1
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Elozeiri AAE, Dykstra JE, Rijnaarts HHM, Lammertink RGH. Multi-component ion equilibria and transport in ion-exchange membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 673:971-984. [PMID: 38935981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
At the interface between an ion-exchange membrane and a multi-electrolyte solution, charged species redistribute themselves to minimize the free energy of the system. In this paper, we explore the Donnan equilibrium of membranes with quaternary electrolyte (Na+/Mg2+/K+/Ca2+/Cl-) solutions, experimentally. The data was used to calculate the ion activity coefficients for six commercial cation-exchange membranes (CEMs). After setting one of the activity coefficients to an arbitrary value, we used the remaining (N-1) activity coefficients as fitting parameters to describe the equilibrium concentrations of (N) ionic species with a mean relative error of 3 %. At increasing solution ionic strengths, the equivalent ion fractions of monovalent counter-ions inside the membrane increased at the expense of the multivalent ones in alignment with the Donnan equilibrium theory. The fitted activity coefficients were employed in a transport model that simulated a Donnan dialysis experiment involving all four cations simultaneously. The arbitrary value assigned to one activity coefficient affects the calculated Donnan potential at the membrane interface. Nevertheless, this arbitrary value does not affect the prediction of the ion concentrations inside the membrane and consequently does not affect the modeled ion fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaaeldin A E Elozeiri
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jouke E Dykstra
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Huub H M Rijnaarts
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob G H Lammertink
- Membrane Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands.
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2
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Peng R, Li T, Song H, Wang S, Song Y, Wang J, Xu M. In-depth understanding of boosting salinity gradient power generation by ionic diode. iScience 2023; 26:107184. [PMID: 37534140 PMCID: PMC10391965 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionic diodes constructed with asymmetric channel geometry and/or charge layout have shown outstanding performance in ion transport manipulation and reverse electrodialysis (RED) energy collection, but the working mechanism is still indistinct. Herein, we systematically investigated RED energy conversion of straight nanochannel-based bipolar ionic diode by coupling the Poisson-Nernst-Planck and Navier-Strokes equations. The effects of nanochannel structure, charging polarity, and symmetricity as well as properties of working fluids on the output voltage and output power were investigated. The results show that as high-concentration feeding solution is applied, the bipolar ionic diode-based RED system gives higher output voltage and output power compared to the unipolar channel RED system. Under optimal conditions, the voltage output of the bipolar channel is increased by ∼100% and the power output is increased by ∼260%. This work opens a new route for the design and optimization of high-performance salinity energy harvester as well as for water desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Peng
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116026 China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116026 China
- Dalian Key Lab of Marine Micro/Nano Energy and Self-Powered System, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Hanqiong Song
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116026 China
| | - Shiyao Wang
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yongxin Song
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116026 China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Department of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Minyi Xu
- College of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Lingshui Road, Dalian 116026 China
- Dalian Key Lab of Marine Micro/Nano Energy and Self-Powered System, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
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3
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Guo J, Li M, Wang Y, Xiang Z, Li X. Evaluation of ion transport properties characterizing concentration polarization in membrane-solution system under different factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2022-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ion transport properties across the membrane under conditions of different membrane types, solution concentrations, flow rates and temperatures were investigated in a four-compartment reactor. By combining linear sweep voltammetry and chronopotentiometry, the limiting current density (I
lim), the ion transition time (τ) and the difference between ion transport numbers in the membrane and the solution (t
m–t
s) were determined. And the diffusion boundary layer thickness (δ) of the membrane-solution system at steady-state conditions was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the use of Selemion membrane and the increase of solution concentration, flow rate and temperature, I
