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Llovera A, Abras A, Fernández-Arévalo A, Ballart C, Heras S, Muñoz C, Gállego M. Genetic Diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi in the United States of America: The Least Endemic Country for Chagas Disease. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:901. [PMID: 39063654 PMCID: PMC11278504 DOI: 10.3390/life14070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD), caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and endemic in Latin America, has become an emergent health problem in non-endemic countries due to human migration. The United States (US) is the non-Latin American country with the highest CD burden and cannot be considered as non-endemic, since triatomine vectors and reservoir animals have been found. Populations of T. cruzi are divided into genetic subdivisions, which are known as discrete typing units (DTUs): TcI to TcVI and TcBat. Autochthonous human T. cruzi infection in the US is sporadic, but it may change due to environmental factors affecting the geographic distribution of triatomines. We aimed to perform a literature review of the genetic diversity of T. cruzi in triatomine vectors and mammalian hosts, including human cases, in the US. The 34 analyzed studies revealed the presence of T. cruzi in 18 states, which was mainly concentrated in Texas, Louisiana and New Mexico. TcI and TcIV were the principal DTUs identified, being TcI the most genotyped (42.4%; 917/2164). This study represents a first attempt to compile the molecular epidemiology of T. cruzi in the US, which is fundamental for predicting the progression of the infection in the country and could be of great help in its future management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alba Abras
- Laboratori d’Ictiologia Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Anna Fernández-Arévalo
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-A.); (C.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Cristina Ballart
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-A.); (C.B.); (M.G.)
- Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Heras
- Laboratori d’Ictiologia Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.F.-A.); (C.B.); (M.G.)
- Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERINFEC (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Tibayrenc M, Ayala FJ. Microevolution and subspecific taxonomy of Trypanosoma cruzi. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105344. [PMID: 35926722 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is a highly polymorphic species, subdivided into 6 main evolutionary lineages or near-clades (formerly discrete typing units or DTUs). An additional near-clade (TC-bat) has recently been evidenced. This pattern is considered to be the result of predominant clonal evolution (PCE). PCE is compatible with occasional mating/hybridization, which do not break the prevalent pattern of clonal evolution, the main trait of it being the presence of Multigene Bifurcating Trees (MGBTs) at all evolutionary levels ("clonal frame"). The development of highly resolutive genetic (microsatellites*) and genomic (sequencing and multi-single nucleotide polymorphism {SNP}* typing) markers shows that PCE also operates at a microevolutionary* level within each of the near-clades ("Russian doll pattern"), in spite of occasional meiosis and hybridization events. Within each near-clade, one can evidence widespread clonal multilocus genotypes*, linkage disequilibrium*, Multigene Bifurcating Trees and lesser near-clades. The within near-clade population structure is like a miniature picture of that of the whole species, suggesting gradual rather than saltatory evolution. Additional data are required to evaluate the stability of these lesser near-clades in the long run and to evaluate the need for an adequate nomenclature for this microevolutionary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Tibayrenc
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, BP 6450134394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Francisco J Ayala
- Catedra Francisco Jose Ayala of Science, Technology, and Religion, University of Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain. 2 Locke Court, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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Lima-Cordón RA, Cahan SH, McCann C, Dorn PL, Justi SA, Rodas A, Monroy MC, Stevens L. Insights from a comprehensive study of Trypanosoma cruzi: A new mitochondrial clade restricted to North and Central America and genetic structure of TcI in the region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010043. [PMID: 34919556 PMCID: PMC8719664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 100 years since the first description of Chagas Disease and with over 29,000 new cases annually due to vector transmission (in 2010), American Trypanosomiasis remains a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). This study presents the most comprehensive Trypanosoma cruzi sampling in terms of geographic locations and triatomine species analyzed to date and includes both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. This addresses the gap of information from North and Central America. We incorporate new and previously published DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome oxidase II (COII) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1). These T. cruzi samples were collected over a broad geographic range including 111 parasite DNA samples extracted from triatomines newly collected across North and Central America, all of which were infected with T. cruzi in their natural environment. In addition, we present parasite reduced representation (Restriction site Associated DNA markers, RAD-tag) genomic nuclear data combined with the mitochondrial gene sequences for a subset of the triatomines (27 specimens) collected from Guatemala and El Salvador. Our mitochondrial phylogenetic reconstruction revealed two of the major mitochondrial lineages circulating across North and Central America, as well as the first ever mitochondrial data for TcBat from a triatomine collected in Central America. Our data also show that within mtTcIII, North and Central America represent an independent, distinct clade from South America, named here as mtTcIIINA-CA, geographically restricted to North and Central America. Lastly, the most frequent lineage detected across North and Central America, mtTcI, was also an independent, distinct clade from South America, noted as mtTcINA-CA. Furthermore, nuclear genome data based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) showed genetic structure of lineage TcI from specimens collected in Guatemala and El Salvador supporting the hypothesis that genetic diversity at a local scale has a geographical component. Our multiscale analysis contributes to the understanding of the independent and distinct evolution of T. cruzi lineages in North and Central America regions. Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) represents socioeconomic burden in most countries of Latin America. Chagas disease, a NTD, is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The disease can be mild, causing swelling and fever, or it can be long-lasting. Left untreated, it often causes heart failure. This study focused on T. cruzi lineages, emphasizing the gap of information from Central America and complementing what is known in North America. Our diverse collection of kissing bugs from North America (United States and Mexico) and Central America identified two of the major mitochondrial lineages circulating in these regions, both representing distinct clades within the already established three clusters of the T. cruzi parasite (mtTcI-mtTcIII): mtTcINA-CA and mtTcIIINA-CA. At a local scale, population genetic structure of T. cruzi revealed that genetic diversity has a notable geographic component. The important insights into the genetic and evolutionary diversity of T. cruzi in North and Central America provide not only the necessity for referencing genomes to identify lineages but the basis to develop more precise and comprehensive diagnostic assays to better detect T. cruzi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Helms Cahan
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Cai McCann
