1
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Yunus MYBM. Electrodialysis membrane desalination with diagonal membrane spacers: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28727-y. [PMID: 37620701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialysis desalination uses ion exchange membranes, membrane spacers, and conductors to remove salt from water. Membrane spacers, made of polymeric strands, reduce concentration polarization. These spacers have properties such as porosity and filament shape that affect their performance. One important property is the spacer-bulk attack angle. This study systematically reviews the characteristics of a 45° attack angle of spacers and its effects on concentration polarization and fluid dynamics. Membrane spacers in a channel create distinct flow fields and concentration profiles. When set at a 45° attack angle, spacers provide greater turbulence and mass-heat transfer than traditional spacers. This is because both the transverse and longitudinal filaments become diagonal in relation to the bulk flow direction. A lower attack angle (<45°) results in a lower pressure drop coupled with a decline in wakes and stream disruption because when the filaments are more parallel to the primary fluid direction, the poorer their affect. This research concludes that membrane spacers with a 45° spacer-bulk attack angle function optimally compared to other angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Khudhur Abbas Al-Amshawee
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem and Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem and Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
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2
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Rastgar M, Moradi K, Burroughs C, Hemmati A, Hoek E, Sadrzadeh M. Harvesting Blue Energy Based on Salinity and Temperature Gradient: Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10156-10205. [PMID: 37523591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with power generation from fossil fuel combustion account for 25% of global emissions and, thus, contribute greatly to climate change. Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar, have reached a mature stage, with costs aligning with those of fossil fuel-derived power but suffer from the challenge of intermittency due to the variability of wind and sunlight. This study aims to explore the viability of salinity gradient power, or "blue energy", as a clean, renewable source of uninterrupted, base-load power generation. Harnessing the salinity gradient energy from river estuaries worldwide could meet a substantial portion of the global electricity demand (approximately 7%). Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) are more prominent technologies for blue energy harvesting, whereas thermo-osmotic energy conversion (TOEC) is emerging with new promise. This review scrutinizes the obstacles encountered in developing osmotic power generation using membrane-based methods and presents potential solutions to overcome challenges in practical applications. While certain strategies have shown promise in addressing some of these obstacles, further research is still required to enhance the energy efficiency and feasibility of membrane-based processes, enabling their large-scale implementation in osmotic energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Rastgar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kazem Moradi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Cassie Burroughs
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 12-263 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Arman Hemmati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Eric Hoek
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095-1593, United States
- Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohtada Sadrzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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3
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Yunus MYBM, Mohamed HS. Electrodialysis membrane desalination for water and wastewater processing: irregular attack angles of membrane spacers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28433-9. [PMID: 37378732 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialysis desalination is constructed with a number of anion exchange membranes (AEM), cation exchange membranes (CEM), anode, cathode, adjacent silicon gasket integrated membrane spacers, and inlet/outlet holes per cell. At the boundary among an ionic solution and an ion exchange membrane, concentration polarization develops. Spacers placed in between channel's walls function as stream baffles to increase turbulence, improve heat and mass transfer, diminish the laminar boundary layer, and lessen fouling problems. The current study offers a systematic review of membrane spacers, spacer-bulk attack angles, and irregular attack angles. Spacer-bulk attack angle is accountable for variations in the pattern and direction of stream which impact heat-mass transfer and concentration polarization. Irregular attack angles (e.g., 0°, 15°, 30°, 37°, 45°, 55°, 60°, 62°, 70°, 74°, 80°, 90°, 110°, 120°) in the present study were found to provide unique stream patterns due to the spacer's filaments being less or more transverse in respect to the primary solution direction, which may significantly alter heat transfer, mass transport, pressure drop, and overall flow dynamics. Spacer applies shear stress resulting by continuous stream tangent to the membrane exterior, which lessens polarization. In the end, 45° is concluded as the preferred attack angle that offers balanced rates of heat transfer, mass transport, and pressure drop throughout the feed channel while greatly lowering the rate of concentration polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Hybat Salih Mohamed
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
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4
