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Geng N, Ma L, Jin Y, Lu J, Zheng Y, Wang J, Wang X, Chen X. Prediction Model for the Clearance of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B before Interferon Therapy: A Prospective Case-Control Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:118. [PMID: 38201427 PMCID: PMC10804386 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the prediction model comprised of patients' laboratory results and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers of host gene for the clearance of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) who underwent interferon (IFN)-α therapy, this prospective case-control study enrolled 131 patients with CHB who underwent IFN-α-based regimens in our hospital between January 2015 and September 2019. Among them, 56 cases were without HBsAg clearance, while the other 75 cases had HBsAg clearance. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that CYP27B1 rs4646536 (odd ratio [OR] = 0.155, 95% CI: 0.030-0.807, p = 0.027), PAK4 rs9676717 (OR = 11.237, 95% CI: 1.768-71.409, p = 0.010), IL28B rs12979860 (OR = 0.059, 95% CI: 0.006-0.604, p = 0.017), baseline HBsAg (OR = 0.170, 95% CI: 0.040-0.716, p = 0.016), and HBeAg status (OR = 3.971, 95% CI: 1.138-13.859, p = 0.031) were independently associated with HBsAg clearance. The model that included rs3077, rs4646536, rs9676717, rs2850015, rs12979860, baseline HBsAg, HBeAg status, and HBV DNA had the best prediction performance for HBsAg clearance prediction, with AUC = 0.877, 80% sensitivity, and 81% specificity. In conclusion, laboratory results and gene polymorphisms before treatment might have a good predictive value for HbsAg clearance after IFN-α treatment in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xinyue Chen
- Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (N.G.); (L.M.); (Y.J.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (J.W.); (X.W.)
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Oliveira Correa JD, Zambra FMB, Michita RT, Álvares-da-Silva MR, Simon D, Chies JAB. HLA-G 3'UTR haplotype analyses in HCV infection and HCV-derived cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and fibrosis. Int J Immunogenet 2023; 50:249-255. [PMID: 37658479 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease. Chronic HCV infection is also an important cause of hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCV has the capacity to evade immune surveillance by altering the host immune response. Moreover, variations in immune-related genes can lead to differential susceptibility to HCV infection as well as interfere on the susceptibility to the development of hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and HCC. The human leucocyte antigen G (HLA-G) gene codes for an immunomodulatory protein known to be expressed in the maternal-foetal interface and in immune-privileged tissues. The HLA-G 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) is important for mRNA stability, and variants in this region are known to impact gene expression. Studies, mainly focusing in a 14 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism, have correlated HLA-G 3'UTR with susceptibility to viral infections, but other polymorphic variants in the HLA-G 3'UTR might also affect HCV infection as they are inherited as haplotypes. The present study evaluated HLA-G 3'UTR polymorphisms and performed linkage disequilibrium test and haplotype assembly in 286 HCV infected patients who have developed fibrosis, cirrhosis or HCC, as well as in 129 healthy control subjects. Haplotypes UTR-1, UTR-2 and UTR-3 were the most observed in HCV+ patients, in the frequencies of 0.276, 0.255 and 0.121, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between HCV+ and control subjects, even when patients were grouped according to outcome (HCC, cirrhosis or fibrosis). Despite that, some trends in the results were observed, and therefore, we cannot rule out the possibility that variants associated to high HLA-G expression can be involved in HCV infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Daimar Oliveira Correa
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Tomoya Michita
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Simon
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Canoas, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Xiao S, Pan X, Huang X, Liu Y, Wen SW, Liu A. Gene polymorphisms of inflammatory factors in liver cirrhosis. Front Genet 2023; 14:1140427. [PMID: 37101651 PMCID: PMC10123281 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1140427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Studies on the association between gene polymorphisms of various inflammatory factors and liver cirrhosis have been inconsistent. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively summarize the available evidence on the association between gene polymorphisms of inflammatory factors and liver cirrhosis through a systematic review. Methods: We searched databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for relevant articles published from building databases to 25 September 2022. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate the association between gene polymorphisms of various inflammatory factors and liver cirrhosis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the strength of association. Results: A total of 43 articles were included in the systematic review and of them, 22 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The gene polymorphisms of IL-10-1082 GA + AA vs. GG (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.12-1.83), IL-10-1082 AA vs. GG (OR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.36-3.02), IL-18 -137 GG vs. CC (OR = 3.84, 95% CI = 1.29-11.40), TGF-β1 -509 T vs. C (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.42-4.48), and IFN-γ +874 T vs. A (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.32-2.98) were associated with liver cirrhosis significantly and no association was observed in other gene polymorphisms included in the meta-analysis. The review of inflammatory factors gene polymorphisms that were only reported by a single study indicated 19 gene polymorphisms were risk factors and 4 gene polymorphisms were protective factors for liver cirrhosis, while the association between other 27 gene polymorphisms and liver cirrhosis were not statistically significant. Discussion: This study suggests that IL-10 -1082G/A, IL-18 -137G/C, TGF-β1 -509T/C, and IFN-γ +874T/A were potentially associated with the risk of liver cirrhosis susceptibility. These findings may provide comprehensive evidence for genetic susceptibility and immunogenetic pathology of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailan Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiongfeng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xun Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shi Wu Wen
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Aizhong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Aizhong Liu,
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Yang J, Gu J, Wang H, Shi J, Lu L, She W, Wang Y. Fc receptor-like 5 gene polymorphisms and mRNA expression are associated with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988464. [PMID: 36160227 PMCID: PMC9500477 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the associations of Fc receptor-like 5 (FCRL5) gene polymorphisms and mRNA expression with liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB).Methods: A total of 114 CHB patients with liver fibrosis and 120 CHB patients without liver fibrosis were selected for this study. The gender, age, body mass index (BMI), alanine transaminase (ALT) value, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) value, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and fibrosis index based on 4 factors (FIB-4) were recorded. Two polymorphisms of the FCRL5 gene (rs6427384 and rs6692977) were genotyped. The mRNA expression level of FCRL5 in peripheral blood monocytes was determined.Results: ALT, AST, APRI, and FIB-4 in patients with fibrosis were significantly higher than those in non-fibrosis patients. There was statistically significant difference between fibrosis and non-fibrosis groups in the genotype distribution (χ2 = 7.805, p = 0.020) and allele frequencies (χ2 = 13.252, p < 0.001) at FCRL5 rs6692977. When compared with CC genotype, the genotype CT or TT at rs6692977 was significantly associated with a increased risk of liver fibrosis in CHB patients (CT vs. CC: OR = 1.921, 95% CI = 1.093–3.375, p = 0.023; TT vs. CC: OR = 2.598, 95% CI = 1.067–6.324, p = 0.031). The mRNA relative expression levels of FCRL5 in patients with liver fibrosis were significantly higher than those in the non-fibrosis group (t = 13.456, p < 0.001). The fibrosis patients carried TT or CT genotype of rs6692977 had significantly higher FCRL5 mRNA expression levels than those carried CC genotype (t = 2.859, p = 0.005). The mRNA expression levels of FCRL5, APRI, and FIB-4 index showed predictive efficacy in liver fibrosis with cut-off values of 0.75 (AUC = 0.896, 95% CI = 0.856–0.935), 0.45 (AUC = 0.852, 95% CI = 0.802–0.902) and 1.84 (AUC = 0.765, 95% CI = 0.703–0.826), respectively.Conclusion: FCRL5 gene rs6692977 polymorphisms and mRNA expression levels are associated with liver fibrosis in CHB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yang
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Juan Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Yancheng Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Yancheng, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Shi
- Department of Outpatient, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wanxian She
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Wang,
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Host Factors in the Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis B: Role of Genetic Determinants. Int J Hepatol 2022; 2022:6046677. [PMID: 36052277 PMCID: PMC9427277 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6046677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The host immune system plays an important role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection manifestation. Genetic polymorphisms of several inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-10, have been associated with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) progression, although with contradicting results. CHB progression can be categorized into four phases, immune tolerance (IT), immune clearance (IC), low/no replicative (LR), and e-negative hepatitis (ENH), with HBeAg seroconversion as an important milestone. Here, we determined the association of TNF-α (rs1800629) and IL-10 (rs1800896 and rs1800872) SNPs in the context of CHB natural history progression, particularly to