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Doherty JF, Ames T, Brewster LI, Chiang J, Cyr E, Kelsey CR, Lee JP, Liu B, Lo IHY, Nirwal GK, Mohammed YG, Phelan O, Seyfourian P, Shannon DM, Tochor NK, Matthews BJ. An update and review of arthropod vector sensory systems: Potential targets for behavioural manipulation by parasites and other disease agents. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2024; 124:57-89. [PMID: 38754927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
For over a century, vector ecology has been a mainstay of vector-borne disease control. Much of this research has focused on the sensory ecology of blood-feeding arthropods (black flies, mosquitoes, ticks, etc.) with terrestrial vertebrate hosts. Of particular interest are the cues and sensory systems that drive host seeking and host feeding behaviours as they are critical for a vector to locate and feed from a host. An important yet overlooked component of arthropod vector ecology are the phenotypic changes observed in infected vectors that increase disease transmission. While our fundamental understanding of sensory mechanisms in disease vectors has drastically increased due to recent advances in genome engineering, for example, the advent of CRISPR-Cas9, and high-throughput "big data" approaches (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, etc.), we still do not know if and how parasites manipulate vector behaviour. Here, we review the latest research on arthropod vector sensory systems and propose key mechanisms that disease agents may alter to increase transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahnee Ames
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Chiang
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elsa Cyr
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cameron R Kelsey
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jeehan Phillip Lee
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bingzong Liu
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ivan Hok Yin Lo
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gurleen K Nirwal
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Orna Phelan
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Parsa Seyfourian
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Rezende MDAR, Lana MD, Diotaiuti L, Machado-de-Assis GF. Entomological surveillance of Chagas disease in the East of Minas Gerais region, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e0065. [PMID: 36134858 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0065-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After decentralizing the actions of the Chagas Disease Control Program (CDCP) in Brazil, municipalities were now responsible for control measures against this endemic, supervised by the Regional Health Superintendencies (RHS). We aimed to evaluate the recent entomological surveillance of Chagas disease in the Regional Health Superintendence of Governador Valadares (RHS/GV) from 2014 to 2019. METHODS Triatomines captured by residents during entomological surveillance were sent to the reference laboratory, where the species and evolutionary stages were identified, place of capture, and presence of Trypanosoma cruzi. A database was created, and the following were calculated: the rate of infection by T. cruzi (overall rate and rate by species), monthly seasonality, spatial distribution of species, number of captures, and infected triatomines/health microregions. RESULTS We identified 1,708 insects; 1,506 (88.2%) were triatomines, most were adult instars (n=1,469), and few were nymphs (n=37). The identified species were Triatoma vitticeps, Panstrongylus megistus, Panstrongylus diasi, Rhodnius neglectus, and Panstrongylus geniculatus. The first three were most frequently captured and distributed throughout the study area. Most bugs were captured intradomicile (72.5%), mainly in the second semester, between September and November, with an average infection rate of 41.5% (predominantly T. vitticeps, 49.2%). All municipalities sent triatomines, especially in the microregions of Governador Valadares. CONCLUSIONS These data reinforce the need and importance of improving Chagas disease control measures in the region to establish active and participatory entomological surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Almeida Rosa Rezende
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Governador Valadares, MG, Brasil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Liléia Diotaiuti
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Triatomíneos e Epidemiologia da Doença de Chagas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Girley Francisco Machado-de-Assis
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Governador Valadares, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Aplicadas à Saúde, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Governador Valadares, MG, Brasil
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Cardozo M, Estallo EL, Soria C, Rodríguez CS, López AG, Nattero J, Crocco LB. Modelling the effect of density vegetation coverage and the occurrence of peridomestic infestation by Triatoma infestans in rural houses of northwest of Córdoba, Argentina. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20191178. [PMID: 34495197 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120191178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the dispersion strategies of Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae, Triatominae), we evaluated the spatial effect of infested peridomicile and density vegetation cover in a historically endemic area for Chagas disease. The study was conducted in rural houses of the northwest of Córdoba province, Argentine, during 2012-2013. Active search of triatomines were made in domicile and peridomicile habitats. To characterize vegetation coverage, a thematic map was obtained considering five types of vegetation cover (closed/open forest, closed/open shrubland and cultural land). From each house we extracted the area of vegetation coverage, housing density and infested peridomiciles density. We used generalized linear models to evaluate the effect of these variables on the occurrence of infested peridomicile. According to our results, the probability of a peridomicile to be infested increases by 1.34 (95%CI [0.98; 1.90]) times more when peridomicile structures are in environments with higher housing density and by 1.25 (95%CI [0.84; 1.88]) more times when houses are surrounded by open shrublands. Among the multiple ecological determinants of peridomestic infestation, the influence of vegetation cover has been poorly studied. In this study we discussed the effect of the vegetation as a potential modulator of the dispersion strategies of T. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Cardozo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC Córdoba Capital, Argentina
| | - Elizabet L Estallo
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas /IIBYT/ CONICET, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba, Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba Capital, Argentina
