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Lu CW, Nguyen NTK, Shen SC, Wu YB, Liang HJ, Wu CH. Botanical Antcin K Alleviates High-Fat Damage in Palm Acid Oil-Treated Vascular Endothelial Cells and Macrophages. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2812. [PMID: 36365265 PMCID: PMC9656957 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism disorder is the most critical risk factor for atherosclerosis, and the process involves lipid deposition in the arterial intima. In Taiwan, antcin K, an active triterpenoid from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata, has been considered a potential lipid-lowering agent. Despite this, the possible therapeutic mechanisms of antcin K remain unclear. To explore the crucial role of botanical antcin K in reducing atherosclerotic plaque, we used SVEC4-10 vascular endothelial cells and RAW264.7 macrophages with palm acid oil-induced high-fat damage as our cell models. Our results showed through using the DPPH assay that antcin K had excellent free radical scavenging ability. Antcin K treatment can significantly alleviate the high-fat damage and reduce the levels of inflammatory factors of TNF-α and IL-1β in vascular endothelial cells and macrophages, as shown through MTT assay and ELISA. Furthermore, antcin K treatment can effectively enhance migration ability and clear lipid deposition in macrophages, as shown by using cell migration assay and oil red O staining. When stained with immunofluorescence, antcin K was shown to significantly decrease the expression of adhesion molecules of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in vascular endothelial cells involved in monocyte migration and inflammation. Antcin K not only reduced the expression of the CD36 scavenger receptor but also augmented the expression of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) transcription factor in macrophages, which inhibits the transformation of macrophages into foam cells underlying the pathological process of atherosclerosis. Taking our findings into account, we suggested that botanical antcin K could have therapeutic potential for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wen Lu
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Ngan Thi Kim Nguyen
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chuan Shen
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Bin Wu
- ARJIL Pharmaceuticals LLC, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Liang
- ARJIL Pharmaceuticals LLC, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Wu
- School of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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2
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Li Q, Wang M, Zhang S, Jin M, Chen R, Luo Y, Sun X. Single-cell RNA sequencing in atherosclerosis: Mechanism and precision medicine. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:977490. [PMID: 36267275 PMCID: PMC9576927 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.977490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis of various vascular diseases, including those with high mortality, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. However, its pathogenesis is complex and has not been fully elucidated yet. Over the past few years, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been developed and widely used in many biological fields to reveal biological mechanisms at the cellular level and solve the problems of cellular heterogeneity that cannot be solved using bulk RNA sequencing. In this review, we briefly summarize the existing scRNA-seq technologies and focus on their application in atherosclerosis research to provide insights into the occurrence, development and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing, China
| | - Mengchen Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxia Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing, China
| | - Meiqi Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing, China
| | - Rongchang Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun,
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yun Luo, ; Xiaobo Sun,
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Gao F, Chen X, Xu B, Luo Z, Liang Y, Fang S, Li M, Wang X, Lin X. Inhibition of MicroRNA-92 alleviates atherogenesis by regulation of macrophage polarization through targeting KLF4. J Cardiol 2021; 79:432-438. [PMID: 34750028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which macrophage polarization plays an important role in contribution to atherosclerotic plaque formation and stability. Here we tested the effect of miR-92 regulation on the development of atherosclerosis beyond tumorigenesis and explored the potential mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS In the present study, bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs), mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs), and human macrophages were used to test the expression of miR-92. Here we noticed miR-92 levels were enhanced in classic M1 macrophage but decreased in alternative M2 macrophage, respectively. In vitro, we demonstrated that macrophages transfected with miR-92 inhibitor attenuated proinflammatory cytokine secretion represented by polarized M1 markers but promoted anti-inflammatory state that was indicative of an M2 phenotype. Mechanistically, miR-92 was found to directly interact with KLF4 and we further identified a requirement role of KLF4 in mediating the effect of miR-92 silencing macrophage polarization. Concomitantly, miR-92 inhibition treated ApoE-/- mice promoted macrophage polarization toward alternative M2 macrophage, thus protecting against atherosclerotic plaque formation and preventing a vulnerable phenotype. CONCLUSION miR-92 inhibition promoted alternative macrophage activation and attenuated atherosclerosis regression partially regulated in a KLF4-dependent manner, which indicated that miR-92/KLF4 axis may serve as a promising strategy for prevention of atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.678 Furong Road, Economic Development District, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Banglong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.678 Furong Road, Economic Development District, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhidan Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, Chongqing People's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Houston Methodist Research Institute, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sihua Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.678 Furong Road, Economic Development District, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Mengli Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.678 Furong Road, Economic Development District, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.678 Furong Road, Economic Development District, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Xianhe Lin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei city 230601, Anhui Province, China.