HBeAg seroconversion, in Indonesian CHB patients. METHODS A total of 287 subjects were recruited and categorized into distinct CHB phases based on HBeAg, viral load, and ALT levels. TNF-α and IL-10 SNPs were determined using PCR-RFLP and confirmed with direct sequencing. The association between SNP genotypes with CHB dynamics was determined using logistic regression presented as odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. RESULTS No significant association was found between IL-10 -592A/C polymorphism and progression of IT and IC to LR, IT and IC to ENH, and LR to ENH phases in all the gene models. IL-10 rs1800896 and TNF-α rs1800629 could not be analyzed using logistic regression. Subjects' age (≥40 years old) was significantly associated with IT and IC to LR (OR: 2.191, 95% CI 1.067-4.578, P = 0.034), IT and IC to ENH (OR: 7.460, 95% CI 3.316-18.310, P < 0.001), and LR to ENH (OR: 5.252, 95% CI 2.010-14.858, P = 0.001). Male gender was associated with LR to ENH (OR: 4.077, 95% CI 1.605-11.023, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Age and male gender were associated with CHB phase progression instead of the TNF-α and IL-10 polymorphisms. It would be beneficial to study not only the effect of host determinants but also the viral factor to understand the mechanisms of CHB phase progression.
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Zhang J, Wang H, Yao L, Zhao P, Wu X. MiR-34a promotes fibrosis of hepatic stellate cells via the TGF-β pathway. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1520. [PMID: 34790726 PMCID: PMC8576652 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies have confirmed that MicroRNA (miRNA) is a key regulator exhibiting different effects in human liver fibrosis. However, the function of miR-34a in liver fibrosis has not been reported. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanism of miR-34a in liver fibrosis. Methods The expression of miR-34a was measured in fibrosis tissues via the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay. Subsequently, 30 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into control and treatment groups and used to establish animal models of liver fibrosis to explore the expression level of miR-34a. Moreover, Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK-8) and transwell assays were preformed to identify the regulatory mechanism of miR-34a in cells. The effect of miR-34a on the activity of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway was observed by western blot. Results Up-regulation of miR-34a was detected in fibrosis cells. Moreover, the cellular phenotype was suppressed by miR-34a down-regulation in a primary culture of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Besides, it was found that increased miR-34a could significantly promote the invasion and migration of HSCs. Moreover, miR-34a activates HSCs through transforming TGF-β, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which further affects liver fibrosis. Conclusions MiR-34a promotes the fibrosis of HSCs as well as cell proliferation, migration, and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Nutrition, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Healthcare Department, The Third Hospital of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Linlin Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Jiang Y, Xiang C, Zhong F, Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Wang J, Ding C, Jin L, He F, Wang H. Histone H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2 and demethylase JMJD3 regulate hepatic stellate cells activation and liver fibrosis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:361-378. [PMID: 33391480 PMCID: PMC7681085 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: As the central hallmark of liver fibrosis, transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the predominant contributor to fibrogenic hepatic myofibroblast responsible for extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, is characterized with transcriptional and epigenetic remodeling. We aimed to characterize the roles of H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2 and demethylase JMJD3 and identify their effective pathways and novel target genes in HSCs activation and liver fibrosis. Methods: In primary HSCs, we analyzed effects of pharmacological inhibitions and genetic manipulations of EZH2 and JMJD3 on HSCs activation. In HSCs cell lines, we evaluated effects of EZH2 inhibition by DZNep on proliferation, cell cycling, senescence and apoptosis. In CCl4 and BDL murine models of liver fibrosis, we assessed in vivo effects of DZNep administration and Ezh2 silencing. We profiled rat primary HSCs transcriptomes with RNA-seq, screened the pathways and genes associated with DZNep treatment, analyzed EZH2 and JMJD3 regulation towards target genes by ChIP-qPCR. Results: EZH2 inhibition by DZNep resulted in retarded growth, lowered cell viability, cell cycle arrest in S and G2 phases, strengthened senescence, and enhanced apoptosis of HSCs, decreased hepatic collagen deposition and rescued the elevated serum ALT and AST activities of diseased mice, and downregulated cellular and hepatic expressions of H3K27me3, EZH2, α-SMA and COL1A. Ezh2 silencing by RNA interference in vitro and in vivo showed similar effects. JMJD3 inhibition by GSK-J4 and overexpression of wild-type but not mutant Jmjd3 enhanced or repressed HSCs