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Febrer-Sendra B, Fernández-Soto P, García-Bernalt Diego J, Crego-Vicente B, Negredo A, Muñor-Bellido JL, Belhassen-García M, Sánchez-Seco MP, Muro A. A Novel RT-LAMP for the Detection of Different Genotypes of Crimean–Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus in Patients from Spain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076411. [PMID: 37047384 PMCID: PMC10094476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a potentially lethal tick-borne viral disease with a wide distribution. In Spain, 12 human cases of CCHF have been confirmed, with four deaths. The diagnosis of CCHF is hampered by the nonspecific symptoms, the high genetic diversity of CCHFV, and the biosafety requirements to manage the virus. RT-qPCR and serological tests are used for diagnosis with limitations. Reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) could be an effective alternative in the diagnosis of the disease. However, none of the few RT-LAMP assays developed to date has detected different CCHFV genotypes. Here, we designed a RT-LAMP using a degenerate primer set to compensate for the variability of the CCHFV target sequence. RT-LAMP was performed in colorimetric and real-time tests on RT-qPCR-confirmed CCHF patient samples notified in Spain in 2020 and 2021. Urine from an inpatient was analysed by RT-LAMP for the first time and compared with RT-qPCR. The amplicons obtained by RT-qPCR were sequenced and African III and European V genotypes were identified. RT-LAMP amplified both genotypes and was more sensitive than RT-qPCR in urine samples. We have developed a novel, rapid, specific, and sensitive RT-LAMP test that allows the detection of different CCHFV genotypes in clinical samples. This pan-CCHFV RT-LAMP detected viral RNA for the first time in urine samples. It can be easily performed as a single-tube isothermal colorimetric method on a portable platform in real time and without the need for expensive equipment, thus bringing molecular diagnostics closer to rural or resource-poor areas, where CCHF usually occurs.
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Mutational analysis of catalytic site domain of CCHFV L RNA segment. J Mol Model 2023; 29:88. [PMID: 36877258 PMCID: PMC9987378 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) has tripartite RNA genome and is endemic in various countries of Asia, Africa and Europe. METHOD The present study is focused on mutation profiling of CCHFV L segment and phylogenetic clustering of protein dataset into six CCHFV genotypes. RESULTS Phylogenetic tree rooted with NCBI reference sequence (YP_325663.1) indicated less divergence from genotype III and the sequences belonging to same genotypes have shown less divergence among each other. Mutation frequency at 729 mutated positions was calculated and 563, 49, 33, 46 and 38 amino acid positions were found to be mutated at mutation frequency intervals of 0-0.2, 0.21-0.4, 0.41-0.6, 0.61-0.8 and 0.81-1.0 respectively. Thirty-eight highly frequent mutations (0.81-1.0 interval) were found in all genotypes and mapping in L segment (encoded for RdRp) revealed four mutations (V2074I, I2134T/A, V2148A and Q2695H/R) in catalytic site domain and no mutation in OTU domain. Molecular dynamic simulation and in silico analysis showed that catalytic site domain displayed large deviation and fluctuation upon introduction of these point mutations. CONCLUSION Overall study provides strong evidence that OTU domain is highly conserved and less prone to mutation whereas point mutations recorded in catalytic domain have affected the stability of protein and were found to be persistent in the large population.