lim and τ increase, t
m–t
s and δ decrease. This means the concentration polarization of the system is weaker and complete concentration polarization is more difficult to occur. At the same time, I
lim, τ and t
m–t
s are strongly related to solution concentration and temperature, while the diffusion boundary layer thickness is mainly affected by solution concentration and flow rate. Additionally, I
lim of anion exchange membranes is larger than that of cation exchange membranes due to the difference in migration rates of anion and cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment , Xi’an Jiaotong University , Xi’an 710049 , China
- Changshu Switchgear Mfg. Co. Ltd. , Changshu 215500 , China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , China
| | - Zheyu Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , China
| | - Xiaoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region , Xi’an University of Technology , Xi’an 710048 , China
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4
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Assessment of Graphical Methods for Determination of the Limiting Current Density in Complex Electrodialysis-Feed Solutions. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020241. [PMID: 35207162 PMCID: PMC8875246 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) is a promising technology suitable for nutrient recovery from a wide variety of liquid waste streams. For optimal operating conditions, the limiting current density (LCD) has to be determined separately for each treated feed and ED equipment. LCD is most frequently assessed in the NaCl solutions. In this paper, five graphical methods available in literature were reviewed for LCD determination in a series of five feed solutions with different levels of complexity in ion and matrix composition. Wastewater from microbial fermentation was included among the feed solutions, containing charged and uncharged particles. The experiments, running in the batch ED with an online conductivity, temperature, and pH monitoring, were conducted to obtain data for the comparison of various LCD determination methods. The results revealed complements and divergences between the applied LCD methods with increasing feed concentrations and composition complexity. The Cowan and Brown method had the most consistent results for all of the feed solutions. Online conductivity monitoring was linearly correlated with the decreasing ion concentration in the feed solution and corresponding LCD. Therefore, the results obtained in this study can be applied as a base for the automatized dynamic control of the operating current density–voltage in the batch ED. Conductivity alone should not be used for the ED control since LCD depends on the ion exchange membranes, feed flow, temperature and concentration, ionic species, their concentration ratios, and uncharged particles of the feed solution.
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Zimmermann P, Solberg SBB, Tekinalp Ö, Lamb JJ, Wilhelmsen Ø, Deng L, Burheim OS. Heat to Hydrogen by RED-Reviewing Membranes and Salts for the RED Heat Engine Concept. MEMBRANES 2021; 12:48. [PMID: 35054575 PMCID: PMC8779139 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Reverse electrodialysis heat engine (REDHE) combines a reverse electrodialysis stack for power generation with a thermal regeneration unit to restore the concentration difference of the salt solutions. Current approaches for converting low-temperature waste heat to electricity with REDHE have not yielded conversion efficiencies and profits that would allow for the industrialization of the technology. This review explores the concept of Heat-to-Hydrogen with REDHEs and maps crucial developments toward industrialization. We discuss current advances in membrane development that are vital for the breakthrough of the RED Heat Engine. In addition, the choice of salt is a crucial factor that has not received enough attention in the field. Based on ion properties relevant for both the transport through IEMs and the feasibility for regeneration, we pinpoint the most promising salts for use in REDHE, which we find to be KNO3, LiNO3, LiBr and LiCl. To further validate these results and compare the system performance with different salts, there is a demand for a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the REDHE that considers all its units. Guided by such a model, experimental studies can be designed to utilize the most favorable process conditions (e.g., salt solutions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Zimmermann
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Simon Birger Byremo Solberg
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Önder Tekinalp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Jacob Joseph Lamb
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Øivind Wilhelmsen
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Liyuan Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (Ö.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Odne Stokke Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.Z.); (S.B.B.S.); (J.J.L.)
