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Khan MA, Afshan K, Firasat S, Abbas M, Sargison ND, Betson M, Chaudhry U. Validation of deep amplicon sequencing of Dicrocoelium in small ruminants from Northern regions of Pakistan. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302455. [PMID: 38683822 PMCID: PMC11057770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Dicrocoelium lancet flukes cause significant production loss in ruminant livestock. Although co-infection with multiple Dicrocoelium species within a host is common, techniques for studying the composition of these complex parasite communities are lacking. The pathogenicity, epidemiology, and therapeutic susceptibility of different helminth species vary, and little is known about the interactions that take place between co-infecting species and their hosts. Here, we describe the first applicationof metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing method to studythe Dicrocoelium species in sheep and goats. First, rDNA ITS-2 sequences of four Dicrocoelium species (Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Dicrocoelium hospes, Dicrocoelium orientalis, and Dicrocoelium chinensis) were extracted from the NCBI public database. Phylogenetic analysis revealed separate clades of Dicrocoelium species; hence, molecular differentiation between each species is possible in co-infections. Second, 202 flukes belonging to seventeen host populations (morphologically verified as belonging to the Dicrocoelium genus) were evaluated to determine the deep amplicon sequencing read threshold of an individual fluke for each of the four species. The accuracy of the method in proportional quantification of samples collected from single hosts was further assessed. Overall, 198 (98.01%) flukes were confirmed as D. dendriticum and 1.98% produced no reads. The comparison of genetic distances between rDNA ITS-2 revealed 86% to 98% identity between the Dicrocoelium species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a distinct clustering of species, apart from D. orientalis and D. chinensis, which sit very close to each other in a single large clade whereas D. hospes and D. dendriticum are separated into their own clade. In conclusion each sample was identified as D. dendriticum based on the proportion of MiSeq reads and validated the presence of this group of parasites in the Gilgit Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces of Pakistan. The metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing technology and bioinformatics pathway have several potential applications, including species interactions during co-infections, identifying the host and geographical distribution of Dicrocoelium in livestock, drug therapy response evaluation and understanding of the emergence and spread of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim Khan
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Afshan
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sabika Firasat
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil D. Sargison
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Betson
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Umer Chaudhry
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George’s University True Blue, St. George’s Grenada, Caribbean
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2
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Huggins LG, Colella V, Young ND, Traub RJ. Metabarcoding using nanopore long-read sequencing for the unbiased characterization of apicomplexan haemoparasites. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13878. [PMID: 37837372 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Apicomplexan haemoparasites generate significant morbidity and mortality in humans and other animals, particularly in many low-to-middle income countries. Malaria caused by Plasmodium remains responsible for some of the highest numbers of annual deaths of any human pathogen, whilst piroplasmids, such as Babesia and Theileria can have immense negative economic effects through livestock loss. Diagnosing haemoparasites via traditional methods like microscopy is challenging due to low-level and transient parasitaemia. PCR-based diagnostics overcome these limitations by being both highly sensitive and specific, but they may be unable to accurately detect coinfections or identify novel species. In contrast, next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based methods can characterize all pathogens from a group of interest concurrently, although, the short-read platforms previously used have been limited in the taxonomic resolution achievable. Here, we used Oxford Nanopore Technologies' (ONT) long-read MinION™ sequencer to conduct apicomplexan haemoparasite metabarcoding via sequencing the near full-length 18S ribosomal RNA gene, demonstrating its ability to detect Babesia, Hepatozoon, Neospora, Plasmodium, Theileria and Toxoplasma species. This method was tested on blood-extracted DNA from 100 dogs and the results benchmarked against qPCR and Illumina-based metabarcoding. For two common haemoparasites, nanopore sequencing performed as well as qPCR (kappa agreement statistics > 0.98), whilst also detecting one pathogen, Hepatozoon felis, missed by the other techniques. The long-reads obtained by nanopore sequencing provide an improved species-level taxonomic resolution whilst the method's broad applicability mean it can be used to explore apicomplexan communities from diverse mammalian hosts, on a portable sequencer that easily permits adaptation to field use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas G Huggins
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vito Colella
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Neil D Young
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Wei H, Li J, Liu Y, Cheng W, Huang H, Liang X, Huang W, Lin L, Zheng Y, Chen W, Wang C, Chen W, Xu G, Wei W, Chen L, Zeng Y, Lu Z, Li S, Lin Z, Wang J, Lin M. Rapid and Ultrasensitive Detection of Plasmodium spp. Parasites via the RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a Platform. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1534-1545. [PMID: 37493514 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smears stained with Giemsa dye is considered the primary diagnostic tool for the confirmation and management of suspected clinical malaria. However, detecting gametocytes is relatively insensitive, particularly in asymptomatic individuals with low-density Plasmodium infections. To complement existing diagnostic methods, a rapid and ultrasensitive point-of-care testing (POCT) platform for malaria detection is urgently needed and necessary. A platform based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) followed by CRISPR/Cas12a (referred to as RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a) was developed and optimized for the determination of Plasmodium spp. parasites, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, using a fluorescence-based assay (FBDA), lateral flow test strips (LFTS), or naked eye observation (NEO). Then, the established platform was assessed with clinical malaria isolates. Under optimal conditions, the detection threshold was 1 copy/μL for the plasmid, and the limit of detection was 3.11-7.27 parasites/μL for dried blood spots. There was no cross-reactivity against blood-borne pathogens. For the accuracies of RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a, Plasmodium spp. and P. falciparum testing were 98.68 and 94.74%, respectively. The method was consistent with nested PCR results and superior to the qPCR results. RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a is a rapid, ultrasensitive, and reliable platform for malaria diagnosis. The platform requires no or minimal instrumentation for nucleic acid amplification reactions and can be read with the naked eye. Compared with similar diagnostic methods, this platform improves the reaction speed while reducing detection requirements. Therefore, this platform has the potential to become a true POCT for malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huagui Wei