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Yang M, Ma Y, Jiang Q, Song M, Kang H, Liu J, Qu L. Isolation, identification and pathogenic characteristics of tick-derived parainfluenza virus 5 in northeast China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3300-3316. [PMID: 35964328 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The number of parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) infection cases has increased worldwide over the past six decades; however, factors underlying this increase remain unclear. PIV5 has been emerging or re-emerging in humans and animal species. To date, no information is yet available regarding PIV5 infection in arthropod ticks. Here, we successfully isolated tick-derived PIV5 from the Ixodes persulcatus species designated as HLJ/Tick/2019 in Heilongjiang, China. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the tick-derived PIV5 is closely related to subclade 2.2.6, which has become the dominant subtype prevalent in dogs, pigs and wildlife across China. Further experiments to understand the importance of this virus as an infectious vector revealed that a ferret animal model experimentally infected with Tick/HLJ/2019 via the oronasal and ocular inoculation routes developed moderate respiratory distress with pneumonia and neurologic tissue damage from inflammation for the first time. Further surveillance of PIV5 in vectors of viral transmission is necessary to enhance our knowledge of its ecology in reservoirs and facilitate the control of re-emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfa Yang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yunyun Ma
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Mingxin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongtao Kang
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Jiasen Liu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liandong Qu
- Division of Zoonosis of Natural Foci, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
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The discrepancy of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever-related tick vectors: An urgent need for boosted surveillance. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 81:104412. [PMID: 36035598 PMCID: PMC9411570 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Nasirian H. Ticks infected with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV): A decision approach systematic review and meta-analysis regarding their role as vectors. Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 47:102309. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Shahhosseini N, Wong G, Babuadze G, Camp JV, Ergonul O, Kobinger GP, Chinikar S, Nowotny N. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Asia, Africa and Europe. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091907. [PMID: 34576803 PMCID: PMC8471816 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of ticks and various tick-borne viruses (TBVs) suggests the possibility of new tick-borne diseases emerging. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an emerging TBV of the Nairoviridae family that causes serious disease that can be fatal in humans. CCHFV endemic foci can be found in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South-Eastern Europe, and has spread to previously unaffected regions and nations, such as Spain, over the last two decades. In this review, we discuss the current situation of CCHFV in Asia, Africa and Europe based on existing knowledge, and we discuss driving factors in the distribution and transmission of the virus, such as the spread of tick vector species and host reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Shahhosseini
- Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1H 6P7, Canada;
| | - Gary Wong
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.W.); (G.P.K.)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - George Babuadze
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Onder Ergonul
- Koç University, School of Medicine and Koç University Iş Bank Center for Infectious Diseases, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.W.); (G.P.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sadegh Chinikar
- Pasteur Institute of Tehran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.N.)
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Kojom LP, Singh V. A Review on Emerging Infectious Diseases Prioritized Under the 2018 WHO Research and Development Blueprint: Lessons from the Indian Context. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 21:149-159. [PMID: 33316200 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This review describes the current scenario of a priority group of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) listed by World Health Organization (WHO), and their main determinants and drivers for the emergence/spread of the diseases. The gaps and strategies developed by India to meet the WHO guidelines on the effective control of epidemic-prone diseases and outbreaks are also presented in the review. Methods: Epidemiologic information of EIDs, namely Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Ebola and Marburg viruses (EboV and MarV), Zika virus (ZIKAV), Rift Valley fever (RVF), Middle East respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Nipah and Hendra virus (NiV and HeV), and Lassa fever virus (LASV), was drawn from international and national electronic databases to assess the situation. A brief view on the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in India is also included. Results: There are no reports for human infection of EboV, MarV, RVF, and LASV in India. CCHF, SARS, ZIKAV, and NiV have been involved in outbreaks in eight states of India, while COVID-19 is currently reported from majority of states. India has deeply strengthened its surveillance and response system of outbreaks and epidemic-prone diseases. Conclusions: Despite its enormous improvements made in the anticipation of such threats, still more efforts are needed in sensitization of populations as well as hospital management in the context to EIDs, as addressed in the review. Furthermore, there is still a need for more research and development activities to efficiently control EIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loick Pradel Kojom
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New-Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Singh
- Cell Biology Laboratory and Malaria Parasite Bank, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New-Delhi, India
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Kasi KK, Arnim F, Schulz A, Rehman A, Chudhary A, Oneeb M, Sas MA, Jamil T, Maksimov P, Sauter‐Louis C, Conraths FJ, Groschup MH. Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ticks collected from livestock in Balochistan, Pakistan. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1543-1552. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khushal Khan Kasi
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Epidemiology Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department Disease Investigation Laboratory Quetta Balochistan Pakistan
| | - Felicitas Arnim
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan
| | - Amna Chudhary
- Department of Parasitology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Oneeb
- Department of Parasitology University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore Pakistan
| | - Miriam Andrada Sas
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Tariq Jamil
