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Acuña-Castillo C, Vidal M, Vallejos-Vidal E, Luraschi R, Barrera-Avalos C, Inostroza-Molina A, Molina-Cabrera S, Valdes D, Schafer C, Maisey K, Imarai M, Vera R, Vargas S, Rojo LE, Leiva-Salcedo E, Escobar A, Reyes-Cerpa S, Gaete A, Palma-Vejares R, Travisany D, Torres C, Reyes-López FE, Sandino AM. A retrospective study suggests 55 days of persistence of SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the pandemic in Santiago de Chile. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24419. [PMID: 38601544 PMCID: PMC11004068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As the COVID-19 pandemic persists, infections continue to surge globally. Presently, the most effective strategies to curb the disease and prevent outbreaks involve fostering immunity, promptly identifying positive cases, and ensuring their timely isolation. Notably, there are instances where the SARS-CoV-2 virus remains infectious even after patients have completed their quarantine. Objective Understanding viral persistence post-quarantine is crucial as it could account for localized infection outbreaks. Therefore, studying and documenting such instances is vital for shaping future public health policies. Design This study delves into a unique case of SARS-CoV-2 persistence in a 60-year-old female healthcare worker with a medical history of hypertension and hypothyroidism. The research spans 55 days, marking the duration between her initial and subsequent diagnosis during Chile's first COVID-19 wave, with the analysis conducted using RT-qPCR. Results Genomic sequencing-based phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 detected in both Nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPSs) was consistent with the 20B clade of the Nextstrain classification, even after a 55-day interval. Conclusion This research underscores the need for heightened vigilance concerning cases of viral persistence. Such instances, albeit rare, might be pivotal in understanding sporadic infection outbreaks that occur post-quarantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Acuña-Castillo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mabel Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eva Vallejos-Vidal
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología CEDENNA, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad De Las Américas, La Florida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Luraschi
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Valdes
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Schafer
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Kevin Maisey
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Vera
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio Vargas
- Hospital de Urgencia Asistencia Pública (HUAP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonel E. Rojo
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alejandro Escobar
- Laboratorio Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Reyes-Cerpa
- Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Gaete
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de Los Alimentos, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Palma-Vejares
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dante Travisany
- Fondap Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Modelamiento Matemático UMI-CNRS 2807, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Inria Chile Research Center, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Torres
- Department of Neurobiology Drexel University, Philadelphia, United States
| | | | - Ana María Sandino
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Bhattacharjee MJ, Bhattacharya A, Kashyap B, Taw MJ, Li WH, Mukherjee AK, Khan MR. Genome analysis of SARS-CoV-2 isolates from a population reveals the rapid selective sweep of a haplotype carrying many pre-existing and new mutations. Virol J 2023; 20:201. [PMID: 37658381 PMCID: PMC10474745 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanism underlying the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in a population, we sequenced 92 viral genomes from Assam, India. Analysis of these and database sequences revealed a complete selective sweep of a haplotype in Assam carrying 13 pre-existing variants, including a high leap in frequency of a variant on ORF8, which is involved in immune evasion. A comparative study between sequences of same lineage and similar time frames in and outside Assam showed that 10 of the 13 pre-existing variants had a frequency ranging from 96 to 99%, and the remaining 3 had a low frequency outside Assam. Using a phylogenetic approach to infer sequential occurrences of variants we found that the variant Phe120del on ORF8, which had a low frequency (1.75%) outside Assam, is at the base of the phylogenetic tree of variants and became totally fixed (100%) in Assam population. Based on this observation, we inferred that the variant on ORF8 had a selective advantage, so it carried the haplotype to reach the100% frequency. The haplotype also carried 32 pre-existing variants at a frequency from 1.00 to 80.00% outside Assam. Those of these variants that are more closely linked to the S-protein locus, which often carries advantageous mutations and is tightly linked to the ORF8 locus, retained higher frequencies, while the less tightly linked variants showed lower frequencies, likely due to recombination among co- circulating variants in Assam. The ratios of non-synonymous substitutions to synonymous substitutions suggested that some genes such as those coding for the S-protein and non-structural proteins underwent positive selection while others were subject to purifying selection during their evolution in Assam. Furthermore, we observed negative correlation of the Ct value of qRT-PCR of the patients with abundant ORF6 transcripts, suggesting that ORF6 can be used as a marker for estimating viral titer. In conclusion, our in-depth analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in a regional population reveals the mechanism and dynamics of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maloyjo Joyraj Bhattacharjee
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Anupam Bhattacharya
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Bhaswati Kashyap
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India
| | - Manash Jyoti Taw
- Department of Microbiology, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, 781032, India
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 11529, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India.
| | - Mojibur Rohman Khan
- Division of Life Science, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, Assam, 781035, India.