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6
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Nam JY, Jwa E, Eom H, Kim H, Hwang K, Jeong N. Enhanced energy recovery using a cascaded reverse electrodialysis stack for salinity gradient power generation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 200:117255. [PMID: 34062402 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the field applications of reserve electrodialysis (RED) to produce salinity gradient power, net energy production remains an issue owing to limitations such as high energy requirement for high flow rates of feed solutions, and severe fouling and pressure build up when thin spacers are used. Therefore, to maximize the performance and efficiency of energy harvesting in the RED, a cascaded RED stack, with multiple stages between the anode and cathode electrodes, was investigated. In cascaded stacks, 100-cell paired stacks were divided into several stages, so the feed water flowed into the first stage, and the effluent from the first stage was then reused in the next stages. This cascaded stack could overcome the typical drawbacks of RED (large amount of feed water required, intensive pumping energy, and low net energy production). Although 25% of the feed water volume was used in the 4-stage cascaded stack (100-cell-pairs) compared to the conventional stack (100-cell-pairs with a parallel flow operation), much more energy was produced with the 4-stage cascaded stack. The net power density and net specific energy with the 4-stage cascaded stack were the highest at 0.5 cm/s (0.48 W/m2) and 0.25 cm/s (0.06 kWh/m3), respectively. This is very promising for the practical application of RED since feed water volumes can be greatly reduced, which could reduce the burden on the feed water pretreatment step. Consequently, we can build a compact RED plant with smaller pretreatment processes and fewer RED unit stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Youn Nam
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Research Team, Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63357, Korea.
| | - Eunjin Jwa
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Research Team, Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63357, Korea
| | - Hyunji Eom
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Research Team, Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63357, Korea; Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hanki Kim
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Research Team, Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63357, Korea
| | - Kyosik Hwang
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Research Team, Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63357, Korea
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Research Team, Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju 63357, Korea
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7
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Dong F, Xu S, Wu X, Jin D, Wang P, Wu D, Leng Q. Cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)/sulfosuccinic acid (PVA/SSA) as cation exchange membranes for reverse electrodialysis. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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8
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Hulme AM, Davey CJ, Tyrrel S, Pidou M, McAdam EJ. Scale-up of reverse electrodialysis for energy generation from high concentration salinity gradients. J Memb Sci 2021; 627:119245. [PMID: 34083864 PMCID: PMC8075804 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Whilst reverse electrodialysis (RED) has been extensively characterised for saline gradient energy from seawater/river water (0.5 M/0.02 M), less is known about RED stack design for high concentration salinity gradients (4 M/0.02 M), important to closed loop applications (e.g. thermal-to-electrical, energy storage). This study therefore focuses on the scale-up of RED stacks for high concentration salinity gradients. Higher velocities were required to attain a maximum Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) for 4 M/0.02 M, which gives a measure of the electrochemical potential of the cell. The experimental OCV was also much below the theoretical OCV, due to the greater boundary layer resistance observed, which is distinct from 0.5 M/0.02 M. However, negative net power density (net produced electrical power divided by total membrane area) was demonstrated with 0.5 M/0.02 M for larger stacks using shorter residence times (three stack sizes tested: 10 × 10cm, 10 × 20cm and 10 × 40cm). In contrast, the highest net power density was observed at the shortest residence time for the 4 M/0.02 M concentration gradient, as the increased ionic flux compensated for the pressure drop. Whilst comparable net power densities were determined for the 10 × 10cm and 10 × 40cm stacks using the 4 M/0.02 M concentration gradient, the osmotic and ionic transport mechanisms are distinct. Increasing cell pair number improved maximum current density. This subsequently increased power density, due to the reduction in boundary layer resistance, and may therefore be used to improve thermodynamic efficiency and power density from RED for high concentrations. Although comparable power densities may be achieved for small and large stacks, large stacks maybe preferred for high concentration salinity gradients due to the comparative benefit in thermodynamic efficiency in single pass. The greater current achieved by large stacks may also be complemented by an increase in cell pair number and current density optimisation to increase power density and reduce exergy losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hulme
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - C J Davey
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - S Tyrrel
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - M Pidou
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E J McAdam
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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9
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Zhang X, Chia E, Fan X, Ping J. Flow-sensory contact electrification of graphene. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1755. [PMID: 33741935 PMCID: PMC7979811 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
All-electronic interrogation of biofluid flow velocity by electrical nanosensors incorporated in ultra-low-power or self-sustained systems offers the promise of enabling multifarious emerging research and applications. However, existing nano-based electrical flow sensing technologies remain lacking in precision and stability and are typically only applicable to simple aqueous solutions or liquid/gas dual-phase mixtures, making them unsuitable for monitoring low-flow (~micrometer/second) yet important characteristics of continuous biofluids (such as hemorheological behaviors in microcirculation). Here, we show that monolayer-graphene single microelectrodes harvesting charge from continuous aqueous flow provide an effective flow sensing strategy that delivers key performance metrics orders of magnitude higher than other electrical approaches. In particular, over six-months stability and sub-micrometer/second resolution in real-time quantification of whole-blood flows with multiscale amplitude-temporal characteristics are obtained in a microfluidic chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Eric Chia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jinglei Ping
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA.