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses Jena Germany
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Epidemiology Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Carola Sauter‐Louis
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Epidemiology Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Franz J. Conraths
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Epidemiology Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Institut Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Greifswald‐Insel Riems Germany
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Nasirian H. New aspects about Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) cases and associated fatality trends: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 69:101429. [PMID: 32062190 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most popular tick-borne disease causing by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). There are several valuable reviews considering some fields of the CCHF aspects. While there is no a systematic review about means and trends of CCHF cases and fatality rate, means and trends of CCHF cases and fatality rates of human occupations involved in CCHF. Therefore, this meta-analysis review performed to highlight and provide a global detailed of the above CCHF aspects. Among 398 collected papers, 173 papers were become this meta-analysis review. The study results confirm that an apparent increasing CCHF cases occurred through the past decades. The trends of annually and periodically CCHF cases and fatality rates were also increased. The means of annually and periodically CCHF cases and fatality rates were 57 and 432 cases, and 10 cases and 32.2 % and 49 cases and 28.8 %, respectively. The means of annually and periodically CCHF fatality rates are about one-tenth of CCHF human cases. The mean of CCHF fatality rates in Africa (22.0 %) is lower than Asia (33.5 %) and Europe (33.8 %). Among occupations involved in CCHF, agricultural (28.9 %), health-care (19.2 %) and slaughterhouse (16.7 %) workers, and farmers (13.9 %) had the maximum CCHF fatality rates in order. Based on literature review of CCHFV S-segment aspects, several clades and genotypes are reported to distribute in Africa, Asia and Europe regions. There are very wide fields to investigate the epidemiology characteristics of CCHFV clades, genotypes and their distribution in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasirian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Meng F, Ding M, Tan Z, Zhao Z, Xu L, Wu J, He B, Tu C. Virome analysis of tick-borne viruses in Heilongjiang Province, China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 10:412-420. [PMID: 30583876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are implicated in the transmission of various human and livestock pathogens worldwide. This study aimed to understand the geographical distribution of tick species, along with tick-associated viruses, in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. Molecular methods were used to classify tick species, with next-generation sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-based analyses used to assess the viromes of ticks from four representative sampling locations in the Greater Khingan Mountains. Five species of ixodid ticks were identified, including Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor nuttalli, Dermacentor silvarum, Haemaphysalis longicornis, and Haemaphysalis concinna. From the 1102 ticks, 3,568,561 high-quality reads were obtained by next-generation sequencing. Following trimming, 302,540 reads were obtained, of which 6577 (2.16%) reads were annotated to viruses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viral sequences shared a close relationship with Orthonairovirus, Phlebovirus, deer tick Mononegavirales-like virus, and Jingmen tick virus sequences, but the significance of these newly-identified tick-borne viruses to human and animal health requires further investigation. The results of this study provide a basis not only for further studies on the relationship between ticks and tick-borne viruses, but also for preventing future tick-borne epidemic outbreaks by means of vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530000, China; Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530001, China.
| | - Meiming Ding
- Da Hinggan Ling Wildlife Conservation Center, Jiagedaqi, Heilongjiang Province, 165000, China.
| | - Zhizhou Tan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China.
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China.
| | - Jianmin Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530000, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi Province, 530001, China.
| | - Biao He
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225000, China.
| | - Changchun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130000, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225000, China.
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Yadav PD, Chaubal GY, Shete AM, Mourya DT. A mini-review of Bunyaviruses recorded in India. Indian J Med Res 2018; 145:601-610. [PMID: 28948950 PMCID: PMC5644294 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1871_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging and re-emerging viral infections are of major public health concern. Bunyaviridae family of viruses comprises a large group of animal viruses. Clinical symptoms exhibited by persons infected by viruses belonging to this family vary from mild-to-severe diseases i.e., febrile illness, encephalitis, haemorrhagic fever and acute respiratory illness. Several arthropods-borne viruses have been discovered and classified at serological level in India in the past. Some of these are highly pathogenic as the recent emergence and spread of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus and presence of antibodies against Hantavirus in humans in India have provided evidences that it may become one of the emerging diseases in this country. For many of the discovered viruses, we still need to study their relevance to human and animal health. Chittoor virus, a variant of Batai virus; Ganjam virus, an Asian variant of Nairobi sheep disease virus; tick-borne viruses such as Bhanja, Palma and mosquito-borne viruses such as Sathuperi, Thimiri, Umbre and Ingwavuma viruses have been identified as the members of this family. As Bunyaviruses are three segmented RNA viruses, they can reassort the segments into genetically distinct viruses in target cells. This ability is believed to play a major role in evolution, pathogenesis and epidemiology of the viruses. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of discovery, emergence and distribution of Bunyaviruses in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Gouri Y Chaubal
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Anita M Shete
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Yadav PD, Thacker S, Patil DY, Jain R, Mourya DT. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Migrant Worker Returning from Oman to India, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1005-1008. [PMID: 28518037 PMCID: PMC5443448 DOI: 10.3201/eid2306.161950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In January 2016, a migrant worker who returned home to India after becoming ill in Oman was confirmed to have Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). Physicians should include CCHF in the differential diagnosis for patients with hemorrhagic signs and a history of recent travel to any area where CCHF is endemic or prevalent.
