1
|
de-la-Cruz M, Millán-Aldaco D, Soriano-Nava DM, Drucker-Colín R, Murillo-Rodríguez E. The artificial sweetener Splenda intake promotes changes in expression of c-Fos and NeuN in hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats. Brain Res 2018; 1700:181-189. [PMID: 30201258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is the result of the interaction of multiple variables, including the excessive increase of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption. Diets aimed to treat obesity have suggested the use of artificial sweeteners. However, recent evidence has shown several health deficits after intake of artificial sweeteners, including effects in neuronal activity. Therefore, the influence of artificial sweeteners consumption such as Splenda, on the expression of c-Fos and neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) in hypothalamus and hippocampus remains to be determined. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects on c-Fos or NeuN expression in hypothalamus and hippocampus of Splenda-treated rats. METHODS Splenda was diluted in water (25, 75 or 250 mg/100 mL) and orally given to rats during 2 weeks ad libitum. Next, animals were sacrificed by decapitation and brains were collected for analysis of c-Fos or NeuN immunoreactivity. RESULTS Consumption of Splenda provoked an inverted U-shaped dose-effect in c-Fos expression in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus while similar findings were observed in dentate gyrus of hippocampus. In addition, NeuN immunoreactivity was enhanced in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus at 25 or 75 mg/100 mL of Splenda intake whereas an opposite effect was observed at 250 mg/100 mL of artificial sweetener consumption. Lastly, NeuN positive neurons were increased in CA2/CA3 fields of hippocampus from Splenda-treated rats (25, 75 or 250 mg/100 mL). CONCLUSION Consuming Splenda induced effects in neuronal biomarkers expression. To our knowledge, this study is the first description of the impact of intake Splenda on c-Fos and NeuN immunoreactivity in hypothalamus and hippocampus in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriel de-la-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Diana Millán-Aldaco
- Depto. de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico
| | - Daniela Marcia Soriano-Nava
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - René Drucker-Colín
- Depto. de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Higuera-Hernández MF, Reyes-Cuapio E, Gutiérrez-Mendoza M, Rocha NB, Veras AB, Budde H, Jesse J, Zaldívar-Rae J, Blanco-Centurión C, Machado S, Murillo-Rodríguez E. Fighting obesity: Non-pharmacological interventions. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 25:50-55. [PMID: 29779818 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that impairs health is one of the criteria that fulfills obesity. According to epidemiological data, obesity has become a worldwide public health problem that in turn would trigger additional pathologies such as cardiorespiratory dysfunctions, cancer, gastrointestinal disturbances, depression, sleep disorders, just to mention a few. Then, the search for a therapeutical intervention aimed to prevent and manage obesity has been the focus of study during the last years. As one can assume, the increased prevalence of obesity has translated to search of efficient pharmaceuticals designed to manage this health issue. However, to further complicate the scenario, scientific literature has described that obesity is the result of interaction between multiple events. Therefore, pharmacological approaches have faced a serious challenge for develop the adequate treatment. Here, we argue that a wide range of non-pharmacological/invasive techniques can be used to manage obesity, such as diets, cognitive behavioral interventions, exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation. Combining these techniques may allow improving quality of life of obese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Higuera-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Elena Reyes-Cuapio
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Marissa Gutiérrez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico
| | - Nuno Barbosa Rocha
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Faculty of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - André Barciela Veras
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Dom Bosco Catholic, University, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso del Sur, Brazil
| | - Henning Budde
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Physical Activity, Physical Education, Health and Sport Research Centre (PAPESH), Sports Science Department, School of Science and Engineering, Iceland; Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland; Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Johanna Jesse
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jaime Zaldívar-Rae
- Vicerrectoría Académica, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Blanco-Centurión
