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Magill RG, MacDonald SM. Male infertility and the human microbiome. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2023; 5:1166201. [PMID: 37361341 PMCID: PMC10289028 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2023.1166201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The historical belief in urology was that the genitourinary system should be sterile in a normal, healthy, asymptomatic adult. This idea was perpetuated for decades until research revealed a diverse microbiota existing in human anatomical niches that contributed to both human health and disease processes. In recent years, the search for an etiology and modifiable risk factors in infertility has turned to the human microbiome as well. Changes in the human gut microbiome have been associated with changes in systemic sex hormones and spermatogenesis. Certain microbial species are associated with higher levels of oxidative stress, which may contribute to an environment higher in oxidative reactive potential. Studies have demonstrated a link between increased oxidative reactive potential and abnormal semen parameters in infertile men. It has also been hypothesized that antioxidant probiotics may be able to correct an imbalance in the oxidative environment and improve male fertility, with promising results in small studies. Further, the sexual partner's microbiome may play a role as well; studies have demonstrated an overlap in the genitourinary microbiomes in sexually active couples that become more similar after intercourse. While the potential applications of the microbiome to male fertility is exciting, there is a need for larger studies with uniform microbial sequencing procedures to further expand this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resa G. Magill
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Susan M. MacDonald
- Department of Urology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of a Probiotics and Natural Extract-Based Formulation in Bacterial-Induced Prostatitis. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020389. [PMID: 36836748 PMCID: PMC9965078 DOI: 10.3390/life13020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many factors inducing prostate inflammation, bacterial contribution is potentially underrated according to the scientific community. Bacterial prostatitis is characterized by modifications of the prostatic microenvironment, mainly driven by the immune system. Macrophages play a major role in bacterial prostatitis, secreting a plethora of proinflammatory and chemoattractive cytokines and proteolytic enzymes able to degrade the ECM, so facilitating the invasion of other immune cells. Consequently, macrophages represent a link between bacterial infection and prostate inflammation, as well as being the main target of prostate anti-inflammatory drugs and dietary supplements. This study aims to investigate the effect of a formulation composed of active principles and a probiotic strain with a particular focus on the anti-inflammatory effect in an in vitro bacterial prostatitis model. The results obtained showed that the formulation reduces the inflammatory response of prostatic epithelium induced by bacterial infection. This effect is mediated by the modulation of activated macrophages. Analysis of the cytokines released highlights that the tested formulation is able to reduce the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, in particular prostate cancer, and represents a valuable tool to prevent bacterial prostatitis and ensure favorable prostate health.
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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 as adjuvant therapy in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis: a non-blinded, randomized, controlled trial. World J Urol 2021; 39:4373-4379. [PMID: 34213584 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-021-03773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) in association with levofloxacin in patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP). METHODS Patients with CBP referred to our clinic from September 2017 to July 2019 were enrolled. At baseline, the symptomatology was assessed with the NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), while the Meares-Stamey test was used to diagnose the infection. Patients were randomized (1:1) in two groups (A and B). All subjects underwent oral administration of Levoxacin® 500 mg once daily for 4 weeks. Only the patients in Group B underwent oral administration of EcN® 320 mg, twice daily for 4 weeks and then once daily for 8 weeks. After 3 months, each patient repeated the NIH-CPSI questionnaire, while the Meares-Stamey test was repeated at 3 and 6 months in patients who reported persistent symptoms. All adverse events (AEs) were recorded. RESULTS A total of 110 patients were enrolled. After 3 months patients in Group B reported a significantly lower NIH-CPSI score (5.85 ± 3.07 vs. 7.64 ± 3.86; p = 0.009) and biological recurrences rate (9.8 vs. 26.9%; p = 0.043). At 6 months the biological recurrences rate was significantly lower in Group B (8.7 vs. 28.9%; p = 0.038). Only three patients in Group A and six in Group B (p = 0.25) complained mild AEs. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with EcN and levofloxacin allows a better control of symptoms and biological recurrences in patients with CBP, without worsening the safety of the treatment.