activation respectively. EZH2 inhibition by DZNep transcriptionally inactivated TGF-β1 pathway, cell cycle pathways and vast ECM components in primary HSCs. EZH2 inhibition decreased H3K27me3 recruitment at target genes encoding TGF-β1 pseudoreceptor BAMBI, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 and cell cycle regulators CDKN1A, GADD45A and GADD45B, and increased their expressions, while Jmjd3 overexpression manifested alike effects. Conclusions: EZH2 and JMJD3 antagonistically modulate HSCs activation. The therapeutic effects of DZNep as epigenetic drug in liver fibrosis are associated with the regulation of EZH2 towards direct target genes encoding TGF-β1 pseudoreceptor BAMBI, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 and cell cycle regulators CDKN1A, GADD45A and GADD45B, which are also regulated by JMJD3. Our present study provides new mechanistic insight into the epigenetic modulation of EZH2 and JMJD3 in HSCs biology and hepatic fibrogenesis.
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Rybicka M, Woziwodzka A, Sznarkowska A, Romanowski T, Stalke P, Dręczewski M, Verrier ER, Baumert TF, Bielawski KP. Genetic variation in IL-10 influences the progression of hepatitis B infection. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 96:260-265. [PMID: 32387446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The outcomes of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection vary substantially among affected individuals, providing evidence of the role of host genetic background in the susceptibility to HBV persistence and the dynamics of liver injury progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the interleukin 10 gene (IL10) were genotyped by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in 857 patients with chronic HBV infection (CHB), 48 patients with resolved HBV infection, and 100 healthy volunteers. Associations of the selected polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic HBV infection, liver injury progression, and outcomes were investigated. RESULTS IL10 -819T (rs1800871), -592A (rs1800872), and +504T (rs3024490) alleles were associated with treatment-induced hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance. Additionally, IL10 ATAC haplotype increased the chance of HBsAg loss and was significantly more frequent in patients with less liver injury. Moreover rs1800871TT, rs1518110TT, rs1800872AA, and rs3024490TT genotypes were identified as predictors of a lower FIB-4 score (<0.5). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that polymorphisms within the promoter region and intronic sequences of IL10 are associated with chronicity of hepatitis B and with HBV-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Rybicka
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Anna Woziwodzka
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Sznarkowska
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland; International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, ul. Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Romanowski
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stalke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Marcin Dręczewski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, ul. Powstania Styczniowego 9b, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Eloi R Verrier
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques UMR_S1110, F-67000 Strasbourg, France; Pôle Hépato-Digestif, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Krzysztof Piotr Bielawski
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
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Zhang Y, Wang S, Wang C, Xiao J, Zhang S, Zhou H. High expression of FAM13A was associated with increasing the liver cirrhosis risk. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e543. [PMID: 30604588 PMCID: PMC6418360 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Liver cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease, and it may be caused by multiple influences of both genetic and environmental factors. Family with sequence similarity 13 member A (FAM13A) has been previously associated with lung function in several lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, lung cancer, and pulmonary fibrosis. The aim of this study was to explore whether FAM13A polymorphisms confer susceptibility to liver cirrhosis. Methods FAM13A expression was evaluated in liver cirrhosis tissues by immunohistochemistry staining. The relationship between FAM13A gene polymorphism and liver cirrhosis was determined by association analysis. The genotypes were assessed in the Agena MassARRAY platform. Statistical analysis was performed using chi‐squared test/Fisher's exact test, genetic model analysis, and haplotype analysis. Results The results showed that the expression of FAM13A is obvious higher in the liver cirrhosis tissue cells than in the normal liver tissue cells. Moreover, association analysis results indicated that the minor allele “A” of rs3017895 was positively associated with high risk of liver cirrhosis in the allele model by the chi‐squared test (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.03–1.68, p = 0.028). Logistic regression analyses revealed that the risk of liver cirrhosis was significantly higher in subjects with the G/A‐G/G genotype of rs3017895 than those with A/A genotype under the dominant model and log additive model, and the T/A‐A/A genotype of rs1059122 was positively associated with higher liver cirrhosis than T/T genotype based on dominant model respectively. In addition, haplotype analysis showed that the G‐A haplotype of rs3017895‐rs1059122 of the FAM13A gene significantly increased the risk of liver cirrhosis. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that the high expression of FAM13A may be associated with an increased risk of liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingai Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China.,Central Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Shunlan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Chan Wang