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Patricia L Dorn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Silvia Andrade Justi
- The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America.,Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America.,Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Antonieta Rodas
- The Applied Entomology and Parasitology Laboratory, Biology School, Pharmacy Faculty, San Carlos University of Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - María Carlota Monroy
- The Applied Entomology and Parasitology Laboratory, Biology School, Pharmacy Faculty, San Carlos University of Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Lori Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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Human Chagas-Flow ATE-IgG1 for advanced universal and Trypanosoma cruzi Discrete Typing Units-specific serodiagnosis of Chagas disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13296. [PMID: 32764546 PMCID: PMC7414038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular and serological methods available for Discrete Typing Units (DTU)-specific diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi in chronic Chagas disease present limitations. The study evaluated the performance of Human Chagas-Flow ATE-IgG1 for universal and DTU-specific diagnosis of Chagas disease. A total of 102 sera from Chagas disease patients (CH) chronically infected with TcI, TcVI or TcII DTUs were tested for IgG1 reactivity to amastigote/(A), trypomastigote/(T) and epimastigote/(E) antigens along the titration curve (1:250-1:32,000). The results demonstrated that "AI 250/40%", "EVI 250/30%", "AII 250/40%", "TII 250/40%" and "EII 250/30%" have outstanding accuracy (100%) to segregate CH from non-infected controls. The attributes "TI 4,000/50%", "EI 2,000/50%", "AVI 8,000/60%" and "TVI 4,000/50%" were selected for DTU-specific serotyping of Chagas disease. The isolated use of "EI 2,000/50%" provided the highest co-positivity for TcI patients (91%). The combined decision tree algorithms using the pre-defined sets of attributes showed outstanding full accuracy (92% and 97%) to discriminate "TcI vs TcVI vs TcII" and "TcI vs TcII" prototypes, respectively. The elevated performance of Human Chagas-Flow ATE-IgG1 qualifies its use for universal and TcI/TcVI/TcII-specific diagnosis of Chagas disease. These findings further support the application of this method in epidemiological surveys, post-therapeutic monitoring and clinical outcome follow-ups for Chagas disease.
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A Trypanosoma cruzi Genome Tandem Repetitive Satellite DNA Sequence as a Molecular Marker for a LAMP Assay for Diagnosing Chagas' Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8074314. [PMID: 32184904 PMCID: PMC7060435 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8074314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi which is endemic throughout Latin America and is spread by worldwide migration. Diagnosis is currently limited to serological and molecular techniques having variations regarding their sensitivity and specificity. This work was aimed at developing a new sensitive, applicable, and cost-effective molecular diagnosis technique for loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based detection of T. cruzi (Tc-LAMP). The results led to determining a highly homologous satellite repeat region (231 bp) among parasite strains as a molecular marker for diagnosing the disease. Tc-LAMP was performed correctly for detecting parasite DNA (5 fg for the CL Brener strain and 50 fg for the DM28, TcVI, and TcI strains). Assay results proved negative for DNA from 16 helminth species and 7 protozoa, including Leishmania spp. Tc-LAMP based on the highly repeated T. cruzi satellite region is thus proposed as an important alternative for diagnosing T. cruzi infection, overcoming other methods' limitations such as their analytic capability, speed, and requiring specialized equipment or highly trained personnel. Tc-LAMP could be easily adapted for point-of-care testing in areas having limited resources.
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6
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Bern C, Messenger LA, Whitman JD, Maguire JH. Chagas Disease in the United States: a Public Health Approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00023-19. [PMID: 31776135 PMCID: PMC6927308 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00023-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, usually transmitted by triatomine vectors. An estimated 20 to 30% of infected individuals develop potentially lethal cardiac or gastrointestinal disease. Sylvatic transmission cycles exist in the southern United States, involving 11 triatomine vector species and infected mammals such as rodents, opossums, and dogs. Nevertheless, imported chronic T. cruzi infections in migrants from Latin America vastly outnumber locally acquired human cases. Benznidazole is now FDA approved, and clinical and public health efforts are under way by researchers and health departments in a number of states. Making progress will require efforts to improve awareness among providers and patients, data on diagnostic test performance and expanded availability of confirmatory testing, and evidence-based strategies to improve access to appropriate management of Chagas disease in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn Bern
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D Whitman
- University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James H Maguire
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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7
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Reis-Cunha JL, Baptista RP, Rodrigues-Luiz GF, Coqueiro-Dos-Santos A, Valdivia HO, de Almeida LV, Cardoso MS, D'Ávila DA, Dias FHC, Fujiwara RT, Galvão LMC, Chiari E, Cerqueira GC, Bartholomeu DC. Whole genome sequencing of Trypanosoma cruzi field isolates reveals extensive genomic variability and complex aneuploidy patterns within TcII DTU. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:816. [PMID: 30424726 PMCID: PMC6234542 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is currently divided into six discrete typing units (DTUs), named TcI-TcVI. TcII is among the major DTUs enrolled in human infections in South America southern cone, where it is associated with severe cardiac and digestive symptoms. Despite the importance of TcII in Chagas disease epidemiology and pathology, so far, no genome-wide comparisons of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of TcII field isolates have been performed to track the variability and evolution of this DTU in endemic regions. RESULTS In the present work, we have sequenced and compared the whole nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of seven TcII strains isolated from chagasic patients from the central and northeastern regions of Minas Gerais, Brazil, revealing an extensive genetic variability within this DTU. A comparison of the phylogeny based on the nuclear or mitochondrial genomes revealed that the majority of branches were shared by both sequences. The subtle divergences in the branches are probably consequence of mitochondrial introgression events between TcII strains. Two T. cruzi strains isolated from patients living in the central region of Minas Gerais, S15 and S162a, were clustered in the nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeny analysis. These two strains were isolated from the other five by the Espinhaço Mountains, a geographic barrier that could have restricted the traffic of insect vectors during T. cruzi evolution in the Minas Gerais state. Finally, the presence of aneuploidies was evaluated, revealing that all seven TcII strains have a different pattern of chromosomal duplication/loss. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of genomic variability and aneuploidies suggests that there is significant genomic variability within Minas Gerais TcII strains, which could be exploited by the parasite to allow rapid selection of favorable phenotypes. Also, the aneuploidy patterns vary among T. cruzi strains and does not correlate with the nuclear phylogeny, suggesting that chromosomal duplication/loss are recent and frequent events in the parasite evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Luís Reis-Cunha