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ALK5 deficiency inhibits macrophage inflammation and lipid loading by targeting KLF4. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:222146. [PMID: 32065217 PMCID: PMC7056445 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor type-β (TGF-β) has been demonstrated to play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis through binding to the serine/threonine kinase transmembrane type I and type II receptors. However, as a key type I receptor for TGF-β, the exact role and the underlying mechanism of Activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) on macrophage activation involved in atherogenesis remain unclear. In the present study, enhanced ALK5 expression was found in bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) upon OX-LDL stimulation tested by RT-PCR and Western blot, which was further verified by co-immunofluorescence staining. Next, the loss-of-function of ALK5 used AdshALK5 transfection was performed to test the effect of ALK5 on macrophage activation. We observed that ALK5 silencing inhibited pro-inflammatory but promoted anti-inflammatory macrophage markers expression. Moreover, decreased foam cell formation was found in ALK5 knockdown macrophages accompanied by increased cholesterol efflux. Mechanistically, ALK5 knockdown significantly increased KLF4 expression that was responsible for the attenuated macrophage activation induced by ALK5 knockdown. Collectively, these findings suggested that neutralization of ALK5 may act as a promising strategy for the management of atherosclerosis.
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Ni T, Gao F, Zhang J, Lin H, Luo H, Chi J, Guo H. Impaired autophagy mediates hyperhomocysteinemia-induced HA-VSMC phenotypic switching. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:305-314. [PMID: 31028566 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a highly-related risk factor in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic modulation and atherosclerosis. Growing evidence indicated that autophagy is involved in pathological arterial changes. However, the risk mechanisms by which homocysteine and VSMC autophagy interact with cardiovascular disease are poorly understood. This study verified the homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum protein promotion of VSMC phenotypic switching, and the formation of atherosclerotic plaque in vitro. We found that impaired autophagy, as evidenced by decreased levels of MAP1LC3B II/MAP1LC3B I, has a vital role in HHcy-induced human aortic (HA)-VSMC phenotypic switching, with a decrease in contractile proteins (SM α-actin and calponin) and an increase in osteopontin. Knockdown of the essential autophagy gene Atg7 by small interfering RNA promoted HA-VSMC phenotypic switching, indicating that impaired autophagy induces phenotypic switching in these cells. HHcy co-treatment with rapamycin triggered autophagy, which alleviated HA-VSMC phenotypic switching. Finally, we found that Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a zinc-finger transcription factor for maintaining genomic stability by resisting oxidative stress and restoring autophagy, is closely involved in this process. HHcy clearly decreased KLF4 expression. KLF4-specific siRNA aggravated defective autophagy and phenotypic switching. Mechanistically, KLF4 regulated the HHcy-induced decrease in HA-VSMC autophagy via the m-TOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that the KLF4-dependent rapamycin signaling pathway is a novel mechanism underlying HA-VSMC phenotypic switching and is crucial for HHcy-induced HA-VSMCs with defective autophagy to accelerate early atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjuan Ni
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feidan Gao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hangqi Luo
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jufang Chi
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hangyuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China.
