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Ma Y, Liang D, Liu J, Wen JG, Servoll E, Waaler G, Sæter T, Axcrona K, Vlatkovic L, Axcrona U, Paus E, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Kvalheim G, Nesland JM, Suo Z. SHBG is an important factor in stemness induction of cells by DHT in vitro and associated with poor clinical features of prostate carcinomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70558. [PMID: 23936228 PMCID: PMC3728318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen plays a vital role in prostate cancer development. However, it is not clear whether androgens influence stem-like properties of prostate cancer, a feature important for prostate cancer progression. In this study, we show that upon DHT treatment in vitro, prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 were revealed with higher clonogenic potential and higher expression levels of stemness related factors CD44, CD90, Oct3/4 and Nanog. Moreover, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was also simultaneously upregulated in these cells. When the SHBG gene was blocked by SHBG siRNA knock-down, the induction of Oct3/4, Nanog, CD44 and CD90 by DHT was also correspondingly blocked in these cells. Immunohistochemical evaluation of clinical samples disclosed weakly positive, and areas negative for SHBG expression in the benign prostate tissues, while most of the prostate carcinomas were strongly positive for SHBG. In addition, higher levels of SHBG expression were significantly associated with higher Gleason score, more seminal vesicle invasions and lymph node metastases. Collectively, our results show a role of SHBG in upregulating stemness of prostate cancer cells upon DHT exposure in vitro, and SHBG expression in prostate cancer samples is significantly associated with poor clinicopathological features, indicating a role of SHBG in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jian-Guo Wen
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
| | - Einar Servoll
- Department of Surgery, Soerlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | - Gudmund Waaler
- Department of Surgery, Soerlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | | | - Karol Axcrona
- Departments of Urology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ljiljana Vlatkovic
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ulrika Axcrona
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Paus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yue Yang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Thoracic Surgery II, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Cell Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Gunnar Kvalheim
- Departments of Cell Therapy, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jahn M. Nesland
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zhenhe Suo
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Henan, China
- * E-mail:
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Lang F, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C. Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:951-63. [PMID: 23746222 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade androgen actions that are originated from non-genomic, rapid signaling have been described in a large number of cell models and tissues. These effects are initiated through the stimulation of membrane androgen-binding sites or receptors (mAR). Although the molecular identity of mARs remains elusive, their activation is known to trigger multiple non-genomic signaling cascades and to regulate numerous cell responses. In recent years specific interest is being paid to the role of mARs in tumors. Specifically, it was demonstrated that mAR activation by non-permeable testosterone conjugates induced potent anti-tumorigenic responses in prostate, breast, colon and glial tumors. In addition, in vivo animal studies further emphasized the potential clinical importance of these receptors. AREAS COVERED This review will summarize the current knowledge on the mAR-induced non-genomic, rapid androgen actions. It will focus on the molecular signaling pathways governed by mAR activation, discuss latest attempts to elucidate the molecular identity of mAR, address the plethora of cell responses initiated by mAR and evaluate the potential role of mAR and mAR-specific signaling as possible therapeutic targets in tumors. EXPERT OPINION mAR and mAR-induced specific signaling may represent novel therapeutic targets in tumors through the development of specific testosterone analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tübingen, Department of Physiology, Gmelin Str. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Mazer N, Bell D, Wu J, Fischer J, Cosgrove M, Eilers B. Comparison of the steady-state pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and variability of a transdermal testosterone patch versus a transdermal testosterone gel in hypogonadal men. J Sex Med 2006; 2:213-26. [PMID: 16422889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.20231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the pharmacokinetics (PK), metabolism, intra- and inter-subject variability of a permeation-enhanced testosterone patch versus a topical testosterone gel. METHODS 28 hypogonadal men were treated with a testosterone patch (5 mg/day applied at 2200 h) and a 1% testosterone gel (5 g/day applied at 0800 h; nominal delivery 5 mg/day), each for 14 days, in an open-label crossover design. PK profiles of total testosterone (TT) and calculated free testosterone (cFT) were measured on day 7 and day 14 of each treatment, with patches or gel applied to the abdomen; dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol (E2) profiles were measured on day 14. The time-average (Cavg), maximum (Cmax), time of maximum (Tmax) and minimum concentrations (Cmin) were derived from each profile. The intra- and inter-subject coefficients of variation (CVintra and CVinter) of the TT and cFT parameters were computed by ANOVA. RESULTS Nightly applications of the patch produced a mean TT profile that mimicked the circadian pattern of healthy men. Morning applications of the gel produced a flatter mean profile; though individual subjects exhibited significant peaks at variable times. For TT, the mean and 90% confidence intervals of the patch/gel ratio of Cavg (1.030; 0.936-1.133; P > 0.05) and Cmax (1.086; 0.974-1.211; P > 0.05) met the criteria for bioequivalence. Cmin was lower for the patch. DHT levels and DHT/T ratios were 2 to 3-fold higher for the gel (P < 0.0001). E2 levels and E2/T ratios were comparable. CVintra and CVinter for Tmax approached 100% for the gel and were 23% and 42%, respectively, for the patch (P < 0.0001). Other variability parameters were generally comparable. Both products were well tolerated, and the patches adhered well. CONCLUSIONS These findings reflect the different mechanisms of transdermal absorption from the patch and gel and provide new considerations for selecting testosterone replacement therapies in hypogonadal men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Mazer
- Watson Laboratories, Inc., Medical Affairs, Salt Lake City, UT 84124, USA.
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