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo P Baptista
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,The University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Gabriela F Rodrigues-Luiz
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,U.S. Naval Medical Research, Lima, Peru
| | - Laila Viana de Almeida
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Lúcia M C Galvão
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Egler Chiari
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Daniella C Bartholomeu
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Maintenance of Trypanosoma cruzi, T. evansi and Leishmania spp. by domestic dogs and wild mammals in a rural settlement in Brazil-Bolivian border. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 7:398-404. [PMID: 30370220 PMCID: PMC6199764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Domestic dogs are considered reservoirs hosts for several vector-borne parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the role of domestic dogs as hosts for Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma evansi and Leishmania spp. in single and co-infections in the Urucum settlement, near the Brazil-Bolivian border. Additionally, we evaluated the involvement of wild mammals’ in the maintenance of these parasites in the study area. Blood samples of dogs (n = 62) and six species of wild mammals (n = 36) were collected in July and August of 2015. The infections were assessed using parasitological, serological and molecular tests. Clinical examination of dogs was performed and their feeding habits were noted. Overall, 87% (54/62) of sampled dogs were positive for at least one trypanosomatid species, in single (n = 9) and co-infections (n = 45). We found that 76% of dogs were positive for T. cruzi, four of them displayed high parasitemias demonstrated by hemoculture, including one strain types TcI, two TcIII and one TcIII/TcV. Around 73% (45/62) of dogs were positive to T. evansi, three with high parasitemias as seen by positive microhematocrit centrifuge technique. Of dogs sampled, 50% (31/62) were positive for Leishmania spp. by PCR or serology. We found a positive influence of (i) T. evansi on mucous pallor, (ii) co-infection by T. cruzi and Leishmania with onychogryphosis, and (iii) all parasites to skin lesions of sampled dogs. Finally, feeding on wild mammals had a positive influence in the Leishmania spp. infection in dogs. We found that 28% (5/18) coati Nasua nasua was co-infected for all three trypanosamatids, demonstrating that it might play a key role in maintenance of these parasites. Our results showed the importance of Urucum region as a hotspot for T. cruzi, T. evansi and Leishmania spp. and demonstrated that dogs can be considered as incidental hosts. Observation of high occurrence of dogs co-infected by trypanosomatids. Dogs infected by TcI, TcIII and TcIII/TcV. Nasua nasua is a key species in the sylvatic cycles of trypanosomatids. Direct effect of trypanosomatids' infection in clinical signs of dogs. Dogs as sentinels to human infection in the Brazil-Bolivian border.
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Muñoz-San Martín C, Apt W, Zulantay I. Real-time PCR strategy for the identification of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units directly in chronically infected human blood. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:300-308. [PMID: 28185987 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a major public health problem in Latin America. This parasite has a complex population structure comprised by six or seven major evolutionary lineages (discrete typing units or DTUs) TcI-TcVI and TcBat, some of which have apparently resulted from ancient hybridization events. Because of the existence of significant biological differences between these lineages, strain characterization methods have been essential to study T. cruzi in its different vectors and hosts. However, available methods can be laborious and costly, limited in resolution or sensitivity. In this study, a new genotyping strategy by real-time PCR to identify each of the six DTUs in clinical blood samples have been developed and evaluated. Two nuclear (SL-IR and 18S rDNA) and two mitochondrial genes (COII and ND1) were selected to develop original primers. The method was evaluated with eight genomic DNA of T. cruzi populations belonging to the six DTUs, one genomic DNA of Trypanosoma rangeli, and 53 blood samples from individuals with chronic Chagas disease. The assays had an analytical sensitivity of 1-25fg of DNA per reaction tube depending on the DTU analyzed. The selectivity of trials with 20fg/μL of genomic DNA identified each DTU, excluding non-targets DTUs in every test. The method was able to characterize 67.9% of the chronically infected clinical samples with high detection of TcII followed by TcI. With the proposed original genotyping methodology, each DTU was established with high sensitivity after a single real-time PCR assay. This novel protocol reduces carryover contamination, enables detection of each DTU independently and in the future, the quantification of each DTU in clinical blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Muñoz-San Martín
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Básico-Clínico, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Werner Apt
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Básico-Clínico, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Inés Zulantay
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Básico-Clínico, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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10
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Izeta-Alberdi A, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Moo-Llanes DA, Ramsey JM. Geographical, landscape and host associations of Trypanosoma cruzi DTUs and lineages. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:631. [PMID: 27923409 PMCID: PMC5142175 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1918-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evolutionary history and ecological associations of Trypanosoma cruzi, the need to identify genetic markers that can distinguish parasite subpopulations, and understanding the parasite’s evolutionary and selective processes have been the subject of a significant number of publications since 1998, the year when the first DNA sequence analysis for the species was published. Methods The current analysis systematizes and re-analyzes this original research, focusing on critical methodological and analytical variables and results that have given rise to interpretations of putative patterns of genetic diversity and diversification of T. cruzi lineages, discrete typing units (DTUs), and populations, and their associations with hosts, vectors, and geographical distribution that have been interpreted as evidence for parasite subpopulation specificities. Results Few studies use hypothesis-driven or quantitative analysis for T. cruzi phylogeny (16/58 studies) or phylogeography (10/13). Among these, only one phylogenetic and five phylogeographic studies analyzed molecular markers directly from tissues (i.e. not from isolates). Analysis of T. cruzi DTU or lineage niche and its geographical projection demonstrate extensive sympatry among all clades across the continent and no significant niche differences among DTUs. DTU beta-diversity was high, indicating diverse host assemblages across regions, while host dissimilarity was principally due to host species turnover and to a much lesser degree to nestedness. DTU-host order specificities appear related to trophic or microenvironmental interactions. Conclusions More rigorous study designs and analyses will be required to discern evolutionary processes and the impact of landscape modification on population dynamics and risk for T. cruzi transmission to humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1918-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos N Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav) Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - David A Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Janine M Ramsey
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública (CRISP), Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico.