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The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies. Antiviral Res 2017; 144:93-119. [PMID: 28579441 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript is part of a series of reviews that aim to cover published research on Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and its etiological agent, CCHF virus (CCHFV). The virus is maintained and transmitted in a vertical and horizontal transmission cycle involving a variety of wild and domestic vertebrate species that act as amplification hosts, without showing signs of illness. These vertebrates have traditionally been considered reservoirs of CCHFV, but in fact they develop only a transient viremia, while the virus can persist in ticks for their entire lifespan, and can also be transmitted vertically to the next generation. As a result, ticks are now considered to be both the vector and the reservoir for the virus. CCHFV has been detected in a wide range of tick species, but only a few have been proven to be vectors and reservoirs, mainly because most published studies have been performed under a broad variety of conditions, precluding definitive characterization. This article reviews the published literature, summarizes current knowledge of the role of ticks in CCHFV maintenance and transmission and provides guidance for how to fill the knowledge gaps. Special focus is given to existing data on tick species in which vertical passage has been demonstrated under natural or experimental conditions. At the same time, we identify earlier reports that used unreliable methods and perceptions to ascribe a vector role to some species of ticks, and have contributed to confusion regarding viral transmission. We also examine epidemiological pathways of CCHFV circulation and discuss priority areas for future research.
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Murphy H, Abuova G, Pandey P. South Central Asia. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119085751.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Holy Murphy
- CIWEC Hospital and CIWEC Clinic Travel Medicine Center; Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Gulzhan Abuova
- Department of Infectious Diseases; South-Kazakhstan State Pharmaceutical Academy; Shymkent Kazakhstan
| | - Prativa Pandey
- CIWEC Hospital and CIWEC Clinic Travel Medicine Center; Kathmandu Nepal
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Yadav PD, Patil DY, Shete AM, Kokate P, Goyal P, Jadhav S, Sinha S, Zawar D, Sharma SK, Kapil A, Sharma DK, Upadhyay KJ, Mourya DT. Nosocomial infection of CCHF among health care workers in Rajasthan, India. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:624. [PMID: 27809807 PMCID: PMC5094004 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ever since Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever [CCHF] discovered in India, several outbreaks of this disease have been recorded in Gujarat State, India. During the year 2011 to 2015 several districts of Gujarat and Rajasthan state (Sirohi) found to be affected with CCHF including the positivity among ticks and livestock. During these years many infected individuals succumbed to this disease; which subsequently led to nosocomial infections. Herein, we report CCHF cases recorded from Rajasthan state during January 2015. This has affected four individuals apparently associated with one suspected CCHF case admitted in a private hospital in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. CASE PRESENTATION A 30-year-old male was hospitalized in a private hospital in Jodhpur, Rajasthan State, who subsequently had developed thrombocytopenia and showed hemorrhagic manifestations and died in the hospital. Later on, four nursing staff from the same hospital also developed the similar symptoms (Index case and Case A, B, C). Index case succumbed to the disease in the hospital at Jodhpur followed by the death of the case A that was shifted to AIIMS hospital, Delhi due to clinical deterioration. Blood samples of the index case and Case A, B, C were referred to the National institute of Virology, Pune, India for CCHF diagnosis from the different hospitals in Rajasthan, Delhi and Gujarat. However, a sample of deceased suspected CCHF case was not referred. Subsequently, blood samples of 5 nursing staff and 37 contacts (Case D was one of them) from Pokhran area, Jaisalmer district were referred to NIV, Pune. CONCLUSIONS It clearly indicated that nursing staff acquired a nosocomial infection while attending the suspected CCHF case in an Intensive Care Unit of a private hospital in Jodhpur. However, one case was confirmed from the Pokhran area where the suspected CCHF case was residing. This case might have got the infection from suspected CCHF case or through other routes. CCHF strain associated with these nosocomial infections shares the highest identity with Afghanistan strain and its recent introduction from Afghanistan cannot be ruled out. However, lack of active surveillance, unawareness among health care workers leads to such nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D. Yadav
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Deepak Y. Patil
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Anita M. Shete
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Prasad Kokate