- Central Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Jingchuan Xiao
- Central Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine Affiliated Haikou Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Hailong Zhou
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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10
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Guo P, Sun X, Feng X, Zhang C. Transforming growth factor-β1 gene polymorphisms with liver cirrhosis risk: A meta-analysis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 58:164-170. [PMID: 29275189 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although several epidemiological studies have investigated the association of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-ß1) gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility to liver cirrhosis (LC), controversial results exist. Consequently, we performed a meta-analysis to accurately evaluate the relationship of TGF-ß1-509C/T and codon 10T/C polymorphisms with the risk of LC introduced by chronic hepatitis B/V virus (HBV/HCV) infection. A total of 9 case-control studies, involving 985 LC patients and 909 controls, were recruited for meta-analysis. The results suggested a significant association between the -509C/T polymorphism and LC risk in the total population. Stratification by ethnicity revealed similar associations in Egyptian and Caucasian populations, but not in Asian populations. Subgroup analyses by different etiologies also showed similar associations in HCV-induced LC, but not in HBV-induced LC. However, the overall data failed to show a significant association between codon 10T/C polymorphism and the risk of LC in the study. We concluded that TGF-ß1-509C/T polymorphism was significantly associated with LC susceptibility, while the codon 10T/C polymorphism seemed to have a limited role in predicting the occurrence of LC induced by HBV/HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Guo
- College of Computational Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiangru Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Panyu Hexian Memorial Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiufang Feng
- College of mathematics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaolong Zhang
- College of Computational Science, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Hu J, Li P, Song Y, Ge YX, Meng XM, Huang C, Li J, Xu T. Progress and prospects of circular RNAs in Hepatocellular carcinoma: Novel insights into their function. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4408-4422. [PMID: 28833094 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most predominant subjects of liver malignancies, which arouses global concern in the recent years. Advanced studies have found that Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are differentially expressed in HCC, with its regulatory capacity in HCC pathogenesis and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. In this review, we summarized the functions and mechanisms of those aberrantly expressed circRNAs in HCC tissues. We hope to enlighten more comprehensive studies on the detailed mechanisms of circRNAs and explore their potential values in clinic applications. It revealed that hsa_circ_0004018 can be used as a potential biomarker in HCC diagnosis, with its superior sensitivity to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Notably, the correlation of circRNA abundance in the proliferation of liver regeneration (LR) has recently been clarified and different circRNA profiles served as candidates for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) diagnosis also be discussed. Therefore, the improved understanding of circRNAs in HCC pathogenesis and metastasis proposed a novel basis for the early diagnosis in HCC patients, which provides a useful resource to explore the pathogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Medical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Pain treatment, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yun-Xuan Ge
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Key Laboratory of Bioactivity of Natural Products, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute for Liver Diseases of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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12
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Obada M, El-Fert A, Hashim MS, Obada M, Ehsan N, Alhadad O, El-Said H. Impact of genetic polymorphisms of four cytokine genes on treatment induced viral clearance in HCV infected Egyptian patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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13