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11
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Tibayrenc M, Ayala FJ. Is Predominant Clonal Evolution a Common Evolutionary Adaptation to Parasitism in Pathogenic Parasitic Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses? ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 97:243-325. [PMID: 28325372 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose that predominant clonal evolution (PCE) in microbial pathogens be defined as restrained recombination on an evolutionary scale, with genetic exchange scarce enough to not break the prevalent pattern of clonal population structure. The main features of PCE are (1) strong linkage disequilibrium, (2) the widespread occurrence of stable genetic clusters blurred by occasional bouts of genetic exchange ('near-clades'), (3) the existence of a "clonality threshold", beyond which recombination is efficiently countered by PCE, and near-clades irreversibly diverge. We hypothesize that the PCE features are not mainly due to natural selection but also chiefly originate from in-built genetic properties of pathogens. We show that the PCE model obtains even in microbes that have been considered as 'highly recombining', such as Neisseria meningitidis, and that some clonality features are observed even in Plasmodium, which has been long described as panmictic. Lastly, we provide evidence that PCE features are also observed in viruses, taking into account their extremely fast genetic turnover. The PCE model provides a convenient population genetic framework for any kind of micropathogen. It makes it possible to describe convenient units of analysis (clones and near-clades) for all applied studies. Due to PCE features, these units of analysis are stable in space and time, and clearly delimited. The PCE model opens up the possibility of revisiting the problem of species definition in these organisms. We hypothesize that PCE constitutes a major evolutionary strategy for protozoa, fungi, bacteria, and viruses to adapt to parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tibayrenc
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - F J Ayala
- University of California at Irvine, United States
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Ortiz S, Ceballos MJ, González CR, Reyes C, Gómez V, García A, Solari A. Trypanosoma cruzi diversity in infected dogs from areas of the north coast of Chile. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2016; 5:42-47. [PMID: 31014537 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As part of a multi-site research program on the eco-epidemiology and control of Chagas disease in northern Chile, we sought to identify the Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs) infecting rural and peridomestic dogs, using direct methods without grown of the parasite in the laboratory and thus to assess the use of this species as a sentinel of the disease in well-defined endemic areas of T. cruzi in Chile. Infected dogs (35) from three villages were included in the study. The studied villages were Caleta Río Seco and Caleta San Marcos, both in the Tarapacá Region, and La Serena in the Coquimbo Region. These villages were selected based on previous evidence of Mepraia infection reports of the Chilean Ministry of Health. Amplicons from nested-PCR positive samples were used as targets to determine the infective T. cruzi DTUs circulating in blood using PCR-DNA blotting and hybridization assays with five specific DNA probes (TcI, TcII, TcIII, TcV and TcVI). Results of hybridization with dog samples from Caleta Rio Seco showed single infections in 2 out of 16 and mixed infections in 14 out of 16. TcVI was the most frequent DTU found in this area. A highlight is that for the first time the presence of TcIII is reported in this area. Samples from Caleta San Marcos showed single infections in 5 out of 9 and mixed infections in 4 out of 9. TcVI was the most frequent DTU found in this area. Samples from La Serena showed single infections in 5 out of 10 and mixed infections in 2 out of 10; we were unable to genotype the other 3 samples. Our results indicate that infection by T. cruzi DTUs in dogs is not homogeneously distributed but rather specific to each region of our country, as demonstrated by the differences in the T. cruzi DTU distribution in some localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ortiz
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M J Ceballos
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, La Serena, Chile
| | - C R González
- Instituto de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad, Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Sección Parasitología, Instituto de Salud, Pública de, Chile
| | - C Reyes
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Sección Parasitología, Instituto de Salud, Pública de, Chile
| | - V Gómez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, La Serena, Chile
| | - A García
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Pedro de Valdivia, La Serena, Chile
| | - A Solari
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Brenière SF, Waleckx E, Barnabé C. Over Six Thousand Trypanosoma cruzi Strains Classified into Discrete Typing Units (DTUs): Attempt at an Inventory. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004792. [PMID: 27571035 PMCID: PMC5003387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, presents wide genetic diversity. Currently, six discrete typing units (DTUs), named TcI to TcVI, and a seventh one called TcBat are used for strain typing. Beyond the debate concerning this classification, this systematic review has attempted to provide an inventory by compiling the results of 137 articles that have used it. A total of 6,343 DTU identifications were analyzed according to the geographical and host origins. Ninety-one percent of the data available is linked to South America. This sample, although not free of potential bias, nevertheless provides today's picture of T. cruzi genetic diversity that is closest to reality. DTUs were genotyped from 158 species, including 42 vector species. Remarkably, TcI predominated in the overall sample (around 60%), in both sylvatic and domestic cycles. This DTU known to present a high genetic diversity, is very widely distributed geographically, compatible with a long-term evolution. The marsupial is thought to be its most ancestral host and the Gran Chaco region the place of its putative origin. TcII was rarely sampled (9.6%), absent, or extremely rare in North and Central America, and more frequently identified in domestic cycles than in sylvatic cycles. It has a low genetic diversity and has probably found refuge in some mammal species. It is thought to originate in the south-Amazon area. TcIII and TcIV were also rarely sampled. They showed substantial genetic diversity and are thought to be composed of possible polyphyletic subgroups. Even if they are mostly associated with sylvatic transmission cycles, a total of 150 human infections with these DTUs have been reported. TcV and TcVI are clearly associated with domestic transmission cycles. Less than 10% of these DTUs were identified together in sylvatic hosts. They are thought to originate in the Gran Chaco region, where they are predominant and where putative parents exist (TcII and TcIII). Trends in host-DTU specificities exist, but generally it seems that the complexity of the cycles and the participation of numerous vectors and mammal hosts in a shared area, maintains DTU diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Frédérique Brenière
- IRD-CIRAD, INTERTRYP (Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidés), IRD Center, Montpellier, France
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Centro de Investigación para la Salud en América Latina (CISeAL), Quito, Ecuador
- * E-mail:
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Christian Barnabé
- IRD-CIRAD, INTERTRYP (Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux Trypanosomatidés), IRD Center, Montpellier, France