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Pulkit Goyal
- Goyal Hospital and Research Center, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Santosh Jadhav
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Sanjeev Sinha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Zawar
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | | | - Arti Kapil
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - D. K. Sharma
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Devendra T. Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
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Weidmann M, Avsic-Zupanc T, Bino S, Bouloy M, Burt F, Chinikar S, Christova I, Dedushaj I, El-Sanousi A, Elaldi N, Hewson R, Hufert FT, Humolli I, Jansen van Vuren P, Koçak Tufan Z, Korukluoglu G, Lyssen P, Mirazimi A, Neyts J, Niedrig M, Ozkul A, Papa A, Paweska J, Sall AA, Schmaljohn CS, Swanepoel R, Uyar Y, Weber F, Zeller H. Biosafety standards for working with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2799-2808. [PMID: 27667586 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In countries from which Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is absent, the causative virus, CCHF virus (CCHFV), is classified as a hazard group 4 agent and handled in containment level (CL)-4. In contrast, most endemic countries out of necessity have had to perform diagnostic tests under biosafety level (BSL)-2 or -3 conditions. In particular, Turkey and several of the Balkan countries have safely processed more than 100 000 samples over many years in BSL-2 laboratories. It is therefore advocated that biosafety requirements for CCHF diagnostic procedures should be revised, to allow the tests required to be performed under enhanced BSL-2 conditions with appropriate biosafety laboratory equipment and personal protective equipment used according to standardized protocols in the countries affected. Downgrading of CCHFV research work from CL-4, BSL-4 to CL-3, BSL-3 should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Weidmann
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK
| | - Tatjana Avsic-Zupanc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Silvia Bino
- Institute of Public Health, Control of Infectious Diseases Department, Tirana, Albania
| | - Michelle Bouloy
- Institut Pasteur, Bunyaviruses Molecular Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Felicity Burt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Sadegh Chinikar
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Ref Lab), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iva Christova
- National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Isuf Dedushaj
- National Institute of Public Health in Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Ahmed El-Sanousi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nazif Elaldi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Roger Hewson
- Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, Salisbury, UK
| | - Frank T Hufert
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Brandenburg Medical School, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Isme Humolli
- National Institute of Public Health in Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo
| | | | - Zeliha Koçak Tufan
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Department, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülay Korukluoglu
- Public Health Institution of Turkey, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pieter Lyssen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Department for Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institute, and Karolinska Hospital University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Niedrig
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aykut Ozkul
- Department of Virology, Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Janusz Paweska
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Connie S Schmaljohn
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yavuz Uyar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, Justus Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Herve Zeller
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Molecular epidemiology of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in India. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3422-3425. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYCrimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an emerging zoonotic disease in India which is prevalent in neighbouring countries. CCHF virus (CCHFV) is a widespread tick-borne virus which is endemic in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. In the present study, samples of clinically suspected human cases from different areas of northern-western India were tested for the presence of CCHFV by RT–PCR through amplification of nucleocapsid (N) gene of CCHFV. Positive samples were sequenced to reveal the prevailing CCHFV genotype(s) and phylogenetic relatedness. A phylogenetic tree revealed the emergence of diverse strains in the study region showing maximum identity with the Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran strains, which was different from earlier reported Indian strains. Our findings reveal for the first time the emergence of the Asia 1 group in India; while earlier reported CCHFV strains belong to the Asia 2 group.