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqun Liu
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiying Huang
- Medical Laboratory of Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Liang
- Laboratory Medical Center, Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital, Huizhou 516008, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyun Lin
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhong Zheng
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhong Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Chaozhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Chaozhou 521011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Chen
- Guangxi Medical and Health Key Discipline Construction Project of the Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guidan Xu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wujun Wei
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Chen
- Industrial College of Biomedicine and Health Industry, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Chaozhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Chaozhou 521011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zefang Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Chaozhou People's Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Chaozhou 521011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Li
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongyun Lin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
- Reproductive Medicine, Guangxi Medical and Health Key Discipline Construction Project, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Lin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise 533000, People's Republic of China
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Ashraf S, Khalid A, de Vos AL, Feng Y, Rohrbach P, Hasan T. Malaria Detection Accelerated: Combing a High-Throughput NanoZoomer Platform with a ParasiteMacro Algorithm. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101182. [PMID: 36297240 PMCID: PMC9606851 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of malaria, a mosquito-borne parasitic disease that hijacks human red blood cells, is a global priority. Microscopy remains the gold standard hallmark for diagnosis and estimation of parasitemia for malaria, to date. However, this approach is time-consuming and requires much expertise especially in malaria-endemic countries or in areas with low-density malaria infection. Thus, there is a need for accurate malaria diagnosis/parasitemia estimation with standardized, fast, and more reliable methods. To this end, we performed a proof-of-concept study using the automated imaging (NanoZoomer) platform to detect the malarial parasite in infected blood. The approach can be used as a steppingstone for malaria diagnosis and parasitemia estimation. Additionally, we created an algorithm (ParasiteMacro) compatible with free online imaging software (ImageJ) that can be used with low magnification objectives (e.g., 5×, 10×, and 20×) both in the NanoZoomer and routine microscope. The novel approach to estimate malarial parasitemia based on modern technologies compared to manual light microscopy demonstrated 100% sensitivity, 87% specificity, a 100% negative predictive value (NPV) and a 93% positive predictive value (PPV). The manual and automated malaria counts showed a good Pearson correlation for low- (R2 = 0.9377, r = 0.9683 and p < 0.0001) as well as high- parasitemia (R2 = 0.8170, r = 0.9044 and p < 0.0001) with low estimation errors. Our robust strategy that identifies and quantifies malaria can play a pivotal role in disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Areeba Khalid
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Mathematics Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, OR 02155, USA
| | - Arend L. de Vos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yanfang Feng
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Correspondence:
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A novel metabarcoded deep amplicon sequencing tool for disease surveillance and determining the species composition of Trypanosoma in cattle and other farm animals. Acta Trop 2022; 230:106416. [PMID: 35317999 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have developed strategies to control trypanosomiasis in humans and livestock in endemic areas. These require a better understanding of the distribution of different Trypanosoma species and improved predictions of where they might appear in the future, based on accurate diagnosis and robust surveillance systems. Here, we describe a metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing method to identify and determine the Trypanosoma species in co-infecting communities. First, four morphological verified Trypanosoma species (T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax and T. theileri) were used to prepare test DNA pools derived from different numbers of parasites to evaluate the method's detection threshold for each of the four species and to assess the accuracy of their proportional quantification. Having demonstrated the accurate determination of species composition in Trypanosoma communities, the method was applied to determine its detection threshold using blood samples collected from cattle with confirmed Trypanosoma infections based on a PCR assay. Each sample showed a different Trypanosoma species composition based on the proportion of MiSeq reads. Finally, we applied the assay to field samples to develop new insight into the species composition of Trypanosoma communities in cattle, camels, buffalo, horses, sheep, and goat in endemically infected regions of Pakistan. We confirmed that Trypanosoma evansi is the major species in Pakistan and for the first time showed the presence of Trypanosoma theileri. The metabarcoding deep amplicon sequencing method and bioinformatics pathway have several potential applications in animal and human research, including evaluation of drug treatment responses, understanding of the emergence and spread of drug resistance, and description of species interactions during co-infections and determination of host and geographic distribution of trypanosomiasis in humans and livestock.