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10
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Hulme A, Davey C, Parker A, Williams L, Tyrrel S, Jiang Y, Pidou M, McAdam E. Managing power dissipation in closed-loop reverse electrodialysis to maximise energy recovery during thermal-to-electric conversion. DESALINATION 2020; 496:114711. [PMID: 33335330 PMCID: PMC7695618 DOI: 10.1016/j.desal.2020.114711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the efficiency of reverse electrodialysis (RED) for thermal-to-electrical conversion has been theoretically demonstrated for low-grade waste heat, the specific configuration and salinity required to manage power generation has been less well described. This study demonstrates that operating RED by recycling feed solutions provides the most suitable configuration for energy recovery from a fixed solution volume, providing a minimum unitary cost for energy production. For a fixed membrane area, recycling feeds achieves energy efficiency seven times higher than single pass (conventional operation), and with an improved power density. However, ionic transport, water flux and concentration polarisation introduce complex temporal effects when concentrated brines are recirculated, that are not ordinarily encountered in single pass systems. Regeneration of the concentration gradient at around 80% energy dissipation was deemed most economically pragmatic, due to the increased resistance to mass transport beyond this threshold. However, this leads to significant exergy destruction that could be improved by interventions to better control ionic build up in the dilute feed. Further improvements to energy efficiency were fostered through optimising current density for each brine concentration independently. Whilst energy efficiency was greatest at lower brine concentrations, the work produced from a fixed volume of feed solution was greatest at higher saline concentrations. Since the thermal-to-electrical conversion proposed is governed by volumetric heat utilisation (distillation to reset the concentration gradient), higher brine concentrations are therefore recommended to improve total system efficiency. Importantly, this study provides new evidence for the configuration and boundary conditions required to realise RED as a practical solution for application to sources of low-grade waste heat in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Hulme
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - C.J. Davey
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - A. Parker
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - L. Williams
- Centre for Creative and Competitive Design, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - S. Tyrrel
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Y. Jiang
- Centre for Thermal Energy Systems and Materials, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - M. Pidou
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E.J. McAdam
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK
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A Review on Ion-exchange Membranes Fouling and Antifouling During Electrodialysis Used in Food Industry: Cleanings and Strategies of Prevention. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-020-00178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Luo F, Wang Y, Sha M, Wei Y. Correlations of Ion Composition and Power Efficiency in a Reverse Electrodialysis Heat Engine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235860. [PMID: 31766700 PMCID: PMC6928877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to explore the influence of ion composition on the trans-membrane potential across the ion exchange membrane (IEM), and thus offers a reference for the deep insight of “reverse electrodialysis heat engine” running in the composite systems. In comparison to the natural system (river water | seawater), the performance of the reverse electrodialysis (RED) stack was examined using NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and NH4Cl as the supporting electrolyte in the corresponding compartment. The effect of flow rates and the concentration ratio in the high salt concentration compartment (HCC)/low salt concentration compartment (LCC) on energy generation was investigated in terms of the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and power density per membrane area. It was found that the new system (0.49 M NaCl + 0.01 M NaHCO3|0.01 M NaHCO3) output a relatively stable power density (0.174 W·m−2), with the open-circuit voltage 2.95 V under the low flow rate of 0.22 cm/s. Meanwhile, the simulated natural system (0.5 M NaCl|0.01 M NaCl) output the power density 0.168 W·m−2, with the open-circuit voltage 2.86 V under the low flow rate of 0.22 cm/s. The findings in this work further confirm the excellent potential of RED for the recovery of salinity gradient energy (SGP) that is reserved in artificially-induced systems (wastewaters).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabao Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230061, China; (M.S.); (Y.W.)