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18
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Zivcec M, Metcalfe MG, Albariño CG, Guerrero LW, Pegan SD, Spiropoulou CF, Bergeron É. Assessment of Inhibitors of Pathogenic Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Strains Using Virus-Like Particles. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004259. [PMID: 26625182 PMCID: PMC4666410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an often lethal, acute inflammatory illness that affects a large geographic area. The disease is caused by infection with CCHF virus (CCHFV), a nairovirus from the Bunyaviridae family. Basic research on CCHFV has been severely hampered by biosafety requirements and lack of available strains and molecular tools. We report the development of a CCHF transcription- and entry-competent virus-like particle (tecVLP) system that can be used to study cell entry and viral transcription/replication over a broad dynamic range (~4 orders of magnitude). The tecVLPs are morphologically similar to authentic CCHFV. Incubation of immortalized and primary human cells with tecVLPs results in a strong reporter signal that is sensitive to treatment with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and by small molecule inhibitors of CCHFV. We used glycoproteins and minigenomes from divergent CCHFV strains to generate tecVLPs, and in doing so, we identified a monoclonal antibody that can prevent cell entry of tecVLPs containing glycoproteins from 3 pathogenic CCHFV strains. In addition, our data suggest that different glycoprotein moieties confer different cellular entry efficiencies, and that glycoproteins from the commonly used strain IbAr10200 have up to 100-fold lower ability to enter primary human cells compared to glycoproteins from pathogenic CCHFV strains.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Genes, Reporter
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/physiology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Virion/genetics
- Virion/physiology
- Virion/ultrastructure
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Zivcec
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maureen G. Metcalfe
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - César G. Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lisa W. Guerrero
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christina F. Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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20
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Goedhals D, Bester PA, Paweska JT, Swanepoel R, Burt FJ. Comparative analysis of the L, M, and S RNA segments of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus isolates from southern Africa. J Med Virol 2015; 87:717-24. [PMID: 25693737 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a member of the Bunyaviridae family with a tripartite, negative sense RNA genome. This study used predictive software to analyse the L (large), M (medium), and S (small) segments of 14 southern African CCHFV isolates. The OTU-like cysteine protease domain and the RdRp domain of the L segment are highly conserved among southern African CCHFV isolates. The M segment encodes the structural glycoproteins, GN and GC, and the non-structural glycoproteins which are post-translationally cleaved at highly conserved furin and subtilase SKI-1 cleavage sites. All of the sites previously identified were shown to be conserved among southern African CCHFV isolates. The heavily O-glycosylated N-terminal variable mucin-like domain of the M segment shows the highest sequence variability of the CCHFV proteins. Five transmembrane domains are predicted in the M segment polyprotein resulting in three regions internal to and three regions external to the membrane across the G(N), NS(M) and G(C) glycoproteins. The corroboration of conserved genome domains and sequence identity among geographically diverse isolates may assist in the identification of protein function and pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the identification of potential targets for antiviral therapy and vaccine design. As detailed functional studies are lacking for many of the CCHFV proteins, identification of functional domains by prediction of protein structure, and identification of amino acid level similarity to functionally characterised proteins of related viruses or viruses with similar pathogenic mechanisms are a necessary step for selection of areas for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Goedhals
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, National Health Laboratory Service/University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
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21
