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Peng Z, Li Y, Sun Y. Treatment of 2-Mercapto-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (MMTD) wastewater by bipolar membrane electrodialysis: MMTD migration, process factors and implications. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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2
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Bipolar membrane electrodialysis integration into the biotechnological production of itaconic acid: a proof-of-concept study. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Lee J, Shin Y, Boo C, Hong S. Performance, limitation, and opportunities of acid-resistant nanofiltration membranes for industrial wastewater treatment. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Herrero-Gonzalez M, Ibañez R. Technical and Environmental Feasibilities of the Commercial Production of NaOH from Brine by Means of an Integrated EDBM and Evaporation Process. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:885. [PMID: 36135904 PMCID: PMC9505344 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12090885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBMs) is a technology that offers a great potential for the introduction of the principles of a circular economy in the desalination industry, by providing a strategy for the recovery of HCl and NaOH from brine via the process of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO). Both chemicals are widely employed in desalination facilities, however NaOH presents a special interest due to its higher requirements and cost. Nevertheless, the standard commercial concentrations that are commonly employed in the facilities cannot be obtained using the state of the art EDBM technology itself. Therefore, the aim and main purpose of this work is to prove the technical and environmental feasibilities of a new approach to produce commercial NaOH (50%wt.) from SWRO brine by means of an integrated process of EDBMs followed by a triple effect evaporation. The global process has been technically evaluated in terms of the specific energy consumption (SEC) (kWh·kg-1 NaOH) and the environmental sustainability performance has been analyzed by its carbon footprint (CF) (kg CO2-eq.·kg-1 NaOH). The influence of the current density, and the power source in the EDBM stage have been evaluated on a laboratory scale while the influence of the feed stream concentration in the evaporation stage has been obtained through simulations using Aspen Plus. The lowest SEC of the integrated process (SECOV), 31.1 kWh·kg-1 NaOH, is obtained when an average current density of 500 A·m-2, provided by a power supply (grid mix), is applied in the EDBM stage. The environmental burdens of the integrated process have been quantified by achieving reductions in the CF by up to 54.7% when solar photovoltaic energy is employed as the power source for EDBMs, with a value of 5.38 