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Ding Y, Zhang M, Zhang W, Lu Q, Cai Z, Song P, Okon IS, Xiao L, Zou MH. AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Alpha 2 Deletion Induces VSMC Phenotypic Switching and Reduces Features of Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability. Circ Res 2016; 119:718-30. [PMID: 27439892 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has been reported to play a protective role in atherosclerosis. However, whether AMPKα2 controls atherosclerotic plaque stability remains unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of AMPKα2 deletion on atherosclerotic plaque stability in advanced atherosclerosis at the brachiocephalic arteries and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Features of atherosclerotic plaque stability and the markers for contractile or synthetic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypes were monitored in the brachiocephalic arteries from Apoe(-/-)AMPKα2(-/-) mice or VSMC-specific AMPKα2(-/-) mice in an Apoe(-/-) background (Apoe(-/-)AMPKα2(sm-/-)) fed Western diet for 10 weeks. We identified that Apoe(-/-)AMPKα2(-/-) mice and Apoe(-/-)AMPKα2(sm-/-) mice exhibited similar unstable plaque features, aggravated VSMC phenotypic switching, and significant upregulation of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) in the plaques located in the brachiocephalic arteries compared with those found in Apoe(-/-) and Apoe(-/-)AMPKα2(sm+/+) control mice. Pravastatin, an AMPK activator, suppressed VSMC phenotypic switching and alleviated features of atherosclerotic plaque instability in Apoe(-/-)AMPKα2(sm+/+) mice, but not in Apoe(-/-)AMPKα2(sm-/-) mice. VSMC isolated from AMPKα2(-/-) mice displayed a significant reduction of contractile proteins(smooth muscle actin-α, calponin, and SM-MHC [smooth muscle-mysion heavy chain]) in parallel with increased detection of synthetic proteins (vimentin and osteopontin) and KLF4, as observed in vivo. KLF4-specific siRNA abolished AMPKα2 deletion-induced VSMC phenotypic switching. Furthermore, pharmacological or genetic inhibition of nuclear factor-κB significantly decreased KLF4 upregulation in VSMC from AMPKα2(-/-) mice. Finally, we found that AMPKα2 deletion markedly promoted the binding of nuclear factor-κBp65 to KLF4 promoter. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that AMPKα2 deletion induces VSMC phenotypic switching and promotes features of atherosclerotic plaque instability in nuclear factor-κB-KLF4-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ding
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Y.D., Q.L., Z.C., P.S., I.S.O., L.X., M.-H.Z.); Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z.); and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Miao Zhang
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Y.D., Q.L., Z.C., P.S., I.S.O., L.X., M.-H.Z.); Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z.); and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Y.D., Q.L., Z.C., P.S., I.S.O., L.X., M.-H.Z.); Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z.); and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Qiulun Lu
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Y.D., Q.L., Z.C., P.S., I.S.O., L.X., M.-H.Z.); Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z.); and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Zhejun Cai
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Y.D., Q.L., Z.C., P.S., I.S.O., L.X., M.-H.Z.); Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z.); and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Ping Song
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Y.D., Q.L., Z.C., P.S., I.S.O., L.X., M.-H.Z.); Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z.); and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Imoh Sunday Okon
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Y.D., Q.L., Z.C., P.S., I.S.O., L.X., M.-H.Z.); Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z.); and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Lei Xiao
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Y.D., Q.L., Z.C., P.S., I.S.O., L.X., M.-H.Z.); Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z.); and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.)
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- From the Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta (Y.D., Q.L., Z.C., P.S., I.S.O., L.X., M.-H.Z.); Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (M.Z.); and The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Health, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China (W.Z.).
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Shi G, Field DJ, Long X, Mickelsen D, Ko KA, Ture S, Korshunov VA, Miano JM, Morrell CN. Platelet factor 4 mediates vascular smooth muscle cell injury responses. Blood 2013; 121:4417-27. [PMID: 23568488 PMCID: PMC3663434 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-09-454710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated platelets release many inflammatory molecules with important roles in accelerating vascular inflammation. Much is known about platelet and platelet-derived mediator interactions with endothelial cells and leukocytes, but few studies have examined the effects of platelets on components of the vascular wall. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo phenotypic changes in response to injury including the production of inflammatory molecules, cell proliferation, cell migration, and a decline in the expression of differentiation markers. In this study, we demonstrate that the platelet-derived chemokine platelet factor 4 (PF4/CXCL4) stimulates VSMC injury responses both in vitro and in vivo in a mouse carotid ligation model. PF4 drives a VSMC inflammatory phenotype including a decline in differentiation markers, increased cytokine production, and cell proliferation. We also demonstrate that PF4 effects are mediated, in part, through increased expression of the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4. Our data indicate an important mechanistic role for platelets and PF4 in VSMC injury responses both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanfang Shi