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Puenpa J, Rattanakomol P, Saengdao N, Chansaenroj J, Yorsaeng R, Suwannakarn K, Thanasitthichai S, Vongpunsawad S, Poovorawan Y. Molecular characterisation and tracking of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Thailand, 2020-2022. Arch Virol 2023; 168:26. [PMID: 36593392 PMCID: PMC9807426 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first detected in China in December 2019. To date, there have been approximately 3.4 million reported cases of COVID-19 and over 24,000 deaths in Thailand. In this study, we investigated the molecular characteristics and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in Thailand from 2020 to 2022. Two hundred sixty-eight SARS-CoV-2 isolates, collected mostly in Bangkok from COVID-19 patients, were characterised by partial genome sequencing. Moreover, the viruses in 5,627 positive SARS-CoV-2 samples were identified as viral variants - B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.1.529 (Omicron/BA.1), or B.1.1.529 (Omicron/BA.2) - by multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. The results revealed that B.1.36.16 caused the predominant outbreak in the second wave (December 2020-January 2021), B.1.1.7 (Alpha) in the third wave (April-June 2021), B.1.617.2 (Delta) in the fourth wave (July-December 2021), and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) in the fifth wave (January-March 2022). The evolutionary rate of the viral genome was 2.60 × 10-3 (95% highest posterior density [HPD], 1.72 × 10-3 to 3.62 × 10-3) nucleotide substitutions per site per year. Continued molecular surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for monitoring emerging variants with the potential to cause new COVID-19 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiratchaya Puenpa
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patthaya Rattanakomol
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nutsada Saengdao
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ,grid.416009.aDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jira Chansaenroj
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ritthideach Yorsaeng
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamol Suwannakarn
- grid.416009.aDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Thanasitthichai
- grid.415836.d0000 0004 0576 2573Institute of Medical Research and Technology Assessment, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- grid.7922.e0000 0001 0244 7875Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand ,grid.512985.2FRS(T), The Royal Society of Thailand, Sanam Sueapa, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand
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Factors Affecting Perceived Effectiveness of Government Response towards COVID-19 Vaccination in Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10081483. [PMID: 36011139 PMCID: PMC9407988 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10081483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused several developing countries to fall behind on vaccination at the onset of the pandemic, thus affecting the mobility of easing restrictions and lowering virus transmission. The current study integrated the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and extended the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to evaluate factors affecting the perceived effectiveness of government response towards COVID-19 vaccination in Occidental Mindoro. A total of 400 respondents from the municipalities of Occidental Mindoro answered the online questionnaires, which contained 61 questions. This study outlined the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicated that knowledge of COVID-19 vaccination had significant direct effects on its perceived severity. Subjective standards had significant adverse effects on willingness to follow. In addition, perceived behavioral control was discovered to impact willingness to follow positively. It also showed that perceived government response was significantly affected by adaptive behavior and actual behavior regarding the perceived government response. Meanwhile, it was found that the perceived government response had significant effects on perceived effectiveness. The current study is one of the first to study the factors that affect the perceived effectiveness of government response toward COVID- 19 vaccination.