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Restrepo Arenas V, Velásquez Rivera V, Puerta Suárez J, Cardona Maya WD. Flujo vaginal y semen: La microbiota de las relaciones sexuales. Rev Urol 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
ResumenDurante las relaciones sexuales, se da el intercambio de especies bacterianas entre las parejas, siendo las relaciones sexuales un factor crucial en la modificación de la microbiota genital. En el presente artículo de reflexión, se analizó el efecto de las relaciones sexuales sobre el intercambio de la microbiota vaginal y seminal. Las parejas que sostienen relaciones sexuales sin protección comparten especies bacterianas que podrían influir negativamente o positivamente sobre los parámetros seminales, como los Lactobacillus con potencial probiótico para el mantenimiento de la calidad del semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Restrepo Arenas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Grupo de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Antioquia, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Valentina Velásquez Rivera
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Grupo de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Antioquia, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Jenniffer Puerta Suárez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Grupo de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Antioquia, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Walter D. Cardona Maya
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Grupo de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Antioquia, Antioquia, Colombia
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Tjagur S, Mändar R, Punab M. Profile of sexually transmitted infections causing urethritis and a related inflammatory reaction in urine among heterosexual males: A flow-cytometry study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242227. [PMID: 33264307 PMCID: PMC7710099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information about the use of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of male urethritis is scarce. The current study aims to evaluate the performance of flow cytometry on first-voided urine in males with infectious urethritis (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis). METHODS Male patients of the Andrology Centre (Tartu University Hospital, Estonia) were recruited during the period March 2015 -January 2018. Cases included 306 patients with infectious urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and/or Trichomonas vaginalis. The control group consisted of 192 patients without uro-genital complaints, negative tests for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis from first-voided urine and no inflammation in first-voided urine, mid-stream urine and urine after prostate massage. C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis were detected from first-voided urine using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. First-voided urine was analysed using urine particle analyzer Sysmex UF-500i. RESULTS The most prevalent infection was chlamydia (64.1%), followed by Mycoplasma genitalium (20.9%), gonorrhoea (7.8%) and trichomoniasis (1.6%). Gonorrhoea caused the highest flow-cytometric leucocyte/bacteria count, followed by chlamydia and Mycoplasma genitalium. Trichomonas vaginalis showed nearly absent inflammation in first-voided urine. Using an empiric flow-cytometry diagnostic threshold for urethritis in first-voided urine (leucocytes ≥ 15/μl and bacteria ≥ 20/μl) the total calculated sensitivity was over 90%. However, when applying such criteria for deciding whether to perform first-voided urine PCR for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis or not, we could miss 23 cases with infectious urethritis that makes up 7,5% of all proven cases. CONCLUSIONS Flow cytometry of first-voided urine can be considered as a rapid and objective screening method in case of suspected male infectious urethritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Tjagur
- Andrology Centre, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Reet Mändar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Punab
- Andrology Centre, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Altmäe S, Franasiak JM, Mändar R. The seminal microbiome in health and disease. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:703-721. [PMID: 31732723 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-019-0250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the fact that there are more microbial than human cells in our body and that humans contain more microbial than human genes, the microbiome has huge potential to influence human physiology, both in health and in disease. The use of next-generation sequencing technologies has helped to elucidate functional, quantitative and mechanistic aspects of the complex microorganism-host interactions that underlie human physiology and pathophysiology. The microbiome of semen is a field of increasing scientific interest, although this microbial niche is currently understudied compared with other areas of microbiome research. However, emerging evidence is beginning to indicate that the seminal microbiome has important implications for the reproductive health of men, the health of the couple and even the health of offspring, owing to transfer of microorganisms to the partner and offspring. As this field expands, further carefully designed and well-powered studies are required to unravel the true nature and role of the seminal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Altmäe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain. .,Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia. .,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | | | - Reet Mändar