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Yunus MYBM, Dakhil IH. Ion exchange membrane electrodialysis for water and wastewater processing: application of ladder-type membrane spacers to impact solution concentration and flow dynamics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-27940-z. [PMID: 37308631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concentration polarization, which creates a thin boundary layer along the membranes in electrochemical reactors and electrodialysis-related processes, is one of the main issues. Membrane spacers provide swirling motion in the stream and distribute fluid toward the membrane, which effectively breaks the polarization layer and maximizes flux steadily. Membrane spacers and the spacer-bulk attack angle are reviewed systematically in the current study. The study then in-depth reviews a ladder-type configuration composed of longitudinal (0° attack angle) and transverse (90° attack angle) filaments, and its effects on solution flow direction and hydrodynamics. The review discovered that, at the tradeoff of high-pressure losses, a laddered spacer can provide mass transfer and mixing activity along the channel while preserving comparable patterns of concentration near the membrane wall. Pressure losses are driven by a change in the direction of velocity vectors. Dead spots in the spacer design that are created by the large contribution of the spacer manifolds can be reduced using the high-pressure drop. Laddered spacers also permit long, tortuous flow paths, which help to create turbulent flow and prevent concentration polarization. The absence of spacers produces limited mixing and broad polarization effects. A major portion of streamlines changes direction at ladder spacer strands positioned transverse to the main flow by moving in a zigzag manner up and down the filaments of the spacer. Flow at 90° is perpendicular to the transverse wires in [Formula: see text]-coordinate, no change in [Formula: see text]-coordinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Khudhur Abbas Al-Amshawee
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Ihsan Habib Dakhil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Al-Muthanna University, Engineering College, 66001, Al-Samawa, Al-Muthanna, Iraq
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5
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Jeong S, Gu B, Choi S, Ahn SK, Lee J, Lee J, Jeong S. Engineered multi-scale roughness of carbon nanofiller-embedded 3D printed spacers for membrane distillation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 231:119649. [PMID: 36702024 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) transfers heat and mass simultaneously through a hydrophobic membrane. Hence, it is sensitive to both concentration and temperature polarisation (CP and TP) effects. In this study, we fabricated feed spacers to improve MD efficiency by alleviating the polarisation effects. First, a 3D printed spacer design was optimised to show superior performance amongst the others tested. Then, to further enhance spacer performance, we incorporated highly thermally stable carbon nanofillers, including carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene, in the fabrication of filaments for 3D printing. All the fabricated spacers had a degree of engineered multi-scale roughness, which was relatively high compared to that of the polylactic acid (PLA) spacer (control). The use of nanomaterial-incorporated spacers increased the mean permeate flux significantly compared to the PLA spacer (27.1 L/m2h (LMH)): a 43% and 75% increase when using the 1% graphene-incorporated spacer (38.9 LMH) and 2% CNT incorporated spacer (47.5 LMH), respectively. This could be attributed to the locally enhanced turbulence owing to the multi-scale roughness formed on the spacer, which further increased the vaporisation rate through the membrane. Interestingly, only the CNT-embedded spacer markedly reduced the ion permeation through the membrane, which may be due to the effective reduction of CP. This further decreased with increasing CNT concentration, confirming that the CNT spacer can simultaneously reduce the CP and TP effects in the MD process. Finally, we successfully proved that the multi-scale roughness of the spacer surface induces micromixing near the membrane walls, which can improve the MD performance via computational fluid dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongeom Jeong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Boram Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Subi Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegeun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Jeong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Yunus MYBM. Electrodialysis desalination: The impact of solution flowrate (or Reynolds number) on fluid dynamics throughout membrane spacers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115115. [PMID: 36574794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of a spacer among membranes has a major influence on fluid dynamics and performance metrics. Spacers create feed channels and operate as turbulence promoters to increase mixing and reduce concentration/temperature polarization effects. However, spacer geometry remains unoptimized, and studies continue to investigate a wide range of commercial and custom-made spacer designs. The in-depth discussion of the present systematic review seeks to discover the influence of Reynolds number or solution flowrate on flow hydrodynamics throughout a spacer-filled channel. A fast-flowing solution sweeping one membrane's surface first, then the neighboring membrane's surface produces good mixing action, which does not happen commonly at laminar solution flowrates. A sufficient flowrate can suppress the polarization layer, which may normally require the utilization of a simple feed channel rather than complex spacer configurations. When a recirculation eddy occurs, it disrupts the continuous flow and effectively curves the linear fluid courses. The higher the flowrate, the better the membrane performance, the higher the critical flux (or recovery rate), and the lower the inherent limitations of spacer design, spacer shadow effect, poor channel hydrodynamics, and high concentration polarization. In fact, critical flow achieves an acceptable balance between improving flow dynamics and reducing the related trade-offs, such as pressure losses and the occurrence of concentration polarization throughout the cell. If the necessary technical flowrate is not used, the real concentration potential for transport is relatively limited at low velocities than would be predicted based on bulk concentrations. Electrodialysis stack therefore may suffer from the dissociation of water molecules. Next studies should consider that applying a higher flowrate results in greater process efficiency, increased mass transfer potential at the membrane interface, and reduced stack thermal and electrical resistance, where pressure drop should always be indicated as a consequence of the spacer and circumstances used, rather than a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
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7
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Hydrodynamic effects of non-uniform feed spacer structures on energy loss and mass transfer in spiral wound module. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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8