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6
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Current methods for the detection of Plasmodium parasite species infecting humans. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100086. [PMID: 35434694 PMCID: PMC9006665 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2022.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the world’s fatal parasitic disease. The ability to quickly and accurately identify malaria infection in challenging environments is crucial to allow efficient administration of the best treatment regime for human patients. If those techniques are accessible and efficient, global detection of Plasmodium species will become more sensitive, allowing faster and more precise action to be taken for disease control strategies. Recent advances in technology have enhanced our ability to diagnose different species of Plasmodium parasites with greater sensitivity and specificity. This literature review provides a summary and discussion of the current methods for the diagnosis and identification of Plasmodium spp. in human blood samples. So far not a single method is precise, but advanced technologies give consistent identification of a Plasmodium infection in endemic regions. By using the power of the recent methods, we can provide a broader understanding of the multiplicity of infection and or transmission dynamics of Plasmodium spp. This will result in improved disease control strategies, better-informed policy, and effective treatment for malaria-positive patients. Summary of the methods currently available for the detection of Plasmodium spp. infecting humans. No single method is perfect for every application to identify Plasmodium spp. Newly developed methods give promise for more reliable characterisation of Plasmodium spp.
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Gimenez AM, Marques RF, Regiart M, Bargieri DY. Diagnostic Methods for Non-Falciparum Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:681063. [PMID: 34222049 PMCID: PMC8248680 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.681063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a serious public health problem that affects mostly the poorest countries in the world, killing more than 400,000 people per year, mainly children under 5 years old. Among the control and prevention strategies, the differential diagnosis of the Plasmodium-infecting species is an important factor for selecting a treatment and, consequently, for preventing the spread of the disease. One of the main difficulties for the detection of a specific Plasmodium sp is that most of the existing methods for malaria diagnosis focus on detecting P. falciparum. Thus, in many cases, the diagnostic methods neglect the other non-falciparum species and underestimate their prevalence and severity. Traditional methods for diagnosing malaria may present low specificity or sensitivity to non-falciparum spp. Therefore, there is high demand for new alternative methods able to differentiate Plasmodium species in a faster, cheaper and easier manner to execute. This review details the classical procedures and new perspectives of diagnostic methods for malaria non-falciparum differential detection and the possibilities of their application in different circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Marina Gimenez
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo F. Marques
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matías Regiart
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Youssef Bargieri
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Shaukat A, Ali Q, Raud L, Wahab A, Khan TA, Rashid I, Rashid M, Hussain M, Saleem MA, Sargison ND, Chaudhry U. Phylogenetic analysis suggests single and multiple origins of dihydrofolate reductase mutations in Plasmodium vivax. Acta Trop 2021; 215:105821. [PMID: 33406444 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pyrimethamine was first introduced for the treatment of malaria in Asia and Africa during the early 1980s, replacing chloroquine, and has become the first line of drugs in many countries. In recent years, development of pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium vivax has become a barrier to effective malaria control strategies. Here, we describe the use of meta-barcoded deep amplicon sequencing technology to assess the evolutionary origin of pyrimethamine resistance by analysing the flanking region of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) locus. The genetic modelling suggests that 58R and 173L single mutants and 58R/117N double mutants are present on a single lineage; suggesting a single origin of these mutations. The triple mutants (57L/58R/117N, 58R/61M/117N and 58R/117N/173L) share the lineage of 58R/117N, suggesting a common origin. In contrast, the 117N mutant is present on two separate lineages suggesting that there are multiple origins of this mutation. We characterised the allele frequency of the P. vivax dhfr locus. Our results support the view that the single mutation of 117N and double mutations of 58R/117N arise commonly, whereas the single mutation of 173L and triple mutations of 57L/58R/117N, 58R/61M/117N and 58R/117N/173L are less common. Our work will help to inform mitigation strategies for pyrimethamine resistance in P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qasim Ali
- Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Abdul Wahab
- Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan
| | - Taj Ali Khan
- Kohat University of Science and Technology, Pakistan
| | - Imran Rashid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Umer Chaudhry
- University of Edinburgh, UK; University of Surrey, United Kingdom.