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Martinez-Perez A, Poveda C, Ramírez JD, Norman F, Gironés N, Guhl F, Monge-Maillo B, Fresno M, López-Vélez R. Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi's Discrete Typing Units in a cohort of Latin American migrants in Spain. Acta Trop 2016; 157:145-50. [PMID: 26851167 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. This is an endemic disease in the Americas, but increased migration to Europe has made it emerge in countries where it was previously unknown, being Spain the second non endemic country in number of patients. T. cruzi is a parasite with a wide genetic diversity, which has been grouped by consensus into 6 Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) affecting humans. Some authors have linked these DTUs either to a specific epidemiological context or to the different clinical presentations. Our main objective was to describe the T. cruzi DTUs identified from a population of chronically infected Latin American migrants attending a reference clinic in Madrid. 149 patients meeting this condition were selected for the study. Molecular characterization was performed by an algorithm that combines PCR of the intergenic region of the mini exon-gene, the 24Sα and 18S regions of rDNA and the variable region of the satellite DNA. A descriptive analysis was performed and associations between geographical/clinical data and the different DTUs were tested. DTUs could be determined in 105 out of 149 patients, 93.3% were from Bolivia, 67.7% were women and median age was 35 years (IQR 29-44). The most common DTU found was TcV (58; 55.2%), followed by TcIV (17; 16.2%), TcII (10; 9.5%) and TcI (4; 3.8%). TcIII and TcVI were not identified from any patient, and 15.2% patients presented mixed infections. In addition, we determined DTUs after treatment in a subset of patients. In 57% patients had different DTUs before and after treatment. DTUs distribution from this study indicates active transmission of T. cruzi is occurring in Bolivia, in both domestic and sylvatic cycles. TcIV was confirmed as a cause of chronic human disease. The current results indicate no correlation between DTU and any specific clinical presentation associated with Chagas disease, nor with geographical origin. Treatment with benznidazole does not always clear T. cruzi's genetic material from blood, and DTUs detected in the same patient may vary over time indicating that polyparasitism is frequent.
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Barnabé C, Mobarec HI, Jurado MR, Cortez JA, Brenière SF. Reconsideration of the seven discrete typing units within the species Trypanosoma cruzi , a new proposal of three reliable mitochondrial clades. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:176-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Roure S, Valerio L, Vallès X, Morales B, Garcia-Diaz MI, Pedro-Botet ML, Serra J. Oesophageal motility disorders in infected immigrants with Chagas disease in a non-endemic European area. United European Gastroenterol J 2016; 4:614-20. [PMID: 27536373 DOI: 10.1177/2050640616630856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immigration-related new diseases pose a growing challenge for healthcare services in receptor countries. Following Latin American migration, Chagas disease has inevitably appeared in Europe. AIM To determine the prevalence and characteristics of oesophageal motility disorders in immigrants infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, using high resolution oesophageal manometry (HREM). METHODS In all newly-diagnosed cases with chronic Chagas infection referring upper digestive symptoms, a protocolized clinical evaluation and complementary tests including barium oesophagogram and HREM were carried out. As control group, 14 healthy subjects from the same endemic areas were studied with HREM. RESULTS We included 61 patients (46 female, 15 male; age range 26-63 years). Only seven patients (11%) had a minor alteration on barium oesophagogram. By contrast, 23 (37%) patients showed an alteration in oesophageal manometry, mainly minor motility disorders (34%). Only one healthy control (7%) had a minor motility disorder at HREM (p = 0.029 vs. patients). CONCLUSIONS Oesophageal motor disorders in infected immigrants with Chagas disease are common, and mainly characterized by a minor motility disorder that is not detected by barium oesophagogram. Hence, as well as barium oesophagogram examination, HREM should be considered, to assess oesophageal damage in this specific group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Roure
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit, Institut Català de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lluís Valerio
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit, Institut Català de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Xavier Vallès
- North Metropolitan International Health Unit, Institut Català de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Betty Morales
- Motility and Functional Gut Disorders Unit, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - M Luisa Pedro-Botet
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Jordi Serra
- Motility and Functional Gut Disorders Unit, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Messenger LA, Miles MA. Evidence and importance of genetic exchange among field populations of Trypanosoma cruzi. Acta Trop 2015; 151:150-5. [PMID: 26188331 PMCID: PMC4644990 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic pathogenic microorganisms that were previously assumed to propagate clonally have retained cryptic sexual cycles. The principal reproductive mode of Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, remains a controversial topic. Despite the existence of two recent natural hybrid lineages, a pervasive view is that recombination has been restrained at an evolutionary scale and is of little epidemiological relevance to contemporary parasite populations. This article reviews the growing number of field studies which indicate that natural hybridization in T. cruzi may be frequent, non-obligatory and idiosyncratic; potentially involving independent exchange of kinetoplast and nuclear genetic material as well as canonical meiotic mechanisms. Together these observations now challenge the traditional paradigm of preponderate clonal evolution in T. cruzi and highlight the need for additional, intensive and appropriately sampled field surveys, complemented by high resolution, combined nuclear and mitochondrial population genetics analyses.
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de Oliveira MT, de Assis GFM, Oliveira e Silva JCV, Machado EMM, da Silva GN, Veloso VM, Macedo AM, Martins HR, de Lana M. Trypanosoma cruzi Discret Typing Units (TcII and TcVI) in samples of patients from two municipalities of the Jequitinhonha Valley, MG, Brazil, using two molecular typing strategies. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:568. [PMID: 26520576 PMCID: PMC4628324 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi is classified into six discrete taxonomic units (DTUs). For this classification, different biological markers and classification criteria have been used. The objective was to identify the genetic profile of T. cruzi samples isolated from patients of two municipalities of Jequitinhonha Valley, MG, Brazil. Methods Molecular characterization was performed using two different criteria for T. cruzi typing to characterize 63 T. cruzi samples isolated from chronic Chagas disease patients. The characterizations followed two distinct methodologies. Additionally, the RAPD technique was used to evaluate the existence of genetic intragroup variability. Results The first methodology identified 89 % of the samples as TcII, but it was not possible to define the genetic identity of seven isolates. The results obtained with the second methodology corroborated the classification as TcII of the same samples and defined the classification of the other seven as TcVI. RAPD analysis showed lower intra-group variability in TcII. Conclusions The results confirmed the preliminary data obtained in other municipalities of the Jequitinhonha Valley, showing a predominance of TcII, similar to that verified in northeast/south axis of Brazil and the first detection of TcVI in the study region. The second protocol was more simple and reliable to identify samples of hybrid character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykon Tavares de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Girley Francisco Machado de Assis
- Departamento- Básico de Saúde, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), CEP: 35010-177, Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jaquelline Carla Valamiel Oliveira e Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Evandro Marques Menezes Machado
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Glenda Nicioli da Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, CEP: 35400-000 Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Vanja Maria Veloso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, CEP: 35400-000 Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Andrea Mara Macedo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.