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A generalized disjunctive programming model for the optimal design of reverse electrodialysis process for salinity gradient-based power generation. Comput Chem Eng 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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9
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Mohd Yunus MYB. Impact of Membrane Spacers on Concentration Polarization, Flow Profile, and Fouling at Ion Exchange Membranes of Electrodialysis Desalination: Diagonal Net Spacer Vs. Ladder-Type Configuration. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Ranade A, Singh K, Tamburini A, Micale G, Vermaas DA. Feasibility of Producing Electricity, Hydrogen, and Chlorine via Reverse Electrodialysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:16062-16072. [PMID: 36255406 PMCID: PMC9671052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a technology to generate electricity from two streams with different salinities. While RED systems have been conventionally used for electricity generation, recent works explored combining RED for production of valuable gases. This work investigates the feasibility of producing hydrogen and chlorine in addition to electricity in an RED stack and identifies potential levers for improvement. A simplified one-dimensional model is adopted to assess the technical and economic feasibility of the process. We notice a strong disparity in typical current densities of RED fed with seawater and river water and that in typical water (or chlor-alkali) electrolysis. This can be partly mitigated by using brine and seawater as RED feeds. Considering such an RED system, we estimate a hydrogen production of 1.37 mol/(m2 h) and an electrical power density of 1.19 W/m2. Although this exceeds previously reported hydrogen production rates in combination with RED, the levelized costs of products are 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the current market prices at the current state. The levelized costs of products are very sensitive to the membrane price and performance. Hence, going forward, manufacturing thinner and highly selective membranes is required to make the system competitive against the consolidated technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya Ranade
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
| | - Kaustub Singh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi
di Palermo, viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Micale
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi
di Palermo, viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128Palermo, Italy
| | - David A. Vermaas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Delft University
of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZDelft, Netherlands
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11
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Imwene KO, Ngumba E, Kairigo PK. Emerging technologies for enhanced removal of residual antibiotics from source-separated urine and wastewaters: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 322:116065. [PMID: 36063692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues are of significant concern in the ecosystem because of their capacity to mediate antibiotic resistance development among environmental microbes. This paper reviews recent technologies for the abatement of antibiotics from human urine and wastewaters. Antibiotics are widely distributed in the aquatic environment as a result of the discharge of municipal sewage. Their existence is a cause for worry due to the potential ecological impact (for instance, antibiotic resistance) on bacteria in the background. Numerous contaminants that enter wastewater treatment facilities and the aquatic environment, as a result, go undetected. Sludge can act as a medium for some chemicals to concentrate while being treated as wastewater. The most sewage sludge that has undergone treatment is spread on agricultural land without being properly checked for pollutants. The fate of antibiotic residues in soils is hence poorly understood. The idea of the Separation of urine at the source has recently been propagated as a measure to control the flow of pharmaceutical residues into centralized wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). With the ever increasing acceptance of urine source separation practices, visibility and awareness on dedicated treatement technologies is needed. Human urine, as well as conventional WWTPs, are point sources of pharmaceutical micropollutants contributing to the ubiquitous detection of pharmaceutical residues in the receiving water bodies. Focused post-treatment of source-separated urine includes distillation and nitrification, ammonia stripping, and adsorption processes. Other reviewed methods include physical and biological treatment methods, advanced oxidation processes, and a host of combination treatment methods. All these are aimed at ensuring minimized risk products are returned to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Imwene
- University of Nairobi, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 30197, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - E Ngumba
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - P K Kairigo
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland.
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12
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Effect of Gaskets Geometry on the Performance of a Reverse Electrodialysis Cell. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Salinity gradient energy (SGE) allows the difference in salt concentration in two volumes of water to be harnessed and transformed into clean energy. The most advanced SGE technology is reverse electrodialysis (RED) cells. Recent studies have focused on ways to optimize the flow distribution in the compartments containing the water, for which it is necessary to consider the characteristics of the solutions, the cell dimensions, the operating conditions, as well as their influence on the hydrodynamics and mass transport in the system. In this study, two spacers with different gasket geometry were designed, fabricated, and compared experimentally through voltage and current measurements. The power output was computed, obtaining a maximum power density of 0.14 W/m2. Results show that the geometry of the cell components directly influences the physicochemical principles governing the RED process and is closely related to the cell output parameters. In turn, it is possible to increase the performance of a RED cell by optimizing the gasket geometry by reducing dead zones.
