samples were found to be positive for rotavirus antigen by ELISA. RT-PCR detected rotavirus RNA in 80 samples. Seven G-genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, G8, G9, and G12) and three P-genotypes (P[8], P[4], and P[6]) formed 9 different combinations. The most common combination was G9P[8]. However, for the first time in Moscow, the combination G3P[8] took second place. Moreover, all detected viruses of this combination belonged to Equine-like G3P[8] viruses that had never been detected in Russia before. The genotype G8P[8] and G9P[4] rotaviruses were also detected in Moscow for the first time. Among the studied rotaviruses, there were equal proportions of Wa and DS-1-like strains; previous studies showed that Wa-like strains accounted for the largest proportion of rotaviruses in Russia.
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16
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Tian Y, Gao Z, Li W, Liu B, Chen Y, Jia L, Yan H, Wang Q. Group A rotavirus prevalence and genotypes among adult outpatients with diarrhea in Beijing, China, 2011-2018. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6191-6199. [PMID: 34028862 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is one of the most common causes of severe diarrhea in children worldwide. However, RVA is also an important pathogen causing adult diarrhea, with higher infection rates in older patients. To provide evidence for rotavirus epidemic control and to inform vaccine development, we analyzed the molecular epidemiology of RVA among adult outpatients with diarrhea in Beijing from 2011 to 2018. Stool specimens were collected monthly from 14 districts. RVA was detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Genotyping of rotavirus was performed using multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using maximum likelihood methods implemented in MEGA software (version 6.06). Logistic regression and chi-square tests were used to assess differences among age groups, districts, years, and genotype distributions. The prevalence of rotavirus was 10.16% (1310 of 12,893) among adult outpatients with diarrhea from 2011 to 2018 in Beijing. The highest prevalence (13.74%, 600 of 4367) was observed among those aged 41 to 65 years. November, December, and January had the highest positive detection rates. In 2011, G3P[8] and G9P[8] were the dominant genotypes. Starting from 2012, G9P[8] became the dominant genotype. Most G9 strains belonged to the G9-VI clade. Most P[8] strains belonged to the P[8]-III clade. RVA is a major cause of adult diarrhea in Beijing. Continuous molecular surveillance is needed, and transmission of rotavirus between children and adults should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weihong Li
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baiwei Liu
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jia
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hanqiu Yan
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control and Beijing Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, China
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Sashina TA, Morozova OV, Epifanova NV, Novikova NA. Genotype constellations of the rotavirus A strains circulating in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 2017-2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104578. [PMID: 33010418 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the full-genome-based classification is widely used to investigate rotavirus A (RVA) strains found in different countries around the world. However, the information on the full genotypes of rotaviruses circulating in Russia is limited. Using partial sequencing, this study determined the full genotype constellations of 15 RVA strains in total commonly detected in Nizhny Novgorod (European part of Russia) in 2017-2018, three from each of the following genotypes G1P[8], G4P[8], and G9P[8] and six from G2P[4]. There were two intergenogroup mono-reassortants possessing an identical genotype constellation of G4-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E2-H1 with the DS-1-like NSP4 gene of probably local origin. A variety of subgenotype lineages and their combinations of Wa-like rotaviruses and genetic heterogeneity among G9P[8] and G1P[8] strains were shown on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of each gene. Moreover, two distinct co-circulating variants that differed in all 11 genome segments were found among DS-1-like rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Sashina
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections, I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 603 950, 71 Malaya Yamskaya Str., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Olga V Morozova
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections, I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 603 950, 71 Malaya Yamskaya Str., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Natalia V Epifanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections, I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 603 950, 71 Malaya Yamskaya Str., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Novikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Viral Infections, I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation 603 950, 71 Malaya Yamskaya Str., Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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18
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Hoa-Tran TN, Nakagomi T, Vu HM, Nguyen TTT, Takemura T, Hasebe F, Dao ATH, Anh PHQ, Nguyen AT, Dang AD, Nakagomi O. Detection of three independently-generated DS-1-like G9P[8] reassortant rotavirus A strains during the G9P[8] dominance in Vietnam, 2016–2018. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Lu Y, Li H, Li W, Wang X, Tao X, Dou L, Dong Y, Wu N, Li YG. Characterization of a G9 group A rotavirus reassortant strain detected in Jinzhou, China, in 2018-2019. Arch Virol 2020; 165:977-983. [PMID: 32095877 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04563-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel rotavirus A (RVA) strain (JZ) was detected in RVA-positive stool specimens from three pediatric patients in Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, in 2018-2019. The electrophoresis pattern of the JZ strain showed a long electropherotype. The genomic constellation G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E2-H1 was detected, suggesting that a new inter-genogroup reassortment had occurred. Whole-genome sequencing showed that the JZ isolates were identical to each other. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that VP7 and VP4 clustered in lineages G9-VI and P[8]-3, respectively. JZ strain-specific amino acid substitutions were detected in VP7, VP4 and NSP4. This study provides information on the epidemiology and characteristics of G9 strains circulating in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Women and Children's Hospital of Jinzhou, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Tao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Lili Dou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yong Gang Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China.