| | - Helen Rodrigues Martins
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), 39100-000, Diamantina, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marta de Lana
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas (NUPEB), Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, CEP: 35400-000 Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, CEP: 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil. .,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas (CiPHARMA), Escola de Farmácia, UFOP, Campus Universitário Morro do Cruzeiro, 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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Messenger LA, Miles MA, Bern C. Between a bug and a hard place: Trypanosoma cruzi genetic diversity and the clinical outcomes of Chagas disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:995-1029. [PMID: 26162928 PMCID: PMC4784490 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1056158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, concomitant with successful transnational disease control programs across Latin America, Chagas disease has expanded from a neglected, endemic parasitic infection of the rural poor to an urbanized chronic disease, and now a potentially emergent global health problem. Trypanosoma cruzi infection has a highly variable clinical course, ranging from complete absence of symptoms to severe and often fatal cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal manifestations. To date, few correlates of clinical disease progression have been identified. Elucidating a putative role for T. cruzi strain diversity in Chagas disease pathogenesis is complicated by the scarcity of parasites in clinical specimens and the limitations of our contemporary genotyping techniques. This article systematically reviews the historical literature, given our current understanding of parasite genetic diversity, to evaluate the evidence for any association between T. cruzi genotype and chronic clinical outcome, risk of congenital transmission or reactivation and orally transmitted outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael A Miles
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caryn Bern
- Global Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Messenger LA, Garcia L, Vanhove M, Huaranca C, Bustamante M, Torrico M, Torrico F, Miles MA, Llewellyn MS. Ecological host fitting of Trypanosoma cruzi TcI in Bolivia: mosaic population structure, hybridization and a role for humans in Andean parasite dispersal. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2406-22. [PMID: 25847086 PMCID: PMC4737126 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An improved understanding of how a parasite species exploits its genetic repertoire to colonize novel hosts and environmental niches is crucial to establish the epidemiological risk associated with emergent pathogenic genotypes. Trypanosoma cruzi, a genetically heterogeneous, multi-host zoonosis, provides an ideal system to examine the sylvatic diversification of parasitic protozoa. In Bolivia, T. cruzi I, the oldest and most widespread genetic lineage, is pervasive across a range of ecological clines. High-resolution nuclear (26 loci) and mitochondrial (10 loci) genotyping of 199 contemporaneous sylvatic TcI clones was undertaken to provide insights into the biogeographical basis of T. cruzi evolution. Three distinct sylvatic parasite transmission cycles were identified: one highland population among terrestrial rodent and triatomine species, composed of genetically homogenous strains (Ar = 2.95; PA/L = 0.61; DAS = 0.151), and two highly diverse, parasite assemblages circulating among predominantly arboreal mammals and vectors in the lowlands (Ar = 3.40 and 3.93; PA/L = 1.12 and 0.60; DAS = 0.425 and 0.311, respectively). Very limited gene flow between neighbouring terrestrial highland and arboreal lowland areas (distance ~220 km; FST = 0.42 and 0.35) but strong connectivity between ecologically similar but geographically disparate terrestrial highland ecotopes (distance >465 km; FST = 0.016-0.084) strongly supports ecological host fitting as the predominant mechanism of parasite diversification. Dissimilar heterozygosity estimates (excess in highlands, deficit in lowlands) and mitochondrial introgression among lowland strains may indicate fundamental differences in mating strategies between populations. Finally, accelerated parasite dissemination between densely populated, highland areas, compared to uninhabited lowland foci, likely reflects passive, long-range anthroponotic dispersal. The impact of humans on the risk of epizootic Chagas disease transmission in Bolivia is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa A. Messenger
- Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Lineth Garcia
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Mathieu Vanhove
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Carlos Huaranca
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Marinely Bustamante
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Marycruz Torrico
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Institute of Biomedical ResearchUniversidad Mayor de San SimónCochabambaBolivia
| | - Michael A. Miles
- Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Department of Pathogen Molecular BiologyFaculty of Infectious and Tropical DiseasesLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
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Diosque P, Tomasini N, Lauthier JJ, Messenger LA, Monje Rumi MM, Ragone PG, Alberti-D'Amato AM, Pérez Brandán C, Barnabé C, Tibayrenc M, Lewis MD, Llewellyn MS, Miles MA, Yeo M. Optimized multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3117. [PMID: 25167160 PMCID: PMC4148231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease possess extensive genetic diversity. This has led to the development of a plethora of molecular typing methods for the identification of both the known major genetic lineages and for more fine scale characterization of different multilocus genotypes within these major lineages. Whole genome sequencing applied to large sample sizes is not currently viable and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, the previous gold standard for T. cruzi typing, is laborious and time consuming. In the present work, we present an optimized Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) scheme, based on the combined analysis of two recently proposed MLST approaches. Here, thirteen concatenated gene fragments were applied to a panel of T. cruzi reference strains encompassing all known genetic lineages. Concatenation of 13 fragments allowed assignment of all strains to the predicted Discrete Typing Units (DTUs), or near-clades, with the exception of one strain that was an outlier for TcV, due to apparent loss of heterozygosity in one fragment. Monophyly for all DTUs, along with robust bootstrap support, was restored when this fragment was subsequently excluded from the analysis. All possible combinations of loci were assessed against predefined criteria with the objective of selecting the most appropriate combination of between two and twelve fragments, for an optimized MLST scheme. The optimum combination consisted of 7 loci and discriminated between all reference strains in the panel, with the majority supported by robust bootstrap values. Additionally, a reduced panel of just 4 gene fragments displayed high bootstrap values for DTU assignment and discriminated 21 out of 25 genotypes. We propose that the seven-fragment MLST scheme could be used as a gold standard for T. cruzi typing, against which other typing approaches, particularly single locus approaches or systematic PCR assays based on amplicon size, could be compared. The single-celled parasite Trypanosoma cruzi occurs in mammals and insect vectors in the Americas. When transmitted to humans it causes Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) a major public health problem. T. cruzi is genetically diverse and currently split into six groups, known as TcI to TcVI. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) is a method used for studying the population structure and diversity of pathogens and involves sequencing DNA of several different genes and comparing the sequences between isolates. Here, we assess 13 T. cruzi genes and select the best combination for diversity studies. Outputs reveal that a combination of 7 genes can be used for both lineage assignment and high resolution studies of genetic diversity, and a reduced combination of four loci for lineage assignment. Application of MLST for assigning field isolates of T. cruzi to genetic groups and for detailed investigation of diversity provides a valuable approach to understanding the taxonomy, population structure, genetics, ecology and epidemiology of this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Diosque