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Polymer Materials, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Yang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Maolin Sha
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230061, China; (M.S.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yanxin Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230061, China; (M.S.); (Y.W.)
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13
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Kim H, Jeong N, Yang S, Choi J, Lee MS, Nam JY, Jwa E, Kim B, Ryu KS, Choi YW. Nernst-Planck analysis of reverse-electrodialysis with the thin-composite pore-filling membranes and its upscaling potential. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 165:114970. [PMID: 31426007 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To properly design reverse electrodialysis (RED) stacks, modeling of ion transport and prediction of power generation on the single RED stack are very important. Currently, the Nernst-Planck equation is widely adopted to simulate ion transport through IEMs. However, applying typical Nernst-Planck equation is not proper to analyze ion transport through the heterogeneous thin-composite pore-filling membrane because of the non-conductive site in the membrane matrix. Herein, we firstly introduced modified Nernst-Planck equation by addressing conductive traveling length (CTL) to simulate the ion transport through the thin-composite pore-filling membranes and the performance of a single RED stack with the same membranes. Also, 100 cell-pairs of RED stacks were assembled to validate modified Nernst-Planck equation according to the flow rate and membrane types. Under the OCV condition, the conductivity of the effluents was measured to validate the modified Nernst-Planck equation, and differences between modeling and experiments were less than 1.5 mS/cm. Theoretical OCV and current density were estimated by using modified Nernst-Planck equation. In particular, hydrophobicity on the surface of the heterogeneous membrane was considered to describe ion transport through the pore-filling membranes. Moreover, power generation from RED stacks was calculated according to the flow rate and the number of cell pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanki Kim
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea.
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - SeungCheol Yang
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Mi-Soon Lee
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center for Industry, Academy, and Laboratories, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 20-41, Sinjaesaengeneoji-ro, Haseo-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 56332, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Nam
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Jwa
- Marine Energy Convergence and Integration Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Byungki Kim
- System Convergence Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Ryu
- System Convergence Laboratory, Jeju Global Research Center (JGRC), Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 200, Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, 63357, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Young-Woo Choi
- Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Center for Industry, Academy, and Laboratories, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 20-41, Sinjaesaengeneoji-ro, Haseo-myeon, Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 56332, Republic of Korea
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14
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Pawlowski S, Crespo JG, Velizarov S. Profiled Ion Exchange Membranes: A Comprehensible Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010165. [PMID: 30621185 PMCID: PMC6337161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Profiled membranes (also known as corrugated membranes, micro-structured membranes, patterned membranes, membranes with designed topography or notched membranes) are gaining increasing academic and industrial attention and recognition as a viable alternative to flat membranes. So far, profiled ion exchange membranes have shown to significantly improve the performance of reverse electrodialysis (RED), and particularly, electrodialysis (ED) by eliminating the spacer shadow effect and by inducing hydrodynamic changes, leading to ion transport rate enhancement. The beneficial effects of profiled ion exchange membranes are strongly dependent on the shape of their profiles (corrugations/patterns) as well as on the flow rate and salts’ concentration in the feed streams. The enormous degree of freedom to create new profile geometries offers an exciting opportunity to improve even more their performance. Additionally, the advent of new manufacturing methods in the membrane field, such as 3D printing, is anticipated to allow a faster and an easier way to create profiled membranes with different and complex geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwin Pawlowski
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - João G Crespo
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Svetlozar Velizarov
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry - Clean Technologies and Processes (LAQV), REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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15
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Modelling of Ion Transport in Electromembrane Systems: Impacts of Membrane Bulk and Surface Heterogeneity. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app9010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Artificial charged membranes, similar to the biological membranes, are self-assembled nanostructured materials constructed from macromolecules. The mutual interactions of parts of macromolecules leads to phase separation and appearance of microheterogeneities within the membrane bulk. On the other hand, these interactions also cause spontaneous microheterogeneity on the membrane surface, to which macroheterogeneous structures can be added at the stage of membrane fabrication. Membrane bulk and surface heterogeneity affect essentially the properties and membrane performance in the applications in the field of separation (water desalination, salt concentration, food processing and other), energy production (fuel cells, reverse electrodialysis), chlorine-alkaline electrolysis, medicine and other. We review the models describing ion transport in ion-exchange membranes and electromembrane systems with an emphasis on the role of micro- and macroheterogeneities in and on the membranes. Irreversible thermodynamics approach, “solution-diffusion” and “pore-flow” models, the multiphase models built within the effective-medium approach are examined as the tools for describing ion transport in the membranes. 2D and 3D models involving or not convective transport in electrodialysis cells are presented and analysed. Some examples are given when specially designed surface heterogeneity on the membrane surface results in enhancement of ion transport in intensive current electrodialysis.