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20
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Ivashechkin AA, Yuzhakov AG, Grebennikova TV, Yuzhakova KA, Kulikova NY, Kisteneva LB, Smetanina SV, Bazarova MV, Almazova MG. Genetic diversity of group A rotaviruses in Moscow in 2018-2019. Arch Virol 2020; 165:691-702. [PMID: 32016546 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present the results of a study in which 639 samples obtained between October 2018 and April 2019 from patients with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis were tested for the presence of a rotavirus infection. The antigen of group A rotavirus was detected in 160 samples (25% of those tested). To study the genetic diversity of group A rotavirus, RNA was isolated from the samples, and polymerase chain reaction combined with reverse transcription (RT-PCR) with primers specific for the VP4, VP6, and VP7 genes of group A rotaviruses was performed. At least one fragment of the group A rotavirus genome was found in 101 samples (15.8%). These fragments were sequenced, and their G and P genotypes-as well as their combinations-were determined. The predominant G genotypes were G9 (35.8% of all genotyped samples) and G4 (28.4%), but the rare G12 genotype was also found (3.0%). The dominant P genotype was P[8]. The spectrum of certain G/P combinations of genotypes included seven variants. The most common variants were G9P[8] (37.2%) and G4P[8] (30.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A G Yuzhakov
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - T V Grebennikova
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - K A Yuzhakova
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N Y Kulikova
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - L B Kisteneva
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S V Smetanina
- Moscow Clinical Hospital № 1 of Infectious Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Bazarova
- Moscow Clinical Hospital № 1 of Infectious Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - M G Almazova
- N. F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Bennour H, Bouazizi A, Fodha I, Ben Hadj Fredj M, Ben Hamida-Rebai M, Jerbi A, Dhiflaoui A, Abdelberi S, Abbassi F, Abroug S, Khlifa M, Fathallah A, Boujaafar N, Trabelsi A. Unexpected predominance of rotavirus G9P[8] strain in Tunisian adult diarrheal patients. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:280-289. [PMID: 32003707 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Group A Rotavirus (RVA) is known to be a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children but its role as a potential pathogen in immunocompetent adults is probably underestimated.Aim. To compare RVA infections in patients from different age groups.Methodology. Fecal samples were collected from patients aged from birth to 65 years, hospitalized or consulting for AGE between 2015 and 2017. All samples were screened by RT-PCR for the detection of VP6 gene specific of RVA. RVA-positive samples were VP7 and VP4 genotyped using multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR. Full-length VP7 gene of G9-positive strains were sequenced and submitted for phylogenetic analysis.Results. Of 1371 stool specimens collected from children (<5 years; n=454), older children (5 to <15 years; n=316) and adults (15-65 years; n=601), 165 (12.0 %) were RVA-positive. RVA detection rates were significantly higher in children and adults than in older children (15.8 % and 12.1 Vs 6.3 %, respectively; P<0.001). While RVA infections were mostly detected during the coldest months in children, they were observed all year-round in patients aged >5 years. Although G1P[8] remained the most prevalent combination (41.7 %) detected in children, G9P[8] strains widely predominated in adults (58.1 %), followed by G2P[4] (12.9 %). All characterized G9 strains clustered in the modern lineage III.Conclusion. RVA play an important role in AGE not only in children but also in adults. The findings of a wide G9 predominance in patients >5 years highlights the need for continuing surveillance in both pediatric and mature populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Bennour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Asma Bouazizi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Imene Fodha
- Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Ben Hadj Fredj
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Kairouan, Kairouan, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Meriam Ben Hamida-Rebai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Amira Jerbi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ameni Dhiflaoui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Shada Abdelberi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Fairouz Abbassi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Saoussen Abroug
- Pediatric Unit, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Monia Khlifa
- Pediatric Unit, Regional Hospital of Msaken, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Akila Fathallah
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Parasitology Department, University Hospital Farhat Hached, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Noureddine Boujaafar
- Microbiology Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdelhalim Trabelsi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Research laboratory for Epidemiology and immunogenetics of viral infections (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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22
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Abstract
Because of their replication mode and segmented dsRNA genome, homologous recombination is assumed to be rare in the rotaviruses. We analyzed 23,627 complete rotavirus genome sequences available in the NCBI Virus Variation database, and found 109 instances of homologous recombination, at least eleven of which prevailed across multiple sequenced isolates. In one case, recombination may have generated a novel rotavirus VP1 lineage. We also found strong evidence for intergenotypic recombination in which more than one sequence strongly supported the same event, particularly between different genotypes of segment 9, which encodes the glycoprotein, VP7. The recombined regions of many putative recombinants showed amino acid substitutions differentiating them from their major and minor parents. This finding suggests that these recombination events were not overly deleterious, since presumably these recombinants proliferated long enough to acquire adaptive mutations in their recombined regions. Protein structural predictions indicated that, despite the sometimes substantial amino acid replacements resulting from recombination, the overall protein structures remained relatively unaffected. Notably, recombination junctions appear to occur nonrandomly with hot spots corresponding to secondary RNA structures, a pattern seen consistently across segments. In total, we found strong evidence for recombination in nine of eleven rotavirus A segments. Only segments 7 (NSP3) and 11 (NSP5) did not show strong evidence of recombination. Collectively, the results of our computational analyses suggest that, contrary to the prevailing sentiment, recombination may be a significant driver of rotavirus evolution and may influence circulating strain diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Hoxie