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13
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Yeon SY, Rho J, Kim Y, Chung TD. Reverse electrodialysis for emerging applications. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Song Yi Yeon
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Rho
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju Kim
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Dong Chung
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
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14
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Husain MSB, Yunus MYBM, Mohamed Azmin NF, Temidayo Lekan O. Extruded and overlapped geometries of feed spacers for solution mixing in electrochemical reactors and electrodialysis-related processes. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2022.2042271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Khudhur Abbas Al-Amshawee
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Saad Bala Husain
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadhillah Mohamed Azmin
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Oladosu Temidayo Lekan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Perak, Malaysia
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15
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Reverse electrodialysis for power production with ion-permselective spacers and its optimization. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-022-01678-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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He C, Lian B, Ma J, Zhang C, Wang Y, Mo H, Waite TD. Scale-up and Modelling of Flow-electrode CDI Using Tubular Electrodes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117498. [PMID: 34371229 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel design for a flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) system consisting of tubular electrodes in a shell and tube heat exchanger configuration is proposed. Each electrode consists of a metallic mesh current collector along the inner circumference of a tubular ion-exchange membrane. This tubular FCDI design is suitable for scale-up as it consists of easily manufactured components which can be assembled in an array. An apparatus with 4 tubular electrodes with a large effective area (202.3 cm2) was constructed and shown to provide a high net salt (NaCl) removal rate (0.15 mg s-1 at 1.2 V applied voltage and ∼2000 mg L-1 influent total dissolved solids concentration). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model incorporating ion migration and transport mechanisms was developed to simulate the ion concentration and electrical potential profiles in the water channel. The results of CFD modelling highlighted the need to maximize regions of both high potential gradient and high hydraulic flow in order to achieve optimal salt removal. In brief, this study presents a new design approach for FCDI scale-up and provides a computational tool for optimization of this design and future innovative FCDI designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin He
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Boyue Lian
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jinxing Ma
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Changyong Zhang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yuan Wang
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hengliang Mo
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Company Limited, Huairou, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - T David Waite
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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17
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Principles of reverse electrodialysis and development of integrated-based system for power generation and water treatment: a review. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is among the evolving membrane-based processes available for energy harvesting by mixing water with different salinities. The chemical potential difference causes the movement of cations and anions in opposite directions that can then be transformed into the electrical current at the electrodes by redox reactions. Although several works have shown the possibilities of achieving high power densities through the RED system, the transformation to the industrial-scale stacks remains a challenge particularly in understanding the correlation between ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and the operating conditions. This work provides an overview of the RED system including its development and modifications of IEM utilized in the RED system. The effects of modified membranes particularly on the psychochemical properties of the membranes and the effects of numerous operating variables are discussed. The prospects of combining the RED system with other technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, heat engine, microbial fuel cell), and flow battery have been summarized based on open-loop and closed-loop configurations. This review attempts to explain the development and prospect of RED technology for salinity gradient power production and further elucidate the integrated RED system as a promising way to harvest energy while reducing the impact of liquid waste disposal on the environment.
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18
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Lin W, Zhang Y, Li D, Wang XM, Huang X. Roles and performance enhancement of feed spacer in spiral wound membrane modules for water treatment: A 20-year review on research evolvement. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 198:117146. [PMID: 33945947 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Membrane technologies have been widely applied in water treatment, wastewater reclamation and seawater desalination. Feed spacer present in spiral wound membrane (SWM) modules plays a pivotal role in creating flow channels, promoting fluid mixing and enhancing mass transfer. However, it induces the increase of feed channel pressure (FCP) drop and localized stagnant zones that provokes membrane fouling. For the first time, we comprehensively review the research evolvement on feed spacer in SWM modules for water treatment over the last 20 years, to reveal the impacts of feed spacer on the hydrodynamics and biofouling in the spacer-filled channel, and to discuss the potential approaches and current limitations for the modification of feed spacer. The research process can be divided into three phases, with research focus shifting from hydrodynamics in Phase Ⅰ (the year of 2001-2008), to biofouling in Phase Ⅱ (the year of 2009-2015), and then to novel spacer designs in Phase Ⅲ (the year of 2016-2020). The spacer configuration has a momentous impact on the hydraulic performance regarding flow velocity field, shear stress, mass transfer and FCP drop. Biofouling initially occurs on feed spacer, especially around spacer filaments and the contact zones with membrane surface, and ultimately degrades the overall membrane performance indicating the importance of controlling spacer biofouling. The modification of feed spacer is mainly achieved by altering surface chemistry or introducing novel configurations. However, the stability of spacer coating and the economy and practicality of 3D-printed spacer remain a predicament to be tackled. Future studies are suggested to focus on the standardization of testing conditions for spacer evaluation, the effect of hydrodynamics on membrane fouling control, the design and fabrication of novel feed spacer adaptable for SWM modules, the application of feed spacer for drinking water production, organic fouling control in spacer-filled channel and the role of permeate spacer on membrane performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Danyang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Application Center for Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research and Application Center for Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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19
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Honarparvar S, Zhang X, Chen T, Alborzi A, Afroz K, Reible D. Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:246. [PMID: 33805438 PMCID: PMC8066301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Honarparvar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Tianyu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Ashkan Alborzi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Khurshida Afroz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Danny Reible
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (S.H.); (X.Z.); (T.C.); (K.A.)