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Sherifi K, Cadar D, Muji S, Robaj A, Ahmeti S, Jakupi X, Emmerich P, Krüger A. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus clades V and VI (Europe 1 and 2) in ticks in Kosovo, 2012. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3168. [PMID: 25255381 PMCID: PMC4177860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being a small country, Kosovo represents one of the few foci of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Europe. The distribution of Kosovar tick vectors and the evolution of CCHF virus in ticks are both as yet unknown. A better description of the extent and the genetic diversity of CCHFV in ticks from endemic settings is essential, in order to be controlled. We investigated the 2012 distribution of Kosovar ticks alongside the prevalence and the phylogeography of tick-derived CCHFV. Hyalomma marginatum dominated in the endemic municipalities with 90.2% versus 24.3% in the non-endemic regions. Of 1,102 tested ticks, 40 (3.6%) were CCHFV-positive, belonging to H. marginatum (29), Rhipicephalus bursa (10), and Ixodes ricinus (1). The virus strains clustered with clade V and VI related sequences. They fell into two lineages: Kosovo I and II. Kosovo I comprised strains recovered exclusively from R. bursa ticks and was closely related to AP92 prototype strain. Kosovo II clustered into Kosovo IIa, including human-derived strains, and IIb including only strains detected in H. marginatum and I. ricinus. Our phylogeographic reconstruction suggests two temporally distinct CCHFV introductions: the most probable location of the most recent common ancestor of Kosovo I lineage was in Greece (63 years ago) and that of lineages IIa-b in Turkey (35 years ago). After each CCHFV introduction into Kosovo, subsequent lineage expansions suggest periods of in situ evolution. The study provides the first insight into the genetic variability and the origin of CCHFV in ticks from Kosovo. Our findings indicate the spreading of CCHFV to non-endemic areas, which underlines the importance of further studies in order to monitor and predict future CCHF outbreaks in Kosovo. The AP92-like strains appear to be more widespread than previously thought and may provide a promising target for experimental studies due to their assumed low pathogenicity. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the most widespread tick-borne virus affecting humans. Its distribution coincides with that of Old World Hyalomma tick vectors. The virus circulates in an enzootic cycle, where hard ticks are both vectors and reservoirs, and mammals the amplifying hosts. Accidentally, humans become infected as dead-end hosts. One of the few CCHF-endemic European countries is Kosovo, where an annual average of ten sporadic cases, with a mean mortality rate of 18%, are reported. In this study, the tick distribution, CCHFV prevalence and the phylogeography of the tick-derived strains from 2012 were investigated. The majority of ticks belonged to Hyalomma marginatum, the main vector of CCHFV. Indeed, of 40 CCHFV-positive ticks, 29 were H. marginatum. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that 30 viral strains formed a distinct lineage within clade V (Europe 1) and were closely related to previously known strains from humans and ticks from the Balkans. However, ten isolates from Rhipicephalus bursa ticks, collected in a non-endemic region, turned out to cluster within a very divergent CCHFV clade (Europe 2), so far only known from Greece and Turkey. Since these strains presumably develop only subclinical or mild infections in humans, they might be suitable for experimental vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtesh Sherifi
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, University of “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Daniel Cadar
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Skender Muji
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, University of “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Avni Robaj
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, University of “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Salih Ahmeti
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University Clinical Centre, Prishtina, Kosova
| | - Xhevat Jakupi
- Department of Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosova
| | - Petra Emmerich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Krüger
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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22
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Next-generation sequencing of southern African Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus isolates reveals a high frequency of M segment reassortment. Epidemiol Infect 2014; 142:1952-62. [PMID: 24786748 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268814000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a bunyavirus with a single-stranded RNA genome consisting of three segments (S, M, L), coding for the nucleocapsid protein, envelope glycoproteins and RNA polymerase, respectively. To date only five complete genome sequences are available from southern African isolates. Complete genome sequences were generated for 10 southern African CCHFV isolates using next-generation sequencing techniques. The maximum-likelihood method was used to generate tree topologies for 15 southern African plus 26 geographically distinct complete sequences from GenBank. M segment reassortment was identified in 10/15 southern African isolates by incongruencies in grouping compared to the S and L segments. These reassortant M segments cluster with isolates from Asia/Middle East, while the S and L segments cluster with strains from South/West Africa. The CCHFV M segment shows a high level of genetic diversity, while the S and L segments appear to co-evolve. The reason for the high frequency of M segment reassortment is not known. It has previously been suggested that M segment reassortment results in a virus with high fitness but a clear role in increased pathogenicity has yet to be shown.