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9
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Egan SL, Taylor CL, Austen JM, Banks PB, Northover AS, Ahlstrom LA, Ryan UM, Irwin PJ, Oskam CL. Haemoprotozoan surveillance in peri-urban native and introduced wildlife from Australia. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 1:100052. [PMID: 35284862 PMCID: PMC8906138 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siobhon L. Egan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Casey L. Taylor
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Jill M. Austen
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Peter B. Banks
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Camperdown, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Amy S. Northover
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Liisa A. Ahlstrom
- Elanco Animal Health, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - Una M. Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Peter J. Irwin
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Charlotte L. Oskam
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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10
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Chaudhry U, Ali Q, Zheng L, Rashid I, Shabbir MZ, Numan M, Ashraf K, Evans M, Rafiq S, Oneeb M, Morrison LJ, Ivan Morrison W, Sargison ND. Contrasting population genetics of co-endemic cattle- and buffalo- derived Theileria annulata. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101595. [PMID: 33113478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A study was designed to improve understanding of the genetics of Theileria annulata populations in sympatric cattle and Asian buffalo (Bubalus bubalus). The study was undertaken in the Punjab province of Pakistan, where the prevalence of tropical theileriosis is high. Parasite materials were collected from infected animals in defined regions, where cattle and Asian buffalo are kept together. Six satellite DNA markers and a mitochondrial cytochrome b marker were used to explore the multiplicity of T. annulata infection and patterns of emergence and spread of different parasite genotypes. The results show differences in the numbers of unique satellite locus alleles, suggesting that T. annulata is genetically more diverse in cattle- than in buffalo-derived populations. Heterozygosity (He) indices based on satellite and cytochrome b loci data show high levels of genetic diversity among the cattle- and buffalo-derived T. annulata populations. When considered in the context of high parasite transmission rates and frequent animal movements between different regions, the predominance of multiple T. annulata genotypes and multiple introductions of infection may have practical implications for the spread of parasite genetic adaptations; such as those conferring vaccine cross-protection against different strains affecting cattle and Asian buffalo, or resistance to antiprotozoal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Chaudhry
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, UK.
| | - Qasim Ali
- Department of Parasitology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Lynn Zheng
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Imran Rashid
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Numan
- Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Livestock and Dairy Department, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Kamran Ashraf
- Department of Parasitology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mike Evans
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shahzad Rafiq
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Oneeb
- Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil D Sargison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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11
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Lopes SP, Yepes LM, Pérez-Castillo Y, Robledo SM, de Sousa DP. Alkyl and Aryl Derivatives Based on p-Coumaric Acid Modification and Inhibitory Action against Leishmania braziliensis and Plasmodium falciparum. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143178. [PMID: 32664596 PMCID: PMC7397144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In low-income populations, neglected diseases are the principal cause of mortality. Of these, leishmaniasis and malaria, being parasitic, protozoan infections, affect millions of people worldwide and are creating a public health problem. The present work evaluates the leishmanicidal and antiplasmodial action of a series of twelve p-coumaric acid derivatives. Of the tested derivatives, eight presented antiparasitic activities 1–3, 8–12. The hexyl p-coumarate derivative (9) (4.14 ± 0.55 μg/mL; selectivity index (SI) = 2.72) showed the highest leishmanicidal potency against the Leishmania braziliensis amastigote form. The results of the molecular docking study suggest that this compound inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), mitogen-activated kinase protein (MPK4), and DNA topoisomerase 2 (TOP2), all of which are key enzymes in the development of Leishmania braziliensis. The data indicate that these enzymes interact via Van der Waals bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds with phenolic and aliphatic parts of this same compound. Of the other compounds analyzed, methyl p-coumarate (64.59 ± 2.89 μg/mL; IS = 0.1) demonstrated bioactivity against Plasmodium falciparum. The study reveals that esters presenting a p-coumarate substructure are promising for use in synthesis of derivatives with good antiparasitic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susiany P. Lopes
- PostGraduation Program in Technological Development and Innovation in Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa CEP 58051-970, Brazil;
| | - Lina M. Yepes
- PECET-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín Calle 70 # 52-21, Colombia; (L.M.Y.); (S.M.R.)
| | | | - Sara M. Robledo
- PECET-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín Calle 70 # 52-21, Colombia; (L.M.Y.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Damião P. de Sousa
- PostGraduation Program in Technological Development and Innovation in Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa CEP 58051-970, Brazil;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa CEP 58051-970, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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