| | - Carola Soria
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC Córdoba Capital, Argentina
| | - Claudia S Rodríguez
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC Córdoba Capital, Argentina
| | - Ana G López
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC Córdoba Capital, Argentina
| | - Julieta Nattero
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA-CONICET), Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución/Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana B Crocco
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIBYT-CONICET), Cátedra de Introducción a la Biología, Avda. Vélez Sarsfield 299, piso 5, X5000JJC Córdoba Capital, Argentina
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de Oliveira DRX, Moreira G, Duarte AR, Cançado A, Luz E. Spatial cluster analysis using particle swarm optimization and dispersion function. COMMUN STAT-SIMUL C 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/03610918.2019.1602731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gladston Moreira
- Computing Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | | | - André Cançado
- Department of Statistics, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Luz
- Computing Department, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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Lazzari CR. The thermal sense of blood-sucking insects: why physics matters. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 34:112-116. [PMID: 31247411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood-sucking arthropods exploit multimodal information for locating and recognising potential hosts. The heat emitted by the body of endothermic vertebrates constitutes a major cue for orientation. To exploit it in a reliable way, insects must be able to deal with two variants of thermal information, that is heat exchange and temperature fluctuations. Evaluating whether or not an object qualifies as a host by its temperature requires solving thermodynamic ambiguities in a context where temperature increase at the receptor level is just one, yet insufficient, piece of information. To be exploitable, this piece of information needs to be integrated with other variables. Here, I discuss the physical constraints associated to thermal orientation, as well as the way different blood-sucking insects acquire and make use of heat to recognise a host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio R Lazzari
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR7261 CNRS, University of Tours, France.
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Catalá S, Bezerra CM, Diotaiuti L. Thermal preferences and limits of Triatoma brasiliensis in its natural environment--field observations while host searching. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:793-6. [PMID: 26517659 PMCID: PMC4667583 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this work was to explore the thermal relationship between
foraging Triatoma brasiliensis and its natural habitat during the
hottest season in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The thermal profiles were determined
using infrared analysis. Although the daily temperature of rock surfaces varied in a
wide range, T. brasiliensis selected to walk through areas with
temperatures between 31.7-40.5ºC. The temperature of T. brasiliensis
body surface ranged from 32.8-34.4ºC, being higher in legs than the abdomen.
A strong relationship was found between the temperature of the insect and the
temperature of rock crevices where they were hidden (r: 0.96, p < 0.05). The
species was active at full sunlight being a clear example of how the light-dark
rhythm may be altered, even under predation risk. Our results strongly suggest a
thermal borderline for T. brasiliensis foraging activity near 40ºC.
The simultaneous determination of insect body and rock temperatures here presented
are the only obtained in natural habitats for this or other triatomines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Catalá
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Rioja, Argentina
| | | | - Lileia Diotaiuti
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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Castillo-Neyra R, Barbu CM, Salazar R, Borrini K, Naquira C, Levy MZ. Host-seeking behavior and dispersal of Triatoma infestans, a vector of Chagas disease, under semi-field conditions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3433. [PMID: 25569228 PMCID: PMC4287539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease affects millions of people in Latin America. The control of this vector-borne disease focuses on halting transmission by reducing or eliminating insect vector populations. Most transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, involves insects living within or very close to households and feeding mostly on domestic animals. As animal hosts can be intermittently present it is important to understand how host availability can modify transmission risk to humans and to characterize the host-seeking dispersal of triatomine vectors on a very fine scale. We used a semi-field system with motion-detection cameras to characterize the dispersal of Triatoma infestans, and compare the behavior of vector populations in the constant presence of hosts (guinea pigs), and after the removal of the hosts. The emigration rate – net insect population decline in original refuge – following host removal was on average 19.7% of insects per 10 days compared to 10.2% in constant host populations (p = 0.029). However, dispersal of T. infestans occurred in both directions, towards and away from the initial location of the hosts. The majority of insects that moved towards the original location of guinea pigs remained there for 4 weeks. Oviposition and mortality were observed and analyzed in the context of insect dispersal, but only mortality was higher in the group where animal hosts were removed (p-value <0.01). We discuss different survival strategies associated with the observed behavior and its implications for vector control. Removing domestic animals in infested areas increases vector dispersal from the first day of host removal. The implications of these patterns of vector dispersal in a field setting are not yet known but could result in movement towards human rooms. Chagas disease is transmitted by triatomine bugs that actively disperse by walking and flying. The control of this vector-borne disease focuses on reducing or eliminating the insect vector populations. Most transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, involves insects living within or very close to households and feeding mostly on domestic animals. As animal hosts can be removed due to migration, slaughter, or death, it is important to understand how host availability can modify transmission risk to humans and to characterize the dispersal of triatomine vectors on a very fine scale. We used a semi-field system to characterize the dispersal of Triatoma infestans, and compare the behavior of vector populations in the constant presence of hosts and after the removal of the hosts. The emigration rate – net insect population decline in original refuges – following host removal was on average 19.7% of insects per 10 days compared to 10.2% in constant host populations. Activity of insects was significantly increased when hosts were removed. The removal of domestic animals in infested areas increases vector dispersal, possibly towards nearby human sleeping spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics - Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Corentin M. Barbu