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16
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Temperature and Velocity Effects on Mass and Momentum Transport in Spacer-Filled Channels for Reverse Electrodialysis: A Numerical Study. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11082028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Concentration polarization is one of the main challenges of membrane-based processes such as power generation by reverse electrodialysis. Spacers in the compartments can enhance mass transfer by reducing concentration polarization. Active spacers increase the available membrane surface area, thus avoiding the shadow effect introduced by inactive spacers. Optimizing the spacer-filled channels is crucial for improving mass transfer while maintaining reasonable pressure losses. The main objective of this work was to develop a numerical model based upon the Navier–Stokes and Nernst–Planck equations in OpenFOAM, for detailed investigation of mass transfer efficiency and pressure drop. The model is utilized in different spacer-filled geometries for varying Reynolds numbers, spacer conductivity and fluid temperature. Triangular corrugations are found to be the optimum geometry, particularly at low flow velocities. Cylindrical corrugations are better at high flow velocities due to lower pressure drop. Enhanced mass transfer and lower pressure drop by elevating temperature is demonstrated.
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17
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Luque Di Salvo J, Cosenza A, Tamburini A, Micale G, Cipollina A. Long-run operation of a reverse electrodialysis system fed with wastewaters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:871-887. [PMID: 29660712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a Reverse ElectroDialysis (RED) system fed by unconventional wastewater solutions for long operational periods is analysed for the first time. The experimental campaign was divided in a series of five independent long-runs which combined real wastewater solutions with artificial solutions for at least 10 days. The time evolution of electrical variables, gross power output and net power output, considering also pumping losses, was monitored: power density values obtained during the long-runs are comparable to those found in literature with artificial feed solutions of similar salinity. The increase in pressure drops and the development of membrane fouling were the main detrimental factors of system performance. Pressure drops increase was related to the physical obstruction of the feed channels defined by the spacers, while membrane fouling was related to the adsorption of foulants over the membrane surfaces. In order to manage channels partial clogging and fouling, different kinds of easily implemented in situ backwashings (i.e. neutral, acid, alkaline) were adopted, without the need for an abrupt interruption of the RED unit operation. The application of periodic ElectroDialysis (ED) pulses is also tested as fouling prevention strategy. The results collected suggest that RED can be used to produce electric power by unworthy wastewaters, but additional studies are still needed to characterize better membrane fouling and further improve system performance with these solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Luque Di Salvo
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cosenza
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Micale
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Cipollina
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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18
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Reaching the limiting current regime by linear sweep voltammetry in ion-exchange membrane systems. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Micari M, Bevacqua M, Cipollina A, Tamburini A, Van Baak W, Putts T, Micale G. Effect of different aqueous solutions of pure salts and salt mixtures in reverse electrodialysis systems for closed-loop applications. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Coupling CFD with a one-dimensional model to predict the performance of reverse electrodialysis stacks. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Pawlowski S, Rijnaarts T, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K, Crespo JG, Velizarov S. Improved fluid mixing and power density in reverse electrodialysis stacks with chevron-profiled membranes. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Zhang B, Hong JG, Xie S, Xia S, Chen Y. An integrative modeling and experimental study on the ionic resistance of ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Numerical simulation of ionic transport processes through bilayer ion-exchange membranes in reverse electrodialysis stacks. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Kim B, Choi S, Pham VS, Kwak R, Han J. Energy efficiency enhancement of electromembrane desalination systems by local flow redistribution optimized for the asymmetry of cation/anion diffusivity. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Avci AH, Sarkar P, Tufa RA, Messana D, Argurio P, Fontananova E, Di Profio G, Curcio E. Effect of Mg2+ ions on energy generation by Reverse Electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Montané X, Bogdanowicz KA, Prats-Reig J, Colace G, Reina JA, Giamberini M. Advances in the design of self-supported ion-conducting membranes – New family of columnar liquid crystalline polyamines. Part 2: Ion transport characterisation and comparison to hybrid membranes. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Moreno J, Slouwerhof E, Vermaas DA, Saakes M, Nijmeijer K. The Breathing Cell: Cyclic Intermembrane Distance Variation in Reverse Electrodialysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11386-11393. [PMID: 27643612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The breathing cell is a new concept design that operates a reverse electrodialysis stack by varying in time the intermembrane distance. Reverse electrodialysis is used to harvest salinity gradient energy; a rather unknown renewable energy source from controlled mixing of river water and seawater. Traditionally, both river water and seawater compartments have a fixed intermembrane distance. Especially the river water compartment thickness contributes to a large extent to the resistance of the stack due to its low conductivity. In our cyclic approach, two stages define the principle of the breathing concept; the initial stage, where both compartments (seawater and river water) have the same thickness and the compressed stage, where river water compartments are compressed by expanding the seawater compartments. This movement at a tunable frequency allows reducing stack resistance by decreasing the thickness of the river water compartment without increasing permanently the pumping losses. The breathing stacks clearly benefit from the lower resistance values and low pumping power required, obtaining high net power densities over a much broader flow rate range. The high frequency breathing stack (15 cycles/min) shows a maximum net power density of 1.3 W/m2. Although the maximum gross and net power density ever registered (2.9 W/m2 and 1.5 W/m2, respectively) is achieved for a fixed 120 μm intermembrane distance stack (without movement of the membranes), it is only obtained at a very narrow flow rate range due to the high pressure drops at small intermembrane distance. The breathing cell concept offers a unique feature, namely physical movement of the membranes, and thus the ability to adapt to the operational conditions and water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moreno
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Membrane Science & Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - E Slouwerhof
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Membrane Science & Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - D A Vermaas
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Membrane Science & Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M Saakes
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - K Nijmeijer
- Membrane Science & Technology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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28
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Liquid crystalline polymeric wires for selective proton transport, part 2: Ion transport in solid-state. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Xiang Y, Xue Y, Lv P, Li D, Duan H. Influence of fluid flow on the stability and wetting transition of submerged superhydrophobic surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4241-4246. [PMID: 27071538 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00302h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted great attention for drag reduction application. However, these surfaces are subject to instabilities, especially under fluid flow. In this work, we in situ examine the stability and wetting transition of underwater superhydrophobicity under laminar flow conditions by confocal microscopy. The absolute liquid pressure in the flow channel is regulated to acquire the pinned Cassie-Baxter and depinned metastable states. The subsequent dynamic evolution of the meniscus morphology in the two states under shear flow is monitored. It is revealed that fluid flow does not affect the pressure-mediated equilibrium states but accelerates the air exchange between entrapped air cavities and bulk water. A diffusion-based model with varying effective diffusion lengths is used to interpret the experimental data, which show a good agreement. The Sherwood number representing the convection-enhanced mass transfer coefficient is extracted from the data, and is found to follow a classic 1/3-power-law relation with the Reynolds number as has been discovered in channel flows with diffusive boundary conditions. The current work paves the way for designing durable superhydrophobic surfaces under flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Grzegorczyn S, Ślęzak A. The role of mechanical pressure difference in the generation of membrane voltage under conditions of concentration polarization. J Biol Phys 2016; 42:383-98. [PMID: 27060081 PMCID: PMC4942420 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-016-9413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical pressure difference across the bacterial cellulose membrane located in a horizontal plane causes asymmetry of voltage measured between electrodes immersed in KCl solutions symmetrically on both sides of the membrane. For all measurements, KCl solution with lower concentration was above the membrane. In configuration of the analyzed membrane system, the concentration boundary layers (CBLs) are created only by molecular diffusion. The voltages measured in the membrane system in concentration polarization conditions were compared with suitable voltages obtained from the model of diffusion through CBLs and ion transport through the membrane. An increase of difference of mechanical pressure across the membrane directed as a difference of osmotic pressure always causes a decrease of voltage between the electrodes in the membrane system. In turn, for mechanical pressure difference across the membrane directed in an opposite direction to the difference of osmotic pressure, a peak in the voltage as a function of mechanical pressure difference is observed. An increase of osmotic pressure difference across the membrane at the initial moment causes an increase of the maximal value of the observed peak and a shift of this peak position in the direction of higher values of the mechanical pressure differences across the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Grzegorczyn