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Chavda VP, Patel AB, Vaghasiya DD. SARS-CoV-2 variants and vulnerability at the global level. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2986-3005. [PMID: 35277864 PMCID: PMC9088647 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous variants of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic have evolved. Viral variants may evolve with harmful susceptibility to the immunity established with the existing COVID-19 vaccination. These variants are more transmissible, induce relatively extreme illness, have evasive immunological features, decrease neutralization using antibodies from vaccinated persons, and are more susceptible to re-infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has categorized SARS-CoV-2 mutations as variants of interest (VOI), variants of concern (VOC), and variants of high consequence (VOHC). At the moment, four VOC and many variants of interest have been defined and require constant observation. This review article summarizes various variants of SARS-CoV-2 surfaced with special emphasis on VOCs that are spreading across the world, as well as several viral mutational impacts and how these modifications alter the properties of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P. Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical TechnologyL.M. College of PharmacyAhmedabadGujaratIndia
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6
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Cedro-Tanda A, Gómez-Romero L, de Anda-Jauregui G, Garnica-López D, Alfaro-Mora Y, Sánchez-Xochipa S, García-García EF, Mendoza-Vargas A, Frías-Jiménez EJ, Moreno B, Campos-Romero A, Moreno-Camacho JL, Alcantar-Fernández J, Ortíz-Ramírez J, Benitez-González M, Trejo-González R, Aguirre-Chavarría D, Núñez-Martínez ME, Uribe-Figueroa L, Angulo O, Ruiz R, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Herrera LA. Early Genomic, Epidemiological, and Clinical Description of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico City. Viruses 2022; 14:545. [PMID: 35336952 PMCID: PMC8950183 DOI: 10.3390/v14030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Omicron is the most mutated SARS-CoV-2 variant-a factor that can affect transmissibility, disease severity, and immune evasiveness. Its genomic surveillance is important in cities with millions of inhabitants and an economic center, such as Mexico City. Results. From 16 November to 31 December 2021, we observed an increase of 88% in Omicron prevalence in Mexico City. We explored the R346K substitution, prevalent in 42% of Omicron variants, known to be associated with immune escape by monoclonal antibodies. In a phylogenetic analysis, we found several independent exchanges between Mexico and the world, and there was an event followed by local transmission that gave rise to most of the Omicron diversity in Mexico City. A haplotype analysis revealed that there was no association between haplotype and vaccination status. Among the 66% of patients who have been vaccinated, no reported comorbidities were associated with Omicron; the presence of odynophagia and the absence of dysgeusia were significant predictor symptoms for Omicron, and the RT-qPCR Ct values were lower for Omicron. Conclusions. Genomic surveillance is key to detecting the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in a timely manner, even weeks before the onset of an infection wave, and can inform public health decisions and detect the spread of any mutation that may affect therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cedro-Tanda
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Laura Gómez-Romero
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Guillermo de Anda-Jauregui
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
- Researchers for Mexico (Previously Cátedras CONACYT para Jóvenes Investigadores), Av. de los Insurgentes Sur 1582, Crédito Constructor, Benito Juárez, Mexico City 03940, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Circuito Centro Cultural S/N, Cd. Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Dora Garnica-López
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Yair Alfaro-Mora
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Xochipa
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Eulices F. García-García
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Alfredo Mendoza-Vargas
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Emmanuel J. Frías-Jiménez
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Bernardo Moreno
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Abraham Campos-Romero
- Innovation and Research Department, Salud Digna, Culiacan 80000, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (J.A.-F.)
| | | | | | - Jesús Ortíz-Ramírez
- Hospital General Ajusco Medio, Secretaría de Salud de la Ciudad de México (SEDESA), Encinos 41, Miguel Hidalgo 4ta Secc, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14250, Mexico; (J.O.-R.); (M.B.-G.)
| | - Mariana Benitez-González
- Hospital General Ajusco Medio, Secretaría de Salud de la Ciudad de México (SEDESA), Encinos 41, Miguel Hidalgo 4ta Secc, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14250, Mexico; (J.O.-R.); (M.B.-G.)
| | - Roxana Trejo-González
- Centro Médico ABC, Av. Carlos Fernández Graef 154, Santa Fe, Contadero, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Mexico City 05330, Mexico; (R.T.-G.); (D.A.-C.); (M.E.N.-M.)
| | - Daniel Aguirre-Chavarría
- Centro Médico ABC, Av. Carlos Fernández Graef 154, Santa Fe, Contadero, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Mexico City 05330, Mexico; (R.T.-G.); (D.A.-C.); (M.E.N.-M.)
| | - Marcela E. Núñez-Martínez
- Centro Médico ABC, Av. Carlos Fernández Graef 154, Santa Fe, Contadero, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, Mexico City 05330, Mexico; (R.T.-G.); (D.A.-C.); (M.E.N.-M.)
| | - Laura Uribe-Figueroa
- Laboratorio Arion Genética, Margaritas 440-Bis, Hacienda de Guadalupe Chimalistac, Chimalistac, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City 01050, Mexico;
| | - Ofelia Angulo
- Secretaría de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la Ciudad de México (SECTEI), Av Chapultepec 49, Colonia Centro, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06010, Mexico; (O.A.); (R.R.)
| | - Rosaura Ruiz
- Secretaría de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de la Ciudad de México (SECTEI), Av Chapultepec 49, Colonia Centro, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06010, Mexico; (O.A.); (R.R.)
| | - Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
| | - Luis A. Herrera
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; (A.C.-T.); (L.G.-R.); (G.d.A.-J.); (D.G.-L.); (Y.A.-M.); (S.S.-X.); (E.F.G.-G.); (A.M.-V.); (E.J.F.-J.); (B.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. San Fernando 22, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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