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Silva PCV, Silva AVD, Silva TN, Vasconcelos LMD, Gomes AV, Coêlho MRCD, Muniz MTC, Domingues ALC. There is no evident correlation between interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms and periportal fibrosis regression after specific treatment. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2016; 49:781-785. [PMID: 28001230 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0141-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the associations between interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene polymorphisms -G1082A/-C819T/-C592A and periportal fibrosis regression after specific treatment for schistosomiasis. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study involved 125 Brazilian patients infected with Schistosomiasis mansoni, who were followed up for 2 years after specific treatment to estimate the probability of periportal fibrosis regression. RESULTS: There was no evidence of associations between IL-10 polymorphisms and periportal fibrosis regression after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: There was no evidence of associations between gene promoter polymorphisms of IL-10 and the regression of periportal fibrosis in this Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline Vieira da Silva
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Taysa Nascimento Silva
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Vieira Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho
- Setor de Virologia do Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo-Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Cartaxo Muniz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Oncohematologia Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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14
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El-Karaksy HM, Sharaf SA, Mandour IA, Mogahed EA, Rady NH, El- Mougy FA. Effect of interleukin-10 gene promoter polymorphisms -1082 G/A and -592 C/A on response to therapy in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:1248-1253. [PMID: 27660094 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Burza MA, Motta BM, Mancina RM, Pingitore P, Pirazzi C, Lepore SM, Spagnuolo R, Doldo P, Russo C, Lazzaro V, Fischer J, Berg T, Aghemo A, Cheroni C, De Francesco R, Fargion S, Colombo M, Datz C, Stickel F, Valenti L, Romeo S. DEPDC5 variants increase fibrosis progression in Europeans with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2016; 63:418-27. [PMID: 26517016 PMCID: PMC4737289 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, two genetic variants, DEPDC5 rs1012068 and MICA rs2596542, were associated with the onset of HCC in Asian subjects with chronic HCV infection. The aim of the present study was to analyze whether DEPDC5 and MICA genetic variants were associated with liver disease progression in European subjects with chronic HCV infection. In a Northern Italian discovery cohort (n = 477), neither DEPDC5 rs1012068 nor MICA rs2596542 were associated with HCC (n = 150). However, DEPDC5 rs1012068 was independently associated with cirrhosis (n = 300; P = 0.049). The association of rs1012068 with moderate to severe fibrosis was confirmed in an independent cross-sectional German cohort (n = 415; P = 0.006). Furthermore, DEPDC5 rs1012068 predicted faster fibrosis progression in a prospective cohort (n = 247; P = 0.027). Next, we examined the distribution of nonsynonymous DEPDC5 variants in the overall cross-sectional cohort (n = 912). The presence of at least one variant increased the risk of moderate/severe fibrosis by 54% (P = 0.040). To understand the molecular mechanism underlying the genetic association of DEPDC5 variants with fibrosis progression, we performed in vitro studies on immortalized hepatic stellate cells (LX-2). In these cells, down-regulation of DEPDC5 resulted in increased expression of β-catenin and production of its target matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2), a secreted enzyme involved in fibrosis progression. CONCLUSION DEPDC5 variants increase fibrosis progression in European subjects with chronic HCV infection. Our findings suggest that DEPDC5 down-regulation may contribute to HCV-related fibrosis by increasing MMP2 synthesis through the β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonella Burza
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Benedetta Maria Motta
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | | | - Piero Pingitore
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Carlo Pirazzi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Saverio Massimo Lepore
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly
| | - Rocco Spagnuolo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly
| | - Patrizia Doldo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical MedicineMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly
| | - Cristina Russo
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly
| | - Veronica Lazzaro
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly
| | - Janett Fischer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of HepatologyUniversity HospitalLeipzigGermany
| | - Thomas Berg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Section of HepatologyUniversity HospitalLeipzigGermany
| | - Alessio Aghemo
- Department of GastroenterologyFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Policlinico MilanoMilanItaly