- Biology Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Queens, NY 11367, USA.,The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Biology Program, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - John J Dennehy
- Biology Department, Queens College of The City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Queens, NY 11367, USA.,The Graduate Center of The City University of New York, Biology Program, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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23
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Fujii Y, Oda M, Somura Y, Shinkai T. Molecular Characteristics of Novel Mono-Reassortant G9P[8] Rotavirus A Strains Possessing the NSP4 Gene of the E2 Genotype Detected in Tokyo, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2019; 73:26-35. [PMID: 31564695 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2019.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) has been detected in patients with gastroenteritis even after vaccine introduction in Japan. To investigate circulating RVA strains, RVA-positive stool specimens obtained in Tokyo in 2017 and 2018 were analyzed using next-generation sequencing. A total of 50 and 21 RVA samples were obtained in 2017 and 2018, respectively. In 2017, G2P[4] (40.0%) was the most prevalent strain, followed by G3P[8] (DS-1-like) (28.0%), G8P[8] (10.0%), G3P[8] (Wa-like) (8.0%), G9P[8]-E1 (8.0%), and mixed infection (6.0%). In 2018, G3P[8] (DS-1-like) (28.6%) and G9P[8]-E2 (28.6%) were the most prevalent strains, followed by G9P[8]-E1 (19.0%), G2P[4] (9.5%), G8P[8] (9.5%), and mixed infection (4.8%). Six G9P[8]-E2 strains detected in 2018 showed an atypical genotype constellation (G9P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E2-H1), which had not been reported previously. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the RVA virus was generated by inter-genogroup reassortment between commonly circulating G9P[8] and G2P[4] strains in Japan. The G9P[8] strain seemed to be reassorted with only the NSP4 gene of the E2 genotype of the G2P[4] strain. Since this newly-emerged G9P[8]-E2 virus was detected in different locations in Tokyo, the virus appears to have already begun to spread to a wider area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Fujii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases
| | - Mayuko Oda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
| | - Yoshiko Somura
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
| | - Takayuki Shinkai
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
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24
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Tatte VS, Maran D, Walimbe AM, Gopalkrishna V. Rotavirus G9P[4], G9P[6] and G1P[6] strains isolated from children with acute gastroenteritis in Pune, western India, 2013-2015: evidence for recombination in genes encoding VP3, VP4 and NSP1. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1605-1630. [PMID: 31553304 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Species A rotaviruses (RVAs) are genetically diverse pathogens. These are the most evolutionarily adaptable organisms, with a multitude of mechanisms for evolutionary change. To date, full-genome classification has been proved to be an excellent tool for studying the evolution of unusual rotavirus strains. As limited data are available from Pune (Maharashtra), western India, the current study was undertaken with the aim of understanding the genetic diversity in three (G1P[6], G9P[4] and G9P[4]) unusual RVA strains circulating in Pune, India during 2013-2015. Full-genome analysis of these strains classified them as G1-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1, G9-P[4]-I2-R2-C2-[M1-M2_R]-[A1-A2_R]-N2-T2-E6-H2 and G9-[P4-P6_R]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the structural and non-structural genes of these unusual RVA strains showed nucleotide/amino acid identities of 82.3-98.5 %/77.3-99.8 % and 86.6-97.6 %/89.6-97.8 % between the strains of the study. Evidence of recombination events was found within the genes encoding VP3, VP4 and NSP1, which showed a combination of genetic information for genogroup 1 [M1/P[6]/A1] and genogroup 2 [M2/P[4]/A2] strains. This study will facilitate future investigations into the molecular pathogenesis of such RVAs as the exchange of whole or partial genetic material between rotaviruses through recombination contributes directly to their diversification, adaptation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali S Tatte
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Deepthy Maran
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- Bioinformatics Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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25
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Sadiq A, Bostan N, Bokhari H, Matthijnssens J, Yinda KC, Raza S, Nawaz T. Molecular characterization of human group A rotavirus genotypes circulating in Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan during 2015-2016. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220387. [PMID: 31361761 PMCID: PMC6667158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are one of the major causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children worldwide. Owing to lack of proper surveillance programs and health facilities, developing countries of Asia and Africa carry a disproportionately heavy share of the RVA disease burden. The aim of this hospital-based study was to investigate the circulation of RVA genotypes in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan in 2015 and 2016, prior to the implementation of RVA vaccine. 639 faecal samples collected from children under 10 years of age hospitalized with AGE were tested for RVA antigen by ELISA. Among 171 ELISA positive samples, 143 were successfully screened for RT-PCR and sequencing. The prevalence of RVA was found to be 26.8% with the highest frequency (34.9%) found among children of age group 6-11 months. The most predominant circulating genotypes were G3P[8] (22.4%) followed by G12P[6] (20.3%), G2P[4] (12.6%), G1P[8] (11.9%), G9P[6] (11.9%), G3P[4] (9.1%), G1P[6] (4.2%), G9P[8] (4.2%), and G3P[6] (0.7%). A single mixed genotype G1G3P[8] was also detected. The findings of this study provide baseline data, that will help to assess if future vaccination campaigns using currently available RVA vaccine will reduce RVA disease burden and instigate evolutionary changes in the overall RVA biology. The high prevalence of RVA infections in Pakistan require to improve and strengthen the surveillance and monitoring system for RVA. This will provide useful information for health authorities in planning public health care strategies to mitigate the disease burden caused by RVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Sadiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nazish Bostan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jelle Matthijnssens
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kwe Claude Yinda
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saqlain Raza
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Nawaz