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 19 H. Jordan Str., 41808, Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Ślęzak
- Institute of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Department of Biophysics, Częstochowa University of Technology, 36B Armia Krajowa Al, 42200, Częstochowa, Poland
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31
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Lopez AM, Dunsworth H, Hestekin JA. Reduction of the shadow spacer effect using reverse electrodeionization and its applications in water recycling for hydraulic fracturing operations. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Pawlowski S, Geraldes V, Crespo JG, Velizarov S. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) assisted analysis of profiled membranes performance in reverse electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Tedesco M, Scalici C, Vaccari D, Cipollina A, Tamburini A, Micale G. Performance of the first reverse electrodialysis pilot plant for power production from saline waters and concentrated brines. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Mathematical modeling of a three-compartment electro-reactor process with ion-exchange membranes for recycling and resource recovery of desulfurization residuals. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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35
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Pawlowski S, Galinha CF, Crespo JG, Velizarov S. 2D fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring ion-exchange membrane based technologies - Reverse electrodialysis (RED). WATER RESEARCH 2016; 88:184-198. [PMID: 26497936 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the emerging, membrane-based technologies for harvesting salinity gradient energy. In RED process, fouling is an undesirable operation constraint since it leads to a decrease of the obtainable net power density due to increasing stack electric resistance and pressure drop. Therefore, early fouling detection is one of the main challenges for successful RED technology implementation. In the present study, two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy was used, for the first time, as a tool for fouling monitoring in RED. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) of ion-exchange membrane surfaces and of natural aqueous streams were acquired during one month of a RED stack operation. Fouling evolvement on the ion-exchange membrane surfaces was successfully followed by 2D fluorescence spectroscopy and quantified using principal components analysis (PCA). Additionally, the efficiency of cleaning strategy was assessed by measuring the membrane fluorescence emission intensity before and after cleaning. The anion-exchange membrane (AEM) surface in contact with river water showed to be significantly affected due to fouling by humic compounds, which were found to cross through the membrane from the lower salinity (river water) to higher salinity (sea water) stream. The results obtained show that the combined approach of using 2D fluorescence spectroscopy and PCA has a high potential for studying fouling development and membrane cleaning efficiency in ion exchange membrane processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwin Pawlowski
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Claudia F Galinha
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - João G Crespo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Svetlozar Velizarov
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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36
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Tufa R, Curcio E, Brauns E, van Baak W, Fontananova E, Di Profio G. Membrane Distillation and Reverse Electrodialysis for Near-Zero Liquid Discharge and low energy seawater desalination. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Zhu X, He W, Logan BE. Influence of solution concentration and salt types on the performance of reverse electrodialysis cells. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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38
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Pawlowski S, Galinha CF, Crespo JG, Velizarov S. Prediction of reverse electrodialysis performance by inclusion of 2D fluorescence spectroscopy data into multivariate statistical models. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Hong JG, Zhang B, Glabman S, Uzal N, Dou X, Zhang H, Wei X, Chen Y. Potential ion exchange membranes and system performance in reverse electrodialysis for power generation: A review. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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