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics - Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Renzo Salazar
- School of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Katty Borrini
- School of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Cesar Naquira
- School of Science and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Michael Z. Levy
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics - Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Otálora-Luna F, Guerin PM. Amines from vertebrates guide triatomine bugs to resources. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 71:52-60. [PMID: 25260571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Most triatomine bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae) are nest-living insects that require vertebrate blood or invertebrate haemolymph to complete their life cycle. Vertebrates accumulate excretory products in or near their nesting sites and we hypothesize that triatomines use emanations from such host wastes when searching for resources. Here we recount how triatomine bugs increase upwind locomotion on a servosphere in response to volatile amine constituents of vertebrate excretions. Fresh chicken faeces is strongly attractive to Rhodnius prolixus nymphs. Ammonia induces attraction and an increase in both speed and total path length by R. prolixus on the servosphere. Whereas ethylamine and dimethylamine attract R. prolixus, Triatoma infestans and Panstrongylus geniculatus, other amine constituents of vertebrate excretions such as isobutylamine and hexylamine induce R. prolixus nymphs to walk faster and for a longer period. These amines are derived from generally occurring metabolites of vertebrates and from gut flora metabolism. We conclude that amines and other products associated with nesting hosts serve as signals for foraging triatomines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Otálora-Luna
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick M Guerin
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Amelotti I, Catalá SS, Gorla DE. Control of experimental Triatoma infestans populations: effect of pour-on cypermethrin applied to chickens under natural conditions in the Argentinean Chaco region. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 28:210-216. [PMID: 24191962 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Among peridomestic structures, chicken coops are sites of major importance for the domestic ecology of Triatoma infestans (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). The aim of this study was to evaluate in an experimental context the effects of a cypermethrin pour-on formulation applied to chickens on blood intake, moulting and mortality in T. infestans, under the natural climatic conditions of a region endemic for Chagas' disease. Experimental chicken huts were made of bricks and covered with plastic mosquito nets. Ninety fourth-instar nymphs were maintained in each hut. The study used a completely random design in which chickens in the experimental group were treated with a cypermethrin pour-on formulation. Five replicates (= huts) of the experimental and control groups were conducted. The number of live T. infestans, blood intake and moults to fifth-instar stage were recorded at 1, 5, 20, 35 and 45 days after the application of cypermethrin. Cumulative mortality was higher in nymphs exposed to treated chickens (> 71%) than in control nymphs (< 50%) (P < 0.01). Blood intake and moulting rate were lower in nymphs fed on treated chickens than in control nymphs (P < 0.05). Pour-on cypermethrin was able to cause significant mortality, although it did not eliminate the experimental population of T. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Amelotti
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia Tecnológica de La Rioja (CRILAR), La Rioja, Argentina
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Dumonteil E, Nouvellet P, Rosecrans K, Ramirez-Sierra MJ, Gamboa-León R, Cruz-Chan V, Rosado-Vallado M, Gourbière S. Eco-bio-social determinants for house infestation by non-domiciliated Triatoma dimidiata in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2466. [PMID: 24086790 PMCID: PMC3784500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chagas disease is a vector-borne disease of major importance in the Americas. Disease prevention is mostly limited to vector control. Integrated interventions targeting ecological, biological and social determinants of vector-borne diseases are increasingly used for improved control. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We investigated key factors associated with transient house infestation by T. dimidiata in rural villages in Yucatan, Mexico, using a mixed modeling approach based on initial null-hypothesis testing followed by multimodel inference and averaging on data from 308 houses from three villages. We found that the presence of dogs, chickens and potential refuges, such as rock piles, in the peridomicile as well as the proximity of houses to vegetation at the periphery of the village and to public light sources are major risk factors for infestation. These factors explain most of the intra-village variations in infestation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results underline a process of infestation distinct from that of domiciliated triatomines and may be used for risk stratification of houses for both vector surveillance and control. Combined integrated vector interventions, informed by an Ecohealth perspective, should aim at targeting several of these factors to effectively reduce infestation and provide sustainable vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD ‘Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions’, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
- Medical Research Council Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Rosecrans
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Maria Jesus Ramirez-Sierra
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rubi Gamboa-León
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Vladimir Cruz-Chan
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Miguel Rosado-Vallado
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Sébastien Gourbière
- UMR 5244 CNRS-UPVD ‘Ecologie et Evolution des Interactions’, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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