- Competence Centre on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Borys MA, Hulsebosch SE, Mohr FC, Watson KD, Sykes JE, Simpson KW, Westropp JL. Clinical, histopathologic, cystoscopic, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of proliferative urethritis in 22 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:184-191. [PMID: 30516855 PMCID: PMC6335574 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Proliferative urethritis (PU) is a lower urinary tract disease of dogs characterized by frond‐like lesions in the urethra. The etiology of PU is unknown, although an association with bacterial cystitis is reported. Objectives Deep‐seated bacterial cystitis is associated with PU, particularly in dogs with neutrophilic or granulomatous inflammation. Animals Twenty‐two client‐owned dogs with PU and 5 control dogs euthanized for non‐urinary disease. Methods In retrospective analysis, medical records of dogs with PU from 1986 to 2016 were reviewed. Signalment, clinical signs, cystoscopic findings, antimicrobial use, and results of urine, bladder, or urethral tissue cultures, if available, were recorded. Histopathology was reviewed and classified as lymphocytic‐plasmacytic (LP), neutrophilic, LP‐neutrophilic (LPN), granulomatous, or pleocellular. Eubacterial fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on 18 tissue samples (13 cases, 5 controls), with subsequent evaluation of bacterial species. Results Of the 22 dogs, 9 had LP urethritis, 6 had LPN, 4 had pleocellular, and 3 had neutrophilic urethritis. Of note, 7 of 13 PU samples were FISH+ for adherent or invasive bacteria; 1 of 5 controls were FISH+ for adherent bacteria. Five dogs had negative urine and tissue cultures when FISH was positive. There was no association detected between the type of urethral inflammation and the results of urine and tissue culture or FISH. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The type of inflammation varied widely in these 22 PU cases. Deep‐seated bacterial urethritis could be contributing to the inflammatory process in some dogs, regardless of the inflammation type. Urine and tissue cultures likely underestimate bacterial colonization of the urethra in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moria A Borys
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, California
| | - Sean E Hulsebosch
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, California
| | - F Charles Mohr
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, California
| | - Katherine D Watson
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, California
| | - Jane E Sykes
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, California
| | - Kenneth W Simpson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, New York
| | - Jodi L Westropp
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, California
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Mändar R, Punab M, Korrovits P, Türk S, Ausmees K, Lapp E, Preem JK, Oopkaup K, Salumets A, Truu J. Seminal microbiome in men with and without prostatitis. Int J Urol 2017; 24:211-216. [PMID: 28147438 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To profile the seminal microbiome applying next generation sequencing. METHODS Semen samples of 67 men were involved in the study (21 men with and 46 men without prostatitis). Seminal microbiomes were profiled applying the method that uses combinatorial sequence tags attached to polymerase chain reaction primers that amplify the ribosomal ribonucleic acid V6 region. Amplified polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced using an Illumina paired-end protocol on HiSeq2000 platform. RESULTS The most abundant phylum in semen was Firmicutes, comprising nearly half of the sequences found (median 41.7%, quartiles 28.5-47.2%) followed by Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The counts of lactobacilli were higher in healthy men than prostatitis patients (27% [20.2-34.6%] vs 20.2% [4.9-25.0%]; P = 0.05), especially for Lactobacillus iners. Proteobacteria comprised higher proportions in prostatitis patients than healthy men. The species richness was higher in prostatitis patients than healthy men (inverted Simpson index 13.5 ± 5.8 vs 10.3 ± 4.0). CONCLUSIONS The semen of chronic prostatitis patients contains fewer health-supporting lactobacilli, and has higher species diversity than that of healthy men. Firmicutes (especially lactobacilli), Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria comprise the highest proportion of seminal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reet Mändar
- Competence Center on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Margus Punab
- Competence Center on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Andrology Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul Korrovits
- Competence Center on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Andrology Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Silver Türk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristo Ausmees
- Andrology Center, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.,MediTA Clinic, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eleri Lapp
- Competence Center on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jens-Konrad Preem