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicolás Tomasini
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Juan José Lauthier
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Louisa Alexandra Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - María Mercedes Monje Rumi
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Paula Gabriela Ragone
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Anahí Maitén Alberti-D'Amato
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Pérez Brandán
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, CONICET- Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Christian Barnabé
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2), IRD Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Tibayrenc
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, MIVEGEC (IRD 224-CNRS 5290-UM1-UM2), IRD Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael David Lewis
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Stephen Llewellyn
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Alexander Miles
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Yeo
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Tomasini N, Lauthier JJ, Monje Rumi MM, Ragone PG, Alberti D'Amato AM, Brandán CP, Basombrío MA, Diosque P. Preponderant clonal evolution of Trypanosoma cruzi I from Argentinean Chaco revealed by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 27:348-54. [PMID: 25111612 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi has been historically classified as a species with preponderant clonal evolution (PCE). However, with the advent of highly polymorphic markers and studies at geographically reduced scales, the PCE in T. cruzi was challenged. In fact, some studies have suggested that recombination in T. cruzi lineage I (TcI) is much more frequent than previously believed. Further analyses of TcI populations from different geographical regions of Latin America are needed to examine this hypothesis. In the present study, we contribute to this topic by analyzing the population structure of TcI from a restricted geographical area in the Chaco region, Argentina. We analyzed TcI isolates from different hosts and vectors using a Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) approach. These isolates were previously characterized by sequencing the spliced leader intergenic region (SL-IR). Low levels of incongruence and well-supported clusters for MLST dataset were obtained from the analyses. Moreover, high linkage disequilibrium was found and five repeated and overrepresented genotypes were detected. In addition, a good correspondence between SL-IR and MLST was observed which is expected under PCE. However, recombination is not ruled out because five out of 28 pairs of loci were incompatible with strict clonality and one possible genetic exchange event was detected. Overall, our results represent evidence of PCE in TcI from the study area. Finally, considering our findings we discuss the scenario for the genetic structure of TcI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Tomasini
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina.
| | - Juan J Lauthier
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina.
| | - María M Monje Rumi
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina
| | - Paula G Ragone
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina
| | - Anahí M Alberti D'Amato
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Pérez Brandán
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Basombrío
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina
| | - Patricio Diosque
- Unidad de Epidemiología Molecular (UEM), Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Patología Experimental, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, CP4400 Salta, Argentina
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Barnabe C, Buitrago R, Bremond P, Aliaga C, Salas R, Vidaurre P, Herrera C, Cerqueira F, Bosseno MF, Waleckx E, Breniere SF. Putative panmixia in restricted populations of Trypanosoma cruzi isolated from wild Triatoma infestans in Bolivia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82269. [PMID: 24312410 PMCID: PMC3843716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, is subdivided into six discrete typing units (DTUs; TcI-TcVI) of which TcI is ubiquitous and genetically highly variable. While clonality is the dominant mode of propagation, recombinant events play a significant evolutive role. Recently, foci of wild Triatoma infestans have been described in Bolivia, mainly infected by TcI. Hence, for the first time, we evaluated the level of genetic exchange within TcI natural potentially panmictic populations (single DTU, host, area and sampling time). Seventy-nine TcI stocks from wild T. infestans, belonging to six populations were characterized at eight microsatellite loci. For each population, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), linkage disequilibrium (LD), and presence of repeated multilocus genotypes (MLG) were analyzed by using a total of seven statistics, to test the null hypothesis of panmixia (H0). For three populations, none of the seven statistics allowed to rejecting H0; for another one the low size did not allow us to conclude, and for the two others the tests have given contradictory results. Interestingly, apparent panmixia was only observed in very restricted areas, and was not observed when grouping populations distant of only two kilometers or more. Nevertheless it is worth stressing that for the statistic tests of "HWE", in order to minimize the type I error (i. e. incorrect rejection of a true H0), we used the Bonferroni correction (BC) known to considerably increase the type II error ( i. e. failure to reject a false H0). For the other tests (LD and MLG), we did not use BC and the risk of type II error in these cases was acceptable. Thus, these results should be considered as a good indicator of the existence of panmixia in wild environment but this must be confirmed on larger samples to reduce the risk of type II error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barnabe
- MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier 1 et 2 - CNRS 5290 - IRD 224), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Representation in Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
- Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud (INLASA), Department of Entomology, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Rosio Buitrago
- MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier 1 et 2 - CNRS 5290 - IRD 224), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Representation in Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
- Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud (INLASA), Department of Entomology, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Philippe Bremond
- MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier 1 et 2 - CNRS 5290 - IRD 224), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Representation in Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Claudia Aliaga
- MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier 1 et 2 - CNRS 5290 - IRD 224), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Representation in Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
- Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud (INLASA), Department of Entomology, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Renata Salas
- MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier 1 et 2 - CNRS 5290 - IRD 224), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Representation in Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
- Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud (INLASA), Department of Entomology, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Pablo Vidaurre
- Servicio Departamental de Salud (SEDES) of La Paz, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Claudia Herrera
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Frédérique Cerqueira
- Plateforme Génomique Environnementale du Labex Centre "Méditerranéen Environnement Biodiversité", Séquençage – Génotypage, Université Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-France Bosseno
- MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier 1 et 2 - CNRS 5290 - IRD 224), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Representation in Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
- Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud (INLASA), Department of Entomology, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Etienne Waleckx
- MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier 1 et 2 - CNRS 5290 - IRD 224), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Representation in Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
- Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud (INLASA), Department of Entomology, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Simone Frédérique Breniere
- MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier 1 et 2 - CNRS 5290 - IRD 224), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), Representation in Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
- Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios de Salud (INLASA), Department of Entomology, La Paz, Bolivia
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Enriquez GF, Cardinal MV, Orozco MM, Lanati L, Schijman AG, Gürtler RE. Discrete typing units of Trypanosoma cruzi identified in rural dogs and cats in the humid Argentinean Chaco. Parasitology 2013; 140:303-8. [PMID: 23058180 PMCID: PMC3721149 DOI: 10.1017/s003118201200159x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The discrete typing units (DTUs) of Trypanosoma cruzi that infect domestic dogs and cats have rarely been studied. With this purpose we conducted a cross-sectional xenodiagnostic survey of dog and cat populations residing in 2 infested rural villages in Pampa del Indio, in the humid Argentine Chaco. Parasites were isolated by culture from 44 dogs and 12 cats with a positive xenodiagnosis. DTUs were identified from parasite culture samples using a strategy based on multiple polymerase-chain reactions. TcVI was identified in 37 of 44 dogs and in 10 of 12 cats, whereas TcV was identified in 5 dogs and in 2 cats -a new finding for cats. No mixed infections were detected. The occurrence of 2 dogs infected with TcIII -classically found in armadillos- suggests a probable link with the local sylvatic transmission cycle involving Dasypus novemcinctus armadillos and a potential risk of human infection with TcIII. Our study reinforces the importance of dogs and cats as domestic reservoir hosts and sources of various DTUs infecting humans, and suggests a link between dogs and the sylvatic transmission cycle of TcIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Martínez I, Nogueda B, Martínez-Hernández F, Espinoza B. Microsatellite and mini-exon analysis of Mexican human DTU I Trypanosoma cruzi strains and their susceptibility to nifurtimox and benznidazole. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:181-7. [PMID: 23421890 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, and it affects as many as 10 million people in North and South America, where it represents a major public health problem. T. cruzi is a parasite with high genetic diversity, and it has been grouped into 6 discrete typing units (DTUs), designated as T. cruzi I (TcI) to T. cruzi VI (TcVI). Mexican isolates from humans and from vector insects have been primarily found to be TcI, and these isolates are likely to be the strains that cause the clinical manifestations observed in Mexico. However, genetic characterization and drug susceptibility assays are limited in Mexican TcI strains. In this work, 24 Mexican T. cruzi strains, obtained primarily from humans, were studied with 7 locus microsatellites and mini-exon gene by PCR. Also, drug susceptibility was evaluated by growth and mobility assays. All of the human strains belonged to TcI, and they could be further grouped through microsatellite analysis into 2 subgroups (microsatellite genotypes 1 and 2), which were not related to the host clinical status or biological origin of the strain. Two strains, both from wild mammals, belonged to the TcII-TcVI groups; these strains and the CL Brener strain constituted microsatellite genotype 3. The number of alleles in each locus was lower than reported for South American strains, and a departure from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed. The susceptibility of these strains to nifurtimox and benznidazole was heterogeneous. T. cruzi strains characterized as microsatellite genotypes 2 and 3 were significantly more susceptible to benznidazole than strains of microsatellite genotype 1. Only 1 Mexican strain resistant to both drugs was found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
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26
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Natural and emergent Trypanosoma cruzi I genotypes revealed by mitochondrial (Cytb) and nuclear (SSU rDNA) genetic markers. Exp Parasitol 2012; 132:487-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Barnabé C, Brenière SF. Scarce events of mitochondrial introgression in Trypanosoma cruzi: new case with a Bolivian strain. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1879-83. [PMID: 22982157 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, presents a predominantly clonal structure that has been shaped by recombination events leading to six genetic groups (DTUs, discrete typing units, TcI-TcVI). Several conventional and unconventional genetic exchange events have been described, including hybridization and mitochondrial introgression, which is explored here among Bolivian and Peruvian strains belonging to TcI because recombination events have been previously suspected by means of the MLMT method (multilocus microsatellite typing). We analyzed the variation of one nuclear (Gpi) and one mitochondrial (Nd1) gene among 60 TcI strains and 15 reference strains belonging to the six DTUs. The results clearly showed that one strain isolated from Triatoma infestans in the Cochabamba department (Bolivia) presented a genotype TcI for Gpi and a mitochondrial Nd1 genotype common to the DTUs TcIII, IV, V, and VI; this can be interpreted as a mitochondrial introgression event between distant DTUs. These kinds of events, although probably scarce, may have played an important role in the adaptive evolution of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Barnabé
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier 1 et 2 - CNRS 5290 - IRD 224, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Representation in Bolivia, Av Hernando Siles 5290, CP 9214 La Paz, Bolivia.
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RAMÍREZ JUANDAVID, GUHL FELIPE, MESSENGER LOUISAA, LEWIS MICHAELD, MONTILLA MARLENY, CUCUNUBA ZULMA, MILES MICHAELA, LLEWELLYN MARTINS. Contemporary cryptic sexuality inTrypanosoma cruzi. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:4216-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Duque MC, Ramírez JD, Rendón LM, Guhl F. Evaluación de la variabilidad genética de aislamientos colombianos de Trypanosoma cruzi mediante marcadores microsatélites. INFECTIO 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(11)70736-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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