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Ghosh A, Pahan K. Gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering drug, induces suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in glial cells: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:27189-203. [PMID: 22685291 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.346932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial inflammation is an important feature of several neurodegenerative disorders. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins play a crucial role in inhibiting cytokine signaling and inflammatory gene expression in various cell types, including glial cells. However, mechanisms by which SOCS genes could be up-regulated are poorly understood. This study underlines the importance of gemfibrozil, a Food and Drug Administration-approved lipid-lowering drug, in up-regulating the expression of SOCS3 in glial cells. Gemfibrozil increased the expression of Socs3 mRNA and protein in mouse astroglia and microglia in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, gemfibrozil induced the activation of type IA phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and AKT. Accordingly, inhibition of PI 3-kinase and AKT by chemical inhibitors abrogated gemfibrozil-mediated up-regulation of SOCS3. Furthermore, we demonstrated that gemfibrozil induced the activation of Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) via the PI 3-kinase-AKT pathway and that siRNA knockdown of KLF4 abrogated gemfibrozil-mediated up-regulation of SOCS3. Gemfibrozil also induced the recruitment of KLF4 to the distal, but not proximal, KLF4-binding site of the Socs3 promoter. This study delineates a novel property of gemfibrozil in up-regulating SOCS3 in glial cells via PI 3-kinase-AKT-mediated activation of KLF4 and suggests that gemfibrozil may find therapeutic application in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunava Ghosh
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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GAO YAN, LIU XIANFENG, LU XUECHUN, MA CONG, CAO JIAN, FAN LI. Protective effects of atorvastatin against oxidized LDL-induced downregulation of KLF expression in EA.hy926 cells. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:330-6. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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10
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Egorova AD, Khedoe PPSJ, Goumans MJTH, Yoder BK, Nauli SM, ten Dijke P, Poelmann RE, Hierck BP. Lack of primary cilia primes shear-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Circ Res 2011; 108:1093-101. [PMID: 21393577 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.231860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Primary cilia are cellular protrusions that serve as mechanosensors for fluid flow. In endothelial cells (ECs), they function by transducing local blood flow information into functional responses, such as nitric oxide production and initiation of gene expression. Cilia are present on ECs in areas of low or disturbed flow and absent in areas of high flow. In the embryonic heart, high-flow regime applies to the endocardial cushion area, and the absence of cilia here coincides with the process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the role of the primary cilium in defining the responses of ECs to fluid shear stress and in EndoMT. METHODS AND RESULTS Nonciliated mouse embryonic ECs with a mutation in Tg737/Ift88 were used to compare the response to fluid shear stress to that of ciliated ECs. In vitro, nonciliated ECs undergo shear-induced EndoMT, which is accompanied by downregulation of Klf4. This Tgfβ/Alk5-dependent transformation is prevented by blocking Tgfβ signaling, overexpression of Klf4, or rescue of the primary cilium. In the hearts of Tg737(orpk/orpk) embryos, Tgfβ/Alk5 signaling was activated in areas in which ECs would normally be ciliated but now lack cilia because of the mutation. In these areas, ECs show increased Smad2 phosphorylation and expression of α-smooth muscle actin. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the central role of primary cilia in rendering ECs prone to shear-induced activation of Tgfβ/Alk5 signaling and EndoMT and thereby provides a functional link between primary cilia and flow-related endothelial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D Egorova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Srivastava K, Field DJ, Aggrey A, Yamakuchi M, Morrell CN. Platelet factor 4 regulation of monocyte KLF4 in experimental cerebral malaria. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10413. [PMID: 20454664 PMCID: PMC2862712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria continues to be a difficult to treat complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection in children. We have shown that platelets can have major deleterious immune functions in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). One of the platelet derived mediators we have identified as particularly important is platelet factor 4/CXCL4. Our prior work demonstrated that PF4(-/-) mice are protected from ECM, have reduced plasma cytokines, and have reduced T-cell trafficking to the brain. We now show that PF4 drives monocyte cytokine production in a Kruppel like factor 4 (KLF4) dependent manner. Monocyte depleted Plasmodium berghei infected mice have improved survival, and KLF4 is greatly increased in control, but not monocyte depleted mice. PF4(-/-) mice have less cerebral monocyte trafficking and no change in KLF4 expression. These data indicate that PF4 induction of monocyte KLF4 expression may be an important step in the pathogenesis of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Srivastava
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Field
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Angela Aggrey
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Munekazu Yamakuchi
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig N. Morrell
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zheng B, Han M, Wen JK. Role of Krüppel-like factor 4 in phenotypic switching and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:132-9. [PMID: 20073036 DOI: 10.1002/iub.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenotypic switching and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are critical components in the development of many vascular proliferation diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) has been shown to play a key role in VSMC proliferation and differentiation. The focus of this review is to provide an overview for understanding the physiological and pathobiological roles of KLF4 in phenotypic switching and proliferation of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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