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Yadav PD, Raut CG, Patil DY, D Majumdar T, Mourya DT. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Current Scenario in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:9-18. [PMID: 32226205 PMCID: PMC7100343 DOI: 10.1007/s40011-013-0197-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
India is considered as a hot spot for emerging infectious diseases. In the recent past many infectious diseases of emerging and re-emerging nature have entered this subcontinent and affected a large number of populations. A few examples are Nipah, Avian influenza, Pandemic influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus and Chikungunya virus. These diseases have not only affected human and animal health but also economy of the country on a very large scale. During December 2010, National Institute of Virology, Pune detected Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus specific IgG antibodies in livestock serum samples from Gujarat and Rajasthan states. Subsequently, during January 2011 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus was confirmed in a nosocomial outbreak, in Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India. Retrospective investigation of suspected human samples confirmed that the virus was present in Gujarat state, earlier to this outbreak. This disease has a case fatality rate ranging from 5 to 80 %. Earlier presence of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies have been detected in animal sera from Jammu and Kashmir, the western border districts, southern regions and Maharashtra state of India. The evidences of virus activity and antibodies were observed during and after the outbreak in human beings, ticks and domestic animals (buffalo, cattle, goat and sheep) from Gujarat State of India. During the year 2012, this virus was again reported in human beings and animals. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the four isolates of 2011, as well as the S segment from specimen of 2010 and 2012 were highly conserved and clustered together in the Asian/Middle East genotype IV. The S segment of South-Asia 2 type was closest to a Tajikistan strain TADJ/HU8966 of 1990. The present scenario in India suggests the need to look seriously into various important aspects of this zoonotic disease, which includes diagnosis, intervention, patient management, control of laboratory acquired and nosocomial infection, tick control, livestock survey and this, should be done in priority before it further spreads to other states. Being a high risk group pathogen, diagnosis is a major concern in India where only a few Biosafety level 3 laboratories exist and it needs to be addressed immediately before this disease becomes endemic in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 Maharashtra India
| | - Chandrashekhar G Raut
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 Maharashtra India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 Maharashtra India
| | - Triparna D Majumdar
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 Maharashtra India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, 130/1 Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 411021 Maharashtra India
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24
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Emergence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Amreli District of Gujarat State, India, June to July 2013. Int J Infect Dis 2013; 18:97-100. [PMID: 24211848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) etiology was detected in a family cluster (nine cases, including two deaths) in the village of Karyana, Amreli District, and also a fatal case in the village of Undra, Patan District, in Gujarat State, India. Anti-CCHFV IgG antibodies were detected in domestic animals from Karyana and adjoining villages. Hyalomma ticks from households were found to be positive for CCHF viral RNA. This confirms the emergence of CCHFV in new areas and the wide spread of this disease in Gujarat State.
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26
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Bente DA, Forrester NL, Watts DM, McAuley AJ, Whitehouse CA, Bray M. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:159-89. [PMID: 23906741 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is the most important tick-borne viral disease of humans, causing sporadic cases or outbreaks of severe illness across a huge geographic area, from western China to the Middle East and southeastern Europe and throughout most of Africa. CCHFV is maintained in vertical and horizontal transmission cycles involving ixodid ticks and a variety of wild and domestic vertebrates, which do not show signs of illness. The virus circulates in a number of tick genera, but Hyalomma ticks are the principal source of human infection, probably because both immature and adult forms actively seek hosts for the blood meals required at each stage of maturation. CCHF occurs most frequently among agricultural workers following the bite of an infected tick, and to a lesser extent among slaughterhouse workers exposed to the blood and tissues of infected livestock and medical personnel through contact with the body fluids of infected patients. CCHFV is the most genetically diverse of the arboviruses, with nucleotide sequence differences among isolates ranging from 20% for the viral S segment to 31% for the M segment. Viruses with diverse sequences can be found within the same geographic area, while closely related viruses have been isolated in far distant regions, suggesting that widespread dispersion of CCHFV has occurred at times in the past, possibly by ticks carried on migratory birds or through the international livestock trade. Reassortment among genome segments during co-infection of ticks or vertebrates appears to have played an important role in generating diversity, and represents a potential future source of novel viruses. In this article, we first review current knowledge of CCHFV, summarizing its molecular biology, maintenance and transmission, epidemiology and geographic range. We also include an extensive discussion of CCHFV genetic diversity, including maps of the range of the virus with superimposed phylogenetic trees. We then review the features of CCHF, including the clinical syndrome, diagnosis, treatment, pathogenesis, vaccine development and laboratory animal models of CCHF. The paper ends with a discussion of the possible future geographic range of the virus. For the benefit of researchers, we include a Supplementary Table listing all published reports of CCHF cases and outbreaks in the English-language literature, plus some principal articles in other languages, with total case numbers, case fatality rates and all CCHFV strains on GenBank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis A Bente
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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