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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20
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Electrochemical analysis on how structural and compositional modification of electrode affects power generation in reverse electrodialysis. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Sun Y, Li J, Li M, Ma Z, Wang X, Wang Q, Wang X, Xu D, Gao J, Gao X. Towards improved hydrodynamics of the electrodialysis (ED) cell via computational fluid dynamics and cost estimation model: Effects of spacer parameters. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Anvari A, Azimi Yancheshme A, Kekre KM, Ronen A. State-of-the-art methods for overcoming temperature polarization in membrane distillation process: A review. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Anvari A, Azimi Yancheshme A, Ronen A. Enhanced performance of membrane distillation using radio-frequency induction heated thermally conducting feed spacers. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Jalili Z, Burheim OS, Einarsrud KE. Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of the Resistivity and Power Density in Reverse Electrodialysis: A Parametric Study. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E209. [PMID: 32872394 PMCID: PMC7558600 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) are enabling technologies which can facilitate renewable energy generation, dynamic energy storage, and hydrogen production from low-grade waste heat. This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study for maximizing the net produced power density of RED by coupling the Navier-Stokes and Nernst-Planck equations, using the OpenFOAM software. The relative influences of several parameters, such as flow velocities, membrane topology (i.e., flat or spacer-filled channels with different surface corrugation geometries), and temperature, on the resistivity, electrical potential, and power density are addressed by applying a factorial design and a parametric study. The results demonstrate that temperature is the most influential parameter on the net produced power density, resulting in a 43% increase in the net peak power density compared to the base case, for cylindrical corrugated channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jalili
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Odne Stokke Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Kristian Etienne Einarsrud
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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25
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Dong F, Jin D, Xu S, Xu L, Wu X, Wang P, Leng Q, Xi R. Numerical simulation of flow and mass transfer in profiled membrane channels for reverse electrodialysis. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Fluid–Structure Interaction and Flow Redistribution in Membrane-Bounded Channels. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12224259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The hydrodynamics of electrodialysis and reverse electrodialysis is commonly studied by neglecting membrane deformation caused by transmembrane pressure (TMP). However, large frictional pressure drops and differences in fluid velocity or physical properties in adjacent channels may lead to significant TMP values. In previous works, we conducted one-way coupled structural-CFD simulations at the scale of one periodic unit of a profiled membrane/channel assembly and computed its deformation and frictional characteristics as functions of TMP. In this work, a novel fluid–structure interaction model is presented, which predicts, at the channel pair scale, the changes in flow distribution associated with membrane deformations. The continuity and Darcy equations are solved in two adjacent channels by treating them as porous media and using the previous CFD results to express their hydraulic permeability as a function of the local TMP. Results are presented for square stacks of 0.6-m sides in cross and counter flow at superficial velocities of 1 to 10 cm/s. At low velocities, the corresponding low TMP does not significantly affect the flow distribution. As the velocity increases, the larger membrane deformation causes significant fluid redistribution. In the cross flow, the departure of the local superficial velocity from a mean value of 10 cm/s ranges between −27% and +39%.
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27
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Shi L, Huang J, Zeng G, Zhu L, Gu Y, Shi Y, Yi K, Li X. Roles of surfactants in pressure-driven membrane separation processes: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30731-30754. [PMID: 31494849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants widely exist in various kinds of wastewaters which could be treated by pressure-driven membrane separation (PDMS) techniques. Due to the special characteristics of surfactants, they may affect the performance of membrane filtration. Over the last two decades, there are a number of studies on treating wastewaters containing surfactants by PDMS. The current paper gives a review of the roles of surfactants in PDMS processes. The effects of surfactants on membrane performance were discussed via two aspects: influence of surfactants on membrane fouling and enhanced removal of pollutants by surfactants. The characteristics of surfactants in solution and at solid-liquid interface were summarized. Surfactants in membrane filtration processes cause membrane fouling mainly through adsorption, concentration polarization, pore blocking, and cake formation, and fouling degree may be influenced by various factors (feed water composition, membrane properties, and operation conditions). Furthermore, surfactants may also have a positive effect on membrane performance. Enhanced removal of various kinds of pollutants by PDMS in the presence of surfactants has been summarized, and the removal mechanism has been revealed. Based on the current reports, further studies on membrane fouling caused by surfactants and enhanced removal of pollutants by surfactant-aided membrane filtration were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiu Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Jinhui Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China.
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yanling Gu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Yahui Shi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Kaixin Yi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, Hunan, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Environmental Science, Changsha University, Changsha, 410003, Hunan, China
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28
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Ding D, Pan J, Yeo SH, Wagholikar V, Lim SH, Wu C, Fuh JYH, Kang L. A miniaturized device for biomembrane permeation analysis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 103:109772. [PMID: 31349518 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is widely investigated as an alternative drug administration route to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. Owing to the availability of human skin samples, in vitro tests are used to predict the in vivo delivery of transdermal drugs. The most widely used validation method is skin permeation using diffusion cells. Traditional diffusion cells, however, are capacious and often require large amounts of skin sample and drugs, which is undesirable, given the scarcity of new drug entities and the limitation of skin sample supply. In this study, we fabricated miniaturized multichannel devices (MCDs) by 3D printing, to minimize the use of skin and drug samples. The MCDs were compared with conventional static diffusion cells and achieved comparable drug permeation profiles. The finite element method-based simulation revealed the efficient carry-off of permeated ingredients by the multichannel devices, and a critical role of distance between the buffer stream and skin sample in determining the flow velocity inside the chamber. The results support these devices as qualified alternatives to Franz cells for in vitro permeation studies using biomembranes, with reduced use of skin and drug samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ding
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Skinetrate Pte Ltd, 79 Ayer Rajah Crescent, Singapore 139955, Singapore
| | - Shih Hui Yeo
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Vishal Wagholikar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Seng Han Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Chunyong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jerry Y H Fuh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Kang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Pharmacy and Bank Building A15, NSW 2006, Australia.
