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Marangon D, Boccazzi M, Lecca D, Fumagalli M. Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Functions: Targeting Lipid Metabolism and Extracellular Matrix for Myelin Repair. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E470. [PMID: 32046349 PMCID: PMC7073561 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
: Myelin is an essential structure that protects axons, provides metabolic support to neurons and allows fast nerve transmission. Several neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are characterized by myelin damage, which is responsible of severe functional impairment. Myelin repair requires the timely recruitment of adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) at the lesion sites, their differentiation and maturation into myelinating oligodendrocytes. As a consequence, OPCs undergo profound changes in their morphology, functions, and interactions with other cells and extracellular environment, thus requiring the reorganization of both their lipid metabolism and their membrane composition, which is substantially different compared to other plasma membranes. Despite the growing knowledge in oligodendroglia biology and in the mechanisms involved in OPC-mediated regeneration, the identification of strategies to promote remyelination still remains a challenge. Here, we describe how altered lipid metabolism in oligodendrocytes influences the pathogenesis of demyelination, and we show that several FDA-approved drugs with a previously unknown remyelination potential do act on cholesterol and lipid biosynthetic pathways. Since the interplay between myelin lipids and axons is strictly coordinated by the extracellular matrix (ECM), we also discuss the role of different ECM components, and report the last findings on new ECM-modifiers able to foster endogenous remyelination.
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Nunley KA, Orchard TJ, Ryan CM, Miller R, Costacou T, Rosano C. Statin use and cognitive function in middle-aged adults with type 1 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:286-296. [PMID: 28694929 PMCID: PMC5483427 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i6.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To test associations between statin use and cognitive impairment in adults with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D).
METHODS In 2010-13, n = 108 middle-aged participants from ongoing observational Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study underwent neurocognitive assessment (mean age and T1D duration of 49 and 41 years, respectively). All were diagnosed with childhood-onset (i.e., prior to age 18) T1D between 1950 and 1980 and were seen within one year of diagnosis at Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh. Self-reported statin use (yes/no and if yes, name of statin) was collected biennially from parent study baseline (1986-1988) to time of neurocognitive testing. Logistic regression models tested associations between statin use groups and cognitive impairment (defined as having two or more cognitive test scores 1.5SD or worse than published norms) while linear regression models tested associations between statin use groups and cognitive domain z-scores (domains: Verbal IQ, memory, executive function, psychomotor speed, and visuo-construction). All models controlled for education and age. To address confounding by indication, models were repeated using a propensity score for statin use.
RESULTS Of the 108 participants, 51 reported never using statins. Median duration of statin use among the 57 ever users was 6 years. These 57 ever statin users were split to create two groups (≤ or > median years of statin use): 1-6 years (n = 25), and 7-12 years (n = 32). Compared with never users, using statins 1-6 years tripled the odds of cognitive impairment (OR = 3.16; 95%CI: 0.93-10.72; P = 0.06) and using statins 7-12 years almost quintupled the odds of cognitive impairment (OR = 4.84; 95%CI: 1.63-14.44; P = 0.005). Compared with never users, using statins 1-6 or 7-12 years was related to worse performance in the memory domain (β = -0.52; P = 0.003, and -0.39; P = 0.014, respectively). Adjusting for coronary artery disease, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and Apo E4 status did not substantially alter results, and none of these covariates were significantly related to cognitive outcomes (all P > 0.05). Propensity score analyses support that associations between poor cognitive outcomes and statin use were not due merely to confounding by indication.
CONCLUSION Statin use was associated with cognitive impairment, particularly affecting memory, in these middle-aged adults with childhood-onset T1D, whom at this age, should not yet manifest age-related memory deficits.
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Glodzik L, Rusinek H, Kamer A, Pirraglia E, Tsui W, Mosconi L, Li Y, McHugh P, Murray J, Williams S, Osorio RS, Randall C, Butler T, Deshpande A, Vallabhajolusa S, de Leon M. Effects of vascular risk factors, statins, and antihypertensive drugs on PiB deposition in cognitively normal subjects. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2016; 2:95-104. [PMID: 27239540 PMCID: PMC4879519 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity increase the risk of dementia. Although their detection is commonly followed by an introduction of treatment, little is known about how medications frequently used to treat vascular risk affect amyloid deposition. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 156 subjects who underwent positron emission tomography with PiB. Using linear regression, we tested whether blood pressure, cholesterol, overweight/obese status, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins predicted amyloid deposition. RESULTS The use of ARBs (β = -.15, P = .044) and diuretics (β = -.20, P = .006) predicted less amyloid accumulation; older age (β = .29, P < .001) and statins (β = .23, P = .004) were related to greater amyloid deposition. Overweight and/or obese women had more cortical amyloid than their peers. DISCUSSION Prospective studies should confirm effects of drugs and increased body weight on amyloid accumulation and establish whether they translate into measurable clinical outcomes. Women may be more susceptible to harmful effects of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Glodzik
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 212 263 5698; Fax: +1 212 263 3270.
| | - Henry Rusinek
- Department of Radiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Angela Kamer
- Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pirraglia
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Wai Tsui
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Lisa Mosconi
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Pauline McHugh
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - John Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Ricardo S. Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Catherine Randall
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tracy Butler
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Anup Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | | | - Mony de Leon
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, USA
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