- Competence Center on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristjan Oopkaup
- Competence Center on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jaak Truu
- Competence Center on Health Technologies, Tartu, Estonia.,Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Busetto GM, Giovannone R, Ferro M, Tricarico S, Del Giudice F, Matei DV, De Cobelli O, Gentile V, De Berardinis E. Chronic bacterial prostatitis: efficacy of short-lasting antibiotic therapy with prulifloxacin (Unidrox®) in association with saw palmetto extract, lactobacillus sporogens and arbutin (Lactorepens®). BMC Urol 2014; 14:53. [PMID: 25038794 PMCID: PMC4108969 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-14-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial prostatitis (BP) is a common condition accounting responsible for about 5-10% of all prostatitis cases; chronic bacterial prostatitis (CBP) classified as type II, are less common but is a condition that significantly hampers the quality of life, (QoL) because not only is it a physical condition but also a psychological distress. Commonly patients are treated with antibiotics alone, and in particular fluoroquinolones are suggested by the European Urology guidelines. This approach, although recommended, may not be enough. Thus, a multimodal approach to the prolonged antibiotic therapy may be helpful. Methods 210 patients affected by chronic bacterial prostatitis were enrolled in the study. All patients were positive to Meares-Stamey test and symptoms duration was > 3 months. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a long lasting therapy with a fluoroquinolone in association with a nutraceutical supplement (prulifloxacin 600 mg for 21 days and an association of Serenoa repens 320 mg, Lactobacillus Sporogens 200 mg, Arbutin 100 mg for 30 days). Patients were randomized in two groups (A and B) receiving respectively antibiotic alone and an association of antibiotic plus supplement. Results Biological recurrence at 2 months in Group A was observed in 21 patients (27.6%) and in Group B in 6 patients (7.8%). Uropathogens found at the first follow-up were for the majority Gram – (E. coli and Enterobacter spp.). A statistically significant difference was found at the time of the follow-up between Group A and B in the NIH-CPSI questionnaire score, symptoms evidence and serum PSA. Conclusions Broad band, short-lasting antibiotic therapy in association with a nutritional supplement (serenoa repens, lactobacillus sporogens and arbutin) show better control and recurrence rate on patients affected by chronic bacterial prostatitits in comparison with antibiotic treatment alone. Trial registration NCT02130713 Date of trial Registration: 30/04/2014
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Türk S, Mazzoli S, Stšepetova J, Kuznetsova J, Mändar R. Coryneform bacteria in human semen: inter-assay variability in species composition detection and biofilm production ability. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2014; 25:22701. [PMID: 24563649 PMCID: PMC3927743 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v25.22701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Coryneform bacteria constitute an important segment of male urogenital microbiota. They have been generally considered as saprophytes, although some species have been associated with prostatitis as well. At the same time, biofilm infections have been suspected as a cause of prostatitis. Objective To identify a set of coryneform bacteria isolated from semen of either healthy men or prostatitis patients applying different methods to reveal inter-assay variability and to determine their ability of adhesion and biofilm production. Design Coryneform bacteria were identified by API Coryne 2.0 biochemical identification system and 16S rDNA sequencing using different primer sets. Quantitative assessment of biofilm production was performed using crystal violet binding assay method. Results The most common species were Corynebacterium seminale, C. minutissimum, and Dermabacter hominis. Altogether 14 species and related genera were found. We observed the best inter-assay agreement when identifying C. seminale. Biofilm was observed in 7 out of 24 strains. The biofilm-producing strains belonged to Arthrobacter cumminsii, Dermabacter hominis, C. minutissimum, and Actinomyces neuii. No differences were found between the strains originating from prostatitis patients and healthy men. Dermabacter hominis strains were more potent biofilm producers than C. seminale strains (p=0.048). Conclusions We can conclude that a wide variety of coryneform bacteria can be found from the male genital tract, although their exact identification is problematic due to insufficient representation in databases. Nearly one third of the strains are able to form biofilm that may give them an advantage for surviving several host- and treatment-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silver Türk
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sandra Mazzoli
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Centre, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Reet Mändar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia ; Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
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Mändar R. Microbiota of male genital tract: Impact on the health of man and his partner. Pharmacol Res 2013; 69:32-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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