1
|
Ijichi S, Kawaike Y, Ijichi N, Ijichi Y, Hirakata M, Yamaguchi Y, Kamachi A, Imamura C, Fushuku S, Nagata J, Tanuma R, Sameshima H, Morioka H. Hypothetical novel simulations to explain the evolutionary survival of the hypo-reproductive extreme tail in the complex human diversity. Biosystems 2021; 204:104393. [PMID: 33640397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical structures which lie hidden between human complex conditions and reproductivity cannot be simple, and trends of each population component does not necessarily pertain to evolutionary theories. As an illustration, the fitness of individuals with heritable extreme conditions can be low across continuing generations in observational data. Autism and schizophrenia are characterized by such evolutionary paradox of survival and hypo-reproductivity in the complex human diversity. Theoretical mechanisms for the observational fact were evaluated using a simple formula which was established to simulate stochastic epistasis-mediated phenotypic diversity. The survival of the hypo-reproductive extreme tail could be imitated just by the predominant presence of stochastic epistasis mechanism, suggesting that stochastic epistasis might be a genetic prerequisite for the evolutionary paradox. As supplemental cofactors of stochastic epistasis, a random link of the extreme tail to both un- and hyper-reproductivity and group assortative mating were shown to be effective for the paradox. Especially, the mixed localization of un- and hyper-reproductivity in the tail of a generational population evidently induced the continuous survival of outliers and extremes. These hypothetical considerations and mathematical simulations may suggest the significance of stochastic epistasis as the essential genetic background of complex human diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ijichi
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Institute for Externalization of Gifts and Talents, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Kawaike
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naomi Ijichi
- Institute for Externalization of Gifts and Talents, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yukina Ijichi
- Institute for Externalization of Gifts and Talents, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mai Hirakata
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamaguchi
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akiyo Kamachi
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Chikako Imamura
- Support Center for Students with Disabilities, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sayuri Fushuku
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Junko Nagata
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rie Tanuma
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Morioka H, Ijichi S, Ijichi N, Ijichi Y, King BH. Developmental social vulnerability as the intrinsic origin of psychopathology: A paradigm shift from disease entities to psychiatric derivatives within human diversity. Med Hypotheses 2019; 126:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
3
|
Ijichi S, Ijichi N, Ijichi Y, Imamura C, Sameshima H, Kawaike Y, Morioka H. The origin of human complex diversity: Stochastic epistatic modules and the intrinsic compatibility between distributional robustness and phenotypic changeability. J Integr Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/jin-170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Ijichi
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
- Institute for Externalization of Gifts and Talents, 7421-1 Shimofukumoto, Kagoshima 891-0144, Japan
| | - Naomi Ijichi
- Institute for Externalization of Gifts and Talents, 7421-1 Shimofukumoto, Kagoshima 891-0144, Japan
| | - Yukina Ijichi
- Institute for Externalization of Gifts and Talents, 7421-1 Shimofukumoto, Kagoshima 891-0144, Japan
| | - Chikako Imamura
- Support Center for Students with Disabilities, Kagoshima University, 1-21-30 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Hisami Sameshima
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kawaike
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Morioka
- Health Service Center, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|