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29
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CFD Investigation of Spacer-Filled Channels for Membrane Distillation. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9080091. [PMID: 31349583 PMCID: PMC6722816 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9080091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The membrane distillation (MD) process for water desalination is affected by temperature polarization, which reduces the driving force and the efficiency of the process. To counteract this phenomenon, spacer-filled channels are used, which enhance mixing and heat transfer but also cause higher pressure drops. Therefore, in the design of MD modules, the choice of the spacer is crucial for process efficiency. In the present work, different overlapped spacers are investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and results are compared with experiments carried out with thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC). Results are reported for different flow attack angles and for Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from ~200 to ~800. A good qualitative agreement between simulations and experiments can be observed for the areal distribution of the normalized heat transfer coefficient. Trends of the average heat transfer coefficient are reported as functions of Re for the geometries investigated, thus providing the basis for CFD-based correlations to be used in higher-scale process models.
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30
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Mehdizadeh S, Yasukawa M, Abo T, Kuno M, Noguchi Y, Higa M. The Effect of Feed Solution Temperature on the Power Output Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) System with Different Intermediate Distance. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9060073. [PMID: 31216734 PMCID: PMC6630688 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9060073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-based reverse electrodialysis (RED) can convert the salinity gradient energy between two solutions into electric power without any environmental impact. Regarding the practical application of the RED process using natural seawater and river water, the RED performance depends on the climate (temperature). In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the feed solution temperature on the resulting RED performance using two types of pilot-scale RED stacks consisting of 200 cell pairs having a total effective membrane area of 40 m2 with different intermediate distances (200 µm and 600 µm). The temperature dependence of the resistance of the solution compartment and membrane, open circuit voltage (OCV), maximum gross power output, pumping energy, and subsequent net power output of the system was individually evaluated. Increasing the temperature shows a positive influence on all the factors studied, and interesting linear relationships were obtained in all the cases, which allowed us to provide simple empirical equations to predict the resulting performance. Furthermore, the temperature dependence was strongly affected by the experimental conditions, such as the flow rate and type of stack, especially in the case of the pilot-scale stack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Mehdizadeh
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Yasukawa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Takakazu Abo
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Masaya Kuno
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Yuki Noguchi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Higa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan.
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31
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32
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Membrane Deformation and Its Effects on Flow and Mass Transfer in the Electromembrane Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081840. [PMID: 31013943 PMCID: PMC6515201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the membrane processes, a trans-membrane pressure (TMP) may arise due to design features or operating conditions. In most applications, stacks for electrodialysis (ED) or reverse electrodialysis (RED) operate at low TMP (<0.1 bar); however, large stacks with non-parallel flow patterns and/or asymmetric configurations can exhibit higher TMP values, causing membrane deformations and changes in fluid dynamics and transport phenomena. In this work, integrated mechanical and fluid dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the TMP effects on deformation, flow and mass transfer for a profiled membrane-fluid channel system with geometrical and mechanical features and fluid velocities representative of ED/RED conditions. First, a conservatively high value of TMP was assumed, and mechanical simulations were conducted to identify the geometry with the largest pitch to height ratio still able to bear this load without exhibiting a contact between opposite membranes. The selected geometry was then investigated under expansion and compression conditions in a TMP range encompassing most practical applications. Finally, friction and mass transfer coefficients in the deformed channel were predicted by computational fluid dynamics. Significant effects of membrane deformation were observed: friction and mass transfer coefficients increased in the compressed channel, while they decreased (though to a lesser extent) in the expanded channel.
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33
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Gueccia R, Randazzo S, Chillura Martino D, Cipollina A, Micale G. Experimental investigation and modeling of diffusion dialysis for HCl recovery from waste pickling solution. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 235:202-212. [PMID: 30682673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrochloric acid recovery from pickling solutions was studied by employing a batch diffusion dialysis (DD) laboratory test-rig equipped with Fumasep membranes. The effect of main operating parameters such as HCl concentration (0.1-3 M) and the presence of Fe2+ (up to 150 g/l) was investigated to simulate the system operation with real industrial streams. The variation of HCl, Fe2+ and water flux was identified. When only HCl is present, a recovery efficiency of 100% was reached. In the presence of FeCl2, higher acid recovery efficiencies, up to 150%, were observed due to the so-called "salt effect", which promotes the passage of acid even against its concentration gradient. A 7% leakage of FeCl2 was detected in the most severe conditions. An original analysis on water flux in DD operation has indicated that osmotic flux prevails at low HCl concentrations, while a dominant "drag flux" in the opposite direction is observed for higher HCl concentrations. A comprehensive mathematical model was developed and validated with experimental data. The model has a time and space distributed-parameters structure allowing to effectively simulate steady-state and transient batch operations, thus providing an operative tool for the design and optimisation of DD units.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gueccia
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed.6, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - S Randazzo
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed.6, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - D Chillura Martino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed.17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - A Cipollina
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed.6, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Micale
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze ed.6, 90128, Palermo, Italy
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34
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Chandra A, Pathiwada D, Chattopadhyay S. COMSOL simulation and experimental validation of promoter geometries facilitating citric acid transport in electrodialysis. Chem Eng Res Des 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Mehdizadeh S, Yasukawa M, Abo T, Kakihana Y, Higa M. Effect of spacer geometry on membrane and solution compartment resistances in reverse electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Temperature and Velocity Effects on Mass and Momentum Transport in Spacer-Filled Channels for Reverse Electrodialysis: A Numerical Study. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11082028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concentration polarization is one of the main challenges of membrane-based processes such as power generation by reverse electrodialysis. Spacers in the compartments can enhance mass transfer by reducing concentration polarization. Active spacers increase the available membrane surface area, thus avoiding the shadow effect introduced by inactive spacers. Optimizing the spacer-filled channels is crucial for improving mass transfer while maintaining reasonable pressure losses. The main objective of this work was to develop a numerical model based upon the Navier–Stokes and Nernst–Planck equations in OpenFOAM, for detailed investigation of mass transfer efficiency and pressure drop. The model is utilized in different spacer-filled geometries for varying Reynolds numbers, spacer conductivity and fluid temperature. Triangular corrugations are found to be the optimum geometry, particularly at low flow velocities. Cylindrical corrugations are better at high flow velocities due to lower pressure drop. Enhanced mass transfer and lower pressure drop by elevating temperature is demonstrated.