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico; Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory, Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program of Salgado de Oliveira University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Escuela de Nutrición, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vergara FV, Bustos ED, Marques LL, Flores LV, Gonzalez AA, Argote RB. The four-compartment model of body composition in obese Chilean schoolchildren, by pubertal stage: comparison with simpler models. Nutrition 2014; 30:305-12. [PMID: 24484681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the agreement of body fat and fat-free mass measured by simpler methods against the four-compartment model (4C). METHODS In 60 obese schoolchildren (body mass index ≥95th percentile) between the ages of 8 and 13 y who were recruited from one school in Chile, multicompartmental body composition was estimated with the use of isotopic dilution, plethysmography (BodPod), radiographic absorptiometry (DEXA), and anthropometric equations. These results were compared to those of the 4C model, which is considered the gold standard. RESULTS For body fat, the 4C model showed the best agreement with DEXA for boys in Tanner stages I and II (r = 0.971) and with isotopic dilution for boys in Tanner stages III and IV (r = 0.984). The best agreement in girls occurred with isotopic dilution, regardless of pubertal stage (r = 0.948 for Tanner stages I and II; r = 0.978 for Tanner stages III and IV). Both isotopic dilution and the Huang, Ellis, and Deurenberg anthropometric equations underestimated body fat in boys; by contrast, DEXA, BodPod, and the Slaughter equation overestimated body fat in boys. All of the equations underestimated body fat in girls. For fat-free mass in both boys and girls, the 4C model showed the best agreement with isotopic dilution, regardless of pubertal stage. The Huang equation showed the best agreement for boys (r = 0.730 for Tanner stages I and II; r = 0.695 for Tanner stages III and IV) and for girls in Tanner stages I and II (r = 0.884). The Ellis equation had the best agreement for girls in Tanner stages III and IV (r = 0.917). CONCLUSIONS For obese Chilean children of both sexes, isotopic dilution and DEXA were the two-compartment methods that had the best agreement with the gold-standard 4C model for both body fat and fat-free mass; these were followed by the Huang and Ellis anthropometric equations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Vasquez Vergara
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Erik Diaz Bustos
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lydia Lera Marques
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Goacher PJ, Lambert R, Moffatt PG. Can weight-related health risk be more accurately assessed by BMI, or by gender specific calculations of Percentage Body Fatness? Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:656-62. [PMID: 22939766 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The problem of obesity over the last 10 years has consistently been referred to as a 'global epidemic'. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is the currently accepted measure for classifying weight-related risk, but is a crude measure that has not changed in 150 years. It is recognised as having significant limitations, largely due to its lack of distinction between fat and muscle tissue. As the health risks of obesity are linked to the fat content of the body, a more accurate method of classifying would be Percentage Body Fatness (PBF). Although skinfold thickness analysis is recognised as a valid and accurate estimate of PBF in field studies, this method is not routinely used in clinical practice. Using data collected from young adults in the United Kingdom, we compared classifications (underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese) using BMI, with classifications using estimated PBF (from skinfold thickness analysis). We identified disparity between these two methods in approximately 1/3 of participants. BMI correctly classified 66.5% of females and 62.7% of males, with different gender profiles of incorrect classification. Regression analysis was conducted using estimated PBF (by skinfold thickness analysis) as the dependent variable, with explanatory variables of age, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, frequency of vigorous exercise and grip strength. The resulting gender-specific formulae derived from this regression analysis provides a regression R(2) of around 65%, and improved correct classifications to 74% for females and 76% for males. This represents an average improvement of roughly ten percentage points over BMI (male: 7.2% points; female: 13.4% points). We hypothesise that the presented formulae provide gender-specific calculations of PBF, which result in a more accurate indicator of weight-related health risk, compared with BMI in this population. This provides a new approach to an increasingly important clinical issue. These formulae use data that can be easily, quickly and cost-effectively measured in a practice setting. If shown to be repeatable with larger and more diverse populations, the PBF formulae could provide an alternative to the BMI as the major indicator of body-composition related health risk. This would ensure resources are targeted more appropriately and efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penelope J Goacher
- School of Nursing Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Edith Cavell Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|