| | - Cristina Cheroni
- Virology ProgramINGM‐Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- Virology ProgramINGM‐Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi”MilanItaly
| | - Silvia Fargion
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationMilanItaly
| | - Massimo Colombo
- Department of GastroenterologyFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Policlinico MilanoMilanItaly,Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationMilanItaly
| | - Christian Datz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital OberndorfTeaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Private University of SalzburgOberndorfAustria
| | - Felix Stickel
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity Hospital of Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, CH‐8091ZürichSwitzerland
| | - Luca Valenti
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Policlinico Milano, Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationMilanItaly
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical SciencesMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly,Department of CardiologySahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
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16
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Novo-Veleiro I, Alvela-Suárez L, Chamorro AJ, González-Sarmiento R, Laso FJ, Marcos M. Alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2016. [PMID: 26819510 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have a synergic hepatotoxic effect, and the coexistence of these factors increases the risk of advanced liver disease. The main mechanisms of this effect are increased viral replication and altered immune response, although genetic predisposition may also play an important role. Traditionally, HCV prevalence has been considered to be higher (up to 50%) in alcoholic patients than in the general population. However, the presence of advanced alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or intravenous drug use (IDU) may have confounded the results of previous studies, and the real prevalence of HCV infection in alcoholic patients without ALD or prior IDU has been shown to be lower. Due to the toxic combined effect of HCV and alcohol, patients with HCV infection should be screened for excessive ethanol intake. Patients starting treatment for HCV infection should be specifically advised to stop or reduce alcohol consumption because of its potential impact on treatment efficacy and adherence and may benefit from additional support during antiviral therapy. This recommendation might be extended to all currently recommended drugs for HCV treatment. Patients with alcohol dependence and HCV infection, can be treated with acamprosate, nalmefene, topiramate, and disulfiram, although baclofen is the only drug specifically tested for this purpose in patients with ALD and/or HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Novo-Veleiro
- Ignacio Novo-Veleiro, Lucía Alvela-Suárez, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Lucía Alvela-Suárez
- Ignacio Novo-Veleiro, Lucía Alvela-Suárez, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio-Javier Chamorro
- Ignacio Novo-Veleiro, Lucía Alvela-Suárez, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Ignacio Novo-Veleiro, Lucía Alvela-Suárez, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francisco-Javier Laso
- Ignacio Novo-Veleiro, Lucía Alvela-Suárez, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Ignacio Novo-Veleiro, Lucía Alvela-Suárez, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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17
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Novo-Veleiro I, Alvela-Suárez L, Chamorro AJ, González-Sarmiento R, Laso FJ, Marcos M. Alcoholic liver disease and hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1411-1420. [PMID: 26819510 PMCID: PMC4721976 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have a synergic hepatotoxic effect, and the coexistence of these factors increases the risk of advanced liver disease. The main mechanisms of this effect are increased viral replication and altered immune response, although genetic predisposition may also play an important role. Traditionally, HCV prevalence has been considered to be higher (up to 50%) in alcoholic patients than in the general population. However, the presence of advanced alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or intravenous drug use (IDU) may have confounded the results of previous studies, and the real prevalence of HCV infection in alcoholic patients without ALD or prior IDU has been shown to be lower. Due to the toxic combined effect of HCV and alcohol, patients with HCV infection should be screened for excessive ethanol intake. Patients starting treatment for HCV infection should be specifically advised to stop or reduce alcohol consumption because of its potential impact on treatment efficacy and adherence and may benefit from additional support during antiviral therapy. This recommendation might be extended to all currently recommended drugs for HCV treatment. Patients with alcohol dependence and HCV infection, can be treated with acamprosate, nalmefene, topiramate, and disulfiram, although baclofen is the only drug specifically tested for this purpose in patients with ALD and/or HCV infection.
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