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University (CUI), Tarlai Kalan, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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26
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Yan N, Tang C, Kan R, Feng F, Yue H. Genome analysis of a G9P[23] group A rotavirus isolated from a dog with diarrhea in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 70:67-71. [PMID: 30796978 PMCID: PMC7106249 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genotype G9 is an emerging genotype among species A rotavirus (RVA) circulating in humans and pigs worldwide. In this study, an RVA strain designated RVA/Dog-tc/CHN/SCCD-A/2017/G9P[23] was isolated in cell culture from a pet dog stool sample with acute diarrhea, and its whole genome was sequenced. The genotype constellation of SCCD-A was G9-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. All genome segments except the VP1 gene were closely related to the genes from porcine RVA strains or porcine-like human RVA strains. On the other hand, the VP1 gene clustered in a distinct lineage only with that of a G5P[6] porcine-like human RVA, preventing the identification of the exact host species origin, but very unlikely to be originated from human RVA. In addition, phylogenetic analysis showed that the G9 VP7 gene of SCCD-A clustered into a novel sublineage within the lineage III of G9. This first isolation of a G9P[23] RVA from a pet dog may justify the exploration of the role dogs play in the interaction of RVA circulating in pigs and humans. First identified G9P[23] group A rotavirus from dog and the genome of RVA/Dog-tc/CHN/SCCD-A/2017/G9P[23]was determined. The strain’s genotype constellation as G9-P[23]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. G9P[23] from dog may justify the exploration of the role dogs play in the interaction of RVA circulating in pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, China
| | - Ruici Kan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Feng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China; Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, China.
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27
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Fujii Y, Doan YH, Suzuki Y, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O, Katayama K. Study of Complete Genome Sequences of Rotavirus A Epidemics and Evolution in Japan in 2012-2014. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:38. [PMID: 30766516 PMCID: PMC6365416 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive molecular epidemiological study using next-generation sequencing technology was conducted on 333 rotavirus A (RVA)-positive specimens collected from six sentinel hospitals across Japan over three consecutive seasons (2012–2014). The majority of the RVA isolates were grouped into five genotype constellations: Wa-like G1P[8], DS-1-like G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8] and G9P[8]. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the distribution of strains varied by geographical locations and epidemic seasons. The VP7 genes of different G types were estimated to evolve at 7.26 × 10-4–1.04 × 10-3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. The Bayesian time-scaled tree of VP7 showed that the time to the most recent common ancestor of epidemic strains within a region was 1–3 years, whereas that of the epidemic strains across the country was 2–6 years. This study provided, for the first time, the timeframe during which an epidemic strain spread locally and within the country and baseline information needed to predict how rapidly RVAs spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Fujii
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yen Hai Doan
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoko Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagomi
- Department of Hygiene and Molecular Epidemiology, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Xu C, Fu J, Ai J, Zhang J, Liu C, Huo X, Bao C, Zhu Y. Phylogenetic analysis of human G9P[8] rotavirus strains circulating in Jiangsu, China between 2010 and 2016. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1461-1470. [PMID: 29719060 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus A (RVA) is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age worldwide. G9P[8] is a common RVA genotype that has been persistently prevalent in Jiangsu, China. To determine the genetic diversity of G9P[8] RVAs, 7 representative G9P[8] strains collected from Suzhou Children's Hospital between 2010 and 2016 (named JS2010-JS2016) were analyzed through whole-genome sequencing. All evaluated strains showed the Wa-like constellation G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the VP7 genes of all strains clustered into lineage G9-III and G9-VI. With the exception of strain JS2012 (P[8]-4), the VP4 sequences of all strains belonged to the P[8]-3 lineage. Sequencing further revealed that amino acid substitutions were present in the antigenic regions of the VP7 and VP4 genes of all strains. Moreover, there were multiple substitutions in antigenic sites I and II of the nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) genes, whereas the other NSP genes were relatively conserved. In conclusion, our phylogenetic analysis of these 7 G9P[8] strains suggests that RVA varied across regions and time. Therefore, our findings suggest that continued surveillance is necessary to explore the molecular evolutionary characteristics of RVA for better prevention and treatment of acute viral gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianguang Fu
- Key Lab of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Key Lab of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Huo
- Key Lab of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Key Lab of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Ministry of Health, Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yefei Zhu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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29
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Jing Z, Zhang X, Shi H, Chen J, Shi D, Dong H, Feng L. A G3P[13] porcine group A rotavirus emerging in China is a reassortant and a natural recombinant in the VP4 gene. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e317-e328. [PMID: 29148270 PMCID: PMC7169750 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are a major cause of serious intestinal disease in piglets. In this study, a novel pig strain was identified in a stool sample from China. The strain was designated RVA/Pig/China/LNCY/2016/G3P[13] and had a G3-P[13]-I5-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1 genome. The viral protein 7 (VP7) and non-structural protein 4 (NSP4) genes of RVA/Pig/China/LNCY/2016/G3P[13] were closely related to cogent genes of human RVAs, suggesting that a reassortment between pig and human strains had occurred. Recombination analysis showed that RVA/Pig/China/LNCY/2016/G3P[13] is a natural recombinant strain between the P[23] and P[7] RVA strains, and crossover points for recombination were found at nucleotides (nt) 456 and 804 of the VP4 gene. Elucidating the biological characteristics of porcine rotavirus (PoRV) will be helpful for further analyses of the epidemic characteristics of this virus. The results of this study provide valuable information for RVA recombination and evolution and will facilitate future investigations into the molecular pathogenesis of RVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Jing