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Luque Di Salvo J, Cosenza A, Tamburini A, Micale G, Cipollina A. Long-run operation of a reverse electrodialysis system fed with wastewaters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:871-887. [PMID: 29660712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a Reverse ElectroDialysis (RED) system fed by unconventional wastewater solutions for long operational periods is analysed for the first time. The experimental campaign was divided in a series of five independent long-runs which combined real wastewater solutions with artificial solutions for at least 10 days. The time evolution of electrical variables, gross power output and net power output, considering also pumping losses, was monitored: power density values obtained during the long-runs are comparable to those found in literature with artificial feed solutions of similar salinity. The increase in pressure drops and the development of membrane fouling were the main detrimental factors of system performance. Pressure drops increase was related to the physical obstruction of the feed channels defined by the spacers, while membrane fouling was related to the adsorption of foulants over the membrane surfaces. In order to manage channels partial clogging and fouling, different kinds of easily implemented in situ backwashings (i.e. neutral, acid, alkaline) were adopted, without the need for an abrupt interruption of the RED unit operation. The application of periodic ElectroDialysis (ED) pulses is also tested as fouling prevention strategy. The results collected suggest that RED can be used to produce electric power by unworthy wastewaters, but additional studies are still needed to characterize better membrane fouling and further improve system performance with these solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Luque Di Salvo
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cosenza
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Micale
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Cipollina
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Micari M, Bevacqua M, Cipollina A, Tamburini A, Van Baak W, Putts T, Micale G. Effect of different aqueous solutions of pure salts and salt mixtures in reverse electrodialysis systems for closed-loop applications. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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D'Angelo A, Tedesco M, Cipollina A, Galia A, Micale G, Scialdone O. Reverse electrodialysis performed at pilot plant scale: Evaluation of redox processes and simultaneous generation of electric energy and treatment of wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 125:123-131. [PMID: 28843152 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the experimental campaign carried out with a reverse electrodialysis (RED) demonstration plant (Marsala, Italy) with the main aims of: (i) evaluating the effect of various operating parameters, including the redox processes, on the system performances; (ii) using the plant for the simultaneous generation of electric energy and treatment of wastewater. The prototype (44 × 44 cm2, 500 cell pairs) was tested using both real (brackish water and brine) and artificial solutions. Tests with two different electrode rinse solutions (with or without iron redox couples) were performed. In agreement with the data obtained in the laboratory, the presence of iron ions contributes positively to the power production. The effect of flow rates in the electrode and saline compartments, as well as aging of the electrode rinse solution was also investigated. The possibility to remove an organic pollutant (the azoic dye Acid Orange 7) from the electrode solution was tested, obtaining a very fast and total removal of the pollutant. This experimental campaign represents the first demonstration in a real environment of the abilities of a RED plant to treat wastewater, thus giving useful indications for the spreading of RED technology in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana D'Angelo
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale, Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Universitá di Palermo (UNIPA), Viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Michele Tedesco
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale, Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Universitá di Palermo (UNIPA), Viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Cipollina
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale, Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Universitá di Palermo (UNIPA), Viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Galia
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale, Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Universitá di Palermo (UNIPA), Viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Micale
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale, Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Universitá di Palermo (UNIPA), Viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Onofrio Scialdone
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale, Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica, Universitá di Palermo (UNIPA), Viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Coupling CFD with a one-dimensional model to predict the performance of reverse electrodialysis stacks. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Numerical simulation of ionic transport processes through bilayer ion-exchange membranes in reverse electrodialysis stacks. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tedesco M, Cipollina A, Tamburini A, Micale G. Towards 1 kW power production in a reverse electrodialysis pilot plant with saline waters and concentrated brines. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yip NY, Brogioli D, Hamelers HVM, Nijmeijer K. Salinity Gradients for Sustainable Energy: Primer, Progress, and Prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12072-12094. [PMID: 27718544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Combining two solutions of different composition releases the Gibbs free energy of mixing. By using engineered processes to control the mixing, chemical energy stored in salinity gradients can be harnessed for useful work. In this critical review, we present an overview of the current progress in salinity gradient power generation, discuss the prospects and challenges of the foremost technologies - pressure retarded osmosis (PRO), reverse electrodialysis (RED), and capacitive mixing (CapMix) and provide perspectives on the outlook of salinity gradient power generation. Momentous strides have been made in technical development of salinity gradient technologies and field demonstrations with natural and anthropogenic salinity gradients (for example, seawater-river water and desalination brine-wastewater, respectively), but fouling persists to be a pivotal operational challenge that can significantly ebb away cost-competitiveness. Natural hypersaline sources (e.g., hypersaline lakes and salt domes) can achieve greater concentration difference and, thus, offer opportunities to overcome some of the limitations inherent to seawater-river water. Technological advances needed to fully exploit the larger salinity gradients are identified. While seawater desalination brine is a seemingly attractive high salinity anthropogenic stream that is otherwise wasted, actual feasibility hinges on the appropriate pairing with a suitable low salinity stream. Engineered solutions are foulant-free and can be thermally regenerative for application in low-temperature heat utilization. Alternatively, PRO, RED, and CapMix can be coupled with their analog separation process (reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and capacitive deionization, respectively) in salinity gradient flow batteries for energy storage in chemical potential of the engineered solutions. Rigorous techno-economic assessments can more clearly identify the prospects of low-grade heat conversion and large-scale energy storage. While research attention is squarely focused on efficiency and power improvements, efforts to mitigate fouling and lower membrane and electrode cost will be equally important to reduce levelized cost of salinity gradient energy production and, thus, boost PRO, RED, and CapMix power generation to be competitive with other renewable technologies. Cognizance of the recent key developments and technical progress on the different technological fronts can help steer the strategic advancement of salinity gradient as a sustainable energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngai Yin Yip
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York , New York 10027-6623, United States
| | - Doriano Brogioli
- Energiespeicher- und Energiewandlersysteme, Universität Bremen , Wiener Straße 12, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Hubertus V M Hamelers
- Wetsus - European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- Membrane Materials & Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology , PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Tedesco M, Hamelers H, Biesheuvel P. Nernst-Planck transport theory for (reverse) electrodialysis: I. Effect of co-ion transport through the membranes. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Choi I, Han JY, Yoo SJ, Henkensmeier D, Kim JY, Lee SY, Han J, Nam SW, Kim HJ, Jang JH. Experimental Investigation of Operating Parameters in Power Generation by Lab-Scale Reverse Electro-Dialysis (RED). B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Choi
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- Division of Energy Engineering; Kangwon National University; Samcheok 25913 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Han
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Yoo
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- Green School; Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghee Han
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- Green School; Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Juhn Kim
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Jang
- Fuel Cell Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST); Seoul 02792 Republic of Korea
- Green School; Korea University; Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea
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Pawlowski S, Geraldes V, Crespo JG, Velizarov S. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) assisted analysis of profiled membranes performance in reverse electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Gurreri L, Tamburini A, Cipollina A, Micale G, Ciofalo M. Flow and mass transfer in spacer-filled channels for reverse electrodialysis: a CFD parametrical study. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Pawlowski S, Galinha CF, Crespo JG, Velizarov S. 2D fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring ion-exchange membrane based technologies - Reverse electrodialysis (RED). WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:184-198. [PMID: 26497936 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the emerging, membrane-based technologies for harvesting salinity gradient energy. In RED process, fouling is an undesirable operation constraint since it leads to a decrease of the obtainable net power density due to increasing stack electric resistance and pressure drop. Therefore, early fouling detection is one of the main challenges for successful RED technology implementation. In the present study, two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy was used, for the first time, as a tool for fouling monitoring in RED. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) of ion-exchange membrane surfaces and of natural aqueous streams were acquired during one month of a RED stack operation. Fouling evolvement on the ion-exchange membrane surfaces was successfully followed by 2D fluorescence spectroscopy and quantified using principal components analysis (PCA). Additionally, the efficiency of cleaning strategy was assessed by measuring the membrane fluorescence emission intensity before and after cleaning. The anion-exchange membrane (AEM) surface in contact with river water showed to be significantly affected due to fouling by humic compounds, which were found to cross through the membrane from the lower salinity (river water) to higher salinity (sea water) stream. The results obtained show that the combined approach of using 2D fluorescence spectroscopy and PCA has a high potential for studying fouling development and membrane cleaning efficiency in ion exchange membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwin Pawlowski
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Claudia F Galinha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - João G Crespo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Svetlozar Velizarov
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Zhu X, He W, Logan BE. Influence of solution concentration and salt types on the performance of reverse electrodialysis cells. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Tedesco M, Brauns E, Cipollina A, Micale G, Modica P, Russo G, Helsen J. Reverse electrodialysis with saline waters and concentrated brines: A laboratory investigation towards technology scale-up. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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