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - X Zhang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - H Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - J Chen
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - D Shi
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - H Dong
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.,Molecular Biology (Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech), University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - L Feng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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Dian Z, Wang B, Fan M, Dong S, Feng Y, Zhang AM, Liu L, Niu H, Li Y, Xia X. Completely genomic and evolutionary characteristics of human-dominant G9P[8] group A rotavirus strains in Yunnan, China. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1163-1168. [PMID: 28613141 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
G9P[8] rotavirus A (RVA) has been identified as the predominant genotype circulating in Yunnan, China. To elucidate the molecular characteristics of its genetic composition at the whole-genome level, the genomes of 12 strains isolated from paediatric patients with diarrhoea were fully sequenced and characterized. Eleven of the 12 strains were genotyped as G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1, which is closely related to the Wa-like genotype 1 constellation. In contrast, one strain was genotyped as G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N2-T1-E1-H1, with the NSP2 gene characterized as a DS-1 like genotype. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis indicated that G9 strains had emerged in 1932 with an estimated average evolutionary rate of 1.63×10-3 substitutions/site/year. Considering the high prevalence and fast evolutionary rate of G9P[8] rotaviruses, our results suggest that G9P[8] RVA should be strictly monitored in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqin Dian
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, PR China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan 650032, PR China
| | - Binghui Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Mao Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunming Children's Hospital, Yunnan 650034, PR China
| | - Shuwei Dong
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Yue Feng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - A-Mei Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Hua Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan 650032, PR China
| | - Yuanyue Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, PR China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yunnan 650500, PR China
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Sashina TA, Morozova OV, Epifanova NV, Novikova NA. Predominance of new G9P[8] rotaviruses closely related to Turkish strains in Nizhny Novgorod (Russia). Arch Virol 2017; 162:2387-2392. [PMID: 28429133 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genotype G9P[8] rotaviruses are rare in the territory of Russia. They were found in Nizhny Novgorod only in 2011-2012 for the first time, when their proportion was 25.9%. During the next two seasons, G9P[8] strains were detected in only 1.8% of cases. Their proportion substantially increased again in 2014, and they became predominant in the city by 2016. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of gene VP7 nucleotide sequences showed that this increase was accompanied by the emergence of new strains in the population. These isolates were related to Turkish strains, but not to Russian ones detected earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Sashina
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation.
| | - O V Morozova
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - N V Epifanova
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - N A Novikova
- I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
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Felix-Valenzuela L, Cooley-García DP, Cano-Rangel MA, Durazo-Arvizu MDLA, Mata-Haro V. Predominance of G9P[4] Rotavirus from Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Northwestern Mexico. Intervirology 2017; 59:228-233. [DOI: 10.1159/000464132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Tatte VS, Chaphekar D, Gopalkrishna V. Full genome analysis of rotavirus G9P[8] strains identified in acute gastroenteritis cases reveals genetic diversity: Pune, western India. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1354-1363. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepa Chaphekar
- Enteric Viruses Group; National Institute of Virology; Pune India
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Esona MD, Roy S, Rungsrisuriyachai K, Sanchez J, Vasquez L, Gomez V, Rios LA, Bowen MD, Vazquez M. Characterization of a triple-recombinant, reassortant rotavirus strain from the Dominican Republic. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:134-142. [PMID: 27983480 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the genome of a novel human triple-recombinant G4P[6-8_R] mono-reassortant strain identified in a stool sample from the Dominican Republic during routine facility-based rotavirus strain surveillance. The strain was designated as RVA/Human-wt/DOM/2013840364/2013/G4P[6-8_R], with a genomic constellation of G4-P[6-8_R]-I1-R1-C1-M1-(A1-A8_R)-N1-(T1-T7_R)-E1-H1. Recombinant gene segments NSP1 and NSP3 were generated as a result of recombination between genogroup 1 rotavirus A1 human strain and a genotype A8 porcine strain and between genogroup 1 rotavirus T1 human strain and a genotype T7 bovine strain, respectively. Analyses of the RNA secondary structures of gene segment VP4, NSP1 and NSP3 showed that all the recombinant regions appear to start in a loop (single-stranded) region and terminate in a stem (double-stranded) structure. Also, the VP7 gene occupied lineage VII within the G4 genotypes consisting of mostly porcine or porcine-like G4 strains, suggesting the occurrence of reassortment. The remaining gene segments clustered phylogenetically with genogroup 1 strains. This exchange of whole or partial genetic materials between rotaviruses by recombination and reassortment contributes directly to their diversification, adaptation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew D Esona
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sunando Roy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Sanchez
- Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Lina Vasquez
- Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Virgen Gomez
- Hospital Infantil Dr Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | | | - Michael D Bowen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Liu P. Clinical and molecular epidemiologic trends reveal the important role of rotavirus in adult infectious gastroenteritis, in Shanghai, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 47:143-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pradhan GN, Walimbe AM, Chitambar SD. Molecular characterization of emerging G9P[4] rotavirus strains possessing a rare E6 NSP4 or T1 NSP3 genotype on a genogroup-2 backbone using a refined classification framework. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3139-3153. [PMID: 27902372 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus infections associated with unusual strains are an emerging concern in rotavirus vaccination programmes. Recently, an increase in circulation of unusual G9P[4] strains was reported from different regions of India, placing this genotype in third position, after G1P[8] and G2P[4], of the most common rotavirus strains. The aim of the present study was to analyse the complete genomic constellation of three G9P[4] strains (RV09, RV10 and RV11), determine their genetic relatedness to other genogroup-2 strains and understand the evolution of a rare E6 and other NSP4 genotypes. All strains revealed the presence of a genogroup-2 backbone, with RV09 constituting the NSP3 T1 genotype and RV10 and RV11 bearing the NSP4 E6 genotype. A refined criterion adopted to classify the nine internal gene segments of G2P[4] and non-G2P[4] strains with the genogroup-2 backbone into lineages and sub-lineages indicated divergence of >8 % (except NSP1: >5.5 %) for lineages and >3 % for sub-lineages. The VP1 and/or VP3 genes of study strains showed close relationships with animal-like human rotaviruses. The estimated evolutionary rate for the NSP4 E6 genotype was marginally higher (3.78×10-3 substitutions per site per year) than that of genotypes E1 (2.6×10-3 substitutions per site per year) and E2 (3.06×10-3 substitutions per site per year), suggesting a step towards adaptation of E6 on a genogroup-2 backbone. The time and origin of the most recent common ancestor of E6 genotype were estimated to be 1981 and South Asia, respectively. Full-genome and evolutionary analyses performed in this study for G9P[4] strains will help better understand the extent of gene reassortment and origin in unusual rotavirus strains that may remain viable and cause infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri N Pradhan
- Enteric Viruses Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Atul M Walimbe
- Bioinformatics Group, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Dulgheroff ACB, Silva GAVD, Naveca FG, Oliveira AGD, Domingues ALDS. Diversity of group A rotavirus genes detected in the Triângulo Mineiro region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:731-40. [PMID: 27266629 PMCID: PMC4927641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are the main causative agent of infantile gastroenteritis. The segmented nature of the viral genome allows reassortment of genome segments, which can generate genetic variants. In this study, we characterized the diversity of the VP7, VP4 (VP8*), VP6, NSP4, and NSP5 genes of the rotaviruses that circulated from 2005 to 2011 in the Triângulo Mineiro (TM) region of Brazil. Samples with genotypes G2 (sublineages IVa-1 and IVa-3), G1 (sublineage I-A), G9 (lineage III), G12 (lineages II and III), G8 (lineage II), G3 (lineage III), P[4] (sublineages IVa and IVb), P[8] (sublineages P[8]-3.6, P[8]-3.3, and P[8]-3.1), I2 (lineage VII), E2 (lineages VI, XII, and X), and H2 (lineage III) were identified. The associations found in the samples were G1, G9, or G12 with P[8]-I1-E1-H1; G2 or G8 with P[4]-I2-E2-H2; G12 with I3-E3-H6; and G3 with P[4]-I2-E3-H3 (previously unreported combination). Reassortment events in G2P[4] strains and an apparent pattern of temporal segregation within the lineages were observed. Five TM samples contained genes that exhibited high nucleotide and amino acid identities with strains of animal origin. The present study includes a period of pre- and post-introduction of rotavirus vaccination in all Brazilian territories, thereby serving as a basis for monitoring changes in the genetic constitution of rotaviruses. The results also contribute to the understanding of the diversity and evolution of rotaviruses in a global context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Bernardes Dulgheroff
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Science, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Health Technical School, Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - George Allan Villarouco da Silva
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Ecology in the Amazon, Leonidas e Maria Deane Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Ecology in the Amazon, Leonidas e Maria Deane Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Adriana Gonçalves de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Science, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Luiz da Silva Domingues
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biological and Natural Science, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Comparative In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Porcine Rotavirus G9P[13] and Human Rotavirus Wa G1P[8]. J Virol 2015; 90:142-51. [PMID: 26468523 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02401-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The changing epidemiology of group A rotavirus (RV) strains in humans and swine, including emerging G9 strains, poses new challenges to current vaccines. In this study, we comparatively assessed the pathogenesis of porcine RV (PRV) G9P[13] and evaluated the short-term cross-protection between this strain and human RV (HRV) Wa G1P[8] in gnotobiotic pigs. Complete genome sequencing demonstrated that PRV G9P[13] possessed a human-like G9 VP7 genotype but shared higher overall nucleotide identity with historic PRV strains. PRV G9P[13] induced longer rectal virus shedding and RV RNAemia in pigs than HRV Wa G1P[8] and generated complete short-term cross-protection in pigs challenged with HRV or PRV, whereas HRV Wa G1P[8] induced only partial protection against PRV challenge. Moreover, PRV G9P[13] replicated more extensively in porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) than did HRV Wa G1P[8]. Cross-protection was likely not dependent on serum virus-neutralizing (VN) antibodies, as the heterologous VN antibody titers in the sera of G9P[13]-inoculated pigs were low. Thus, our results suggest that heterologous protection by the current monovalent G1P[8] HRV vaccine against emerging G9 strains should be evaluated in clinical and experimental studies to prevent further dissemination of G9 strains. Differences in the pathogenesis of these two strains may be partially attributable to their variable abilities to replicate and persist in porcine immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs). Additional studies are needed to evaluate the emerging G9 strains as potential vaccine candidates and to test the susceptibility of various immune cells to infection by G9 and other common HRV/PRV genotypes. IMPORTANCE The changing epidemiology of porcine and human group A rotaviruses (RVs), including emerging G9 strains, may compromise the efficacy of current vaccines. An understanding of the pathogenesis and genetic, immunological, and biological features of the new emerging RV strains will contribute to the development of new surveillance and prevention tools. Additionally, studies of cross-protection between the newly identified emerging G9 porcine RV strains and a human G1 RV vaccine strain in a susceptible host (swine) will allow evaluation of G9 strains as potential novel vaccine candidates to be included in porcine or human vaccines.
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Woods RJ. Intrasegmental recombination does not contribute to the long-term evolution of group A rotavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 32:354-60. [PMID: 25847696 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is a genetically diverse pathogen with an eleven-segmented, double-stranded RNA genome. Intrasegmental recombination has been proposed as a potential mechanism to generate antigenic diversity and a possible route of escape from vaccine-imposed selective pressure. Here intrasegmental recombination was studied by performing a genome-wide scan across the eleven genome segments of 797 publically available rotavirus strains. Sixty-two sequences, or 0.7% of sequences analyzed, have evidence of intrasegmental homologous recombination. None of the specific recombination events is seen in more than one sequence. This uniqueness is consistent with either a spurious finding of recombination or the possibility that recombinant sequences arise naturally but are rapidly purged from the rotavirus population through selection. Arguments for the former explanation are presented. This analysis finds no evidence that intrasegmental recombination leads to ongoing transmission or plays a constructive role in rotavirus evolution. These results have practical implications for phylogenetic analyses and suggest a fundamental constraint that may have shaped rotavirus genome structure and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Woods
- University of Michigan Health System, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, 3852 East Medical Center Drive, 3119 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Monini M, Zaccaria G, Ianiro G, Lavazza A, Vaccari G, Ruggeri FM. Full-length genomic analysis of porcine rotavirus strains isolated from pigs with diarrhea in Northern Italy. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 25:4-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shetty SA, Mathur M, Deshpande JM. Complete genome analysis of a rare group A rotavirus, G11P[25], isolated from a child in Mumbai, India, reveals interspecies transmission and reassortment with human rotavirus strains. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1220-1227. [PMID: 24951672 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.070524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospital-based rotavirus surveillance was carried out in Mumbai during 2005-2009. An isolate (B08299) with a rare genotype combination (G11P[25]) was detected. The present study was undertaken to characterize the complete genome of the isolate. B08299 exhibited a G11-P[25]-I12-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 genotype constellation. Phylogenetic analysis of the 11 gene segments of B08299 revealed that the VP2 and NSP5 genes of B08299 had a human origin, while the VP6 gene represented an I12 genotype of obscure origin. The remaining six genes formed a lineage distinct from human and porcine rotaviruses within genotype 1. Analysis of the structural and non-structural genes suggested that B08299 has evolved by gene reassortment. Our findings provide further evidence that interspecies transmission is an important mechanism involved in the evolution and genetic diversity of human rotaviruses in nature.
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Kim HH, Park JG, Matthijnssens J, Kim HJ, Kwon HJ, Son KY, Ryu EH, Kim DS, Lee WS, Kang MI, Yang DK, Lee JH, Park SJ, Cho KO. Pathogenicity of porcine G9P[23] and G9P[7] rotaviruses in piglets. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:123-37. [PMID: 23827353 PMCID: PMC7117468 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
G9 group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are considered important pathogens in pigs and humans, and pigs are hypothesized to be a potential host reservoir for human. However, intestinal and extra-intestinal pathogenicity and viremia of porcine G9 RVAs has remained largely unreported. In this study, colostrum-deprived piglets were orally infected with a porcine G9P[23] or G9P[7] strain. Histopathologically, both strains induced characteristic small intestinal lesions. Degeneration and necrosis of parenchymal cells were observed in the extra-intestinal tissues, but most predominantly in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). RVA antigen was continuously detected in the small intestinal mucosa and MLNs, but only transiently in cells of the liver, lung, and choroid plexus. Viral RNA levels were much higher in the feces and the MLNs compared to other tissues. The onset of viremia occurred at day post infection (DPI) 1 with the amount of viral RNA reaching its peak at DPI 3 or 5, before decreasing significantly at DPI 7 and remaining detectable until DPI 14. Our data suggest that porcine G9 RVAs have a strong small intestinal tropism, are highly virulent for piglets, have the ability to escape the small intestine, spread systemically via viremia, and replicate in extra-intestinal tissues. In addition, MLNs might act as a secondary site for viral amplification and the portal of systemic entry. These results add to our understanding of the pathogenesis of human G9 RVAs, and the validity of the pig model for use with both human and pig G9 RVAs in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Esona MD, Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Foytich K, Roy S, Banyai K, Armah GE, Steele AD, Volotão EM, Gomez MM, Silva MFM, Gautam R, Quaye O, Tam KI, Forbi JC, Seheri M, Page N, Nyangao J, Ndze VN, Aminu M, Bowen MD, Gentsch JR. Human G9P[8] rotavirus strains circulating in Cameroon, 1999-2000: Genetic relationships with other G9 strains and detection of a new G9 subtype. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:315-24. [PMID: 23770141 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RV-A) are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in children worldwide and genotype G9P[8] is one of the five most common genotypes detected in humans. In order to gain insight into the degree of genetic variability of G9P[8] strains circulating in Cameroon, stool samples were collected during the 1999-2000 rotavirus season in two different geographic regions in Cameroon (Southwest and Western Regions). By RT-PCR, 15 G9P[8] strains (15/89=16.8%) were identified whose genomic configurations was subsequently determined by complete or partial gene sequencing. In general, all Cameroonian G9 strains clustered into current globally-spread sublineages of the VP7 gene and displayed 86.6-100% nucleotide identity amongst themselves and 81.2-99.5% nucleotide identity with global G9 strains. The full genome classification of all Cameroonian strains was G9-P[8]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A1-N1-T1-E1-H1 but phylogenetic analysis of each gene revealed that the strains were spread across 4 or more distinct lineages. An unusual strain, RVA/Human-wt/CMR/6788/1999/G9P[8], which shared the genomic constellation of other Cameroonian G9P[8] strains, contained a novel G9 subtype which diverged significantly (18.8% nucleotide and 19% amino acid distance) from previously described G9 strains. Nucleotide and amino acid alignments revealed that the 3' end of this gene is highly divergent from other G9 VP7 genes suggesting that it arose through extensive accumulation of point mutations. The results of this study demonstrate that diverse G9 strains circulated in Cameroon during 1999-2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Esona
- Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
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Ianiro G, Heylen E, Delogu R, Zeller M, Matthijnssens J, Ruggeri F, Van Ranst M, Fiore L. Genetic diversity of G9P[8] rotavirus strains circulating in Italy in 2007 and 2010 as determined by whole genome sequencing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:426-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Nyaga MM, Jere KC, Peenze I, Mlera L, van Dijk AA, Seheri ML, Mphahlele MJ. Sequence analysis of the whole genomes of five African human G9 rotavirus strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 16:62-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gunn L, Feeney SA, Cashman O, Collins PJ, Coyle PV, O'Shea H. Molecular characterization of group A rotavirus found in elderly patients in Ireland; predominance of G1P[8], continued presence of G9P[8], and emergence of G2P[4]. J Med Virol 2013; 84:2008-17. [PMID: 23080510 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is a major cause of gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. There have been several recent reports concerning rotavirus isolation from adults, particularly in the elderly, presenting with gastroenteritis. In this study, the authors report on rotavirus outbreaks in five separate elderly care facilities between April, and June 2011 in Ireland. The following genotypes were detected; G1P[8] (n = 5/11), G2P[4] (n = 2/11), and G9P[8] (n = 2/11). Thus, similarities to previous reports were found in that G1P[8] predominated, G9P[8] was still detected but G2P[4] was detected for the first time in a geriatric population in Ireland. Here also described is the detection of Group 2 lineage IIC rotavirus in Ireland for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Rossa Ave, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Than VT, Baek IH, Kim W. Whole genomic analysis reveals the co-evolutionary phylodynamics of Korean G9P[8] human rotavirus strains. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1795-803. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1662-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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48
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Thongprachum A, Chan-it W, Khamrin P, Okitsu S, Nishimura S, Kikuta H, Yamamoto A, Sugita K, Baba T, Mizuguchi M, Maneekarn N, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H. Reemergence of new variant G3 rotavirus in Japanese pediatric patients, 2009–2011. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 13:168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Reesu R, Bhattacharya D, Chaaithanya IK, Muruganandam N, Bharadwaj AP, Singhania M, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Emergence of an unusual genotype of rotavirus in andaman and nicobar islands, India. Intervirology 2012; 56:134-9. [PMID: 23295640 DOI: 10.1159/000342219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea worldwide, affecting over 125 million young children every year in developing countries. The present study is a part of ongoing childhood diarrhoeal surveillance to determine the strain diversity of rotaviruses prevalent in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. From October 2010 to February 2012, 296 stool samples from children (age group 6-60 months) with gastroenteritis were obtained from different referral hospitals/primary health centres and community health centres in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A total of 47 samples were found positive for GARV. Among these, 21 (44.7%) samples belong to G2P[4], 12 (25.5%) samples were G1P[8], 10 (21.2%) samples belong to G9P[4], 2 (4.3%) samples belong to G1P[4] and 2 (4.3%) samples had a mixed genotype. Rotavirus G2 genotype remains the most common genotype in these islands. The prevalence of G9 rotavirus reported in the present study is higher than that reported from mainland India. The results emphasize the role of the unusual serotype G9 as an epidemiologically important genotype and the need to include G9 specificity in a rotavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Reesu
- Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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Than VT, Kang H, Lim I, Kim W. Molecular characterization of serotype G9 rotaviruses circulating in South Korea between 2005 and 2010. J Med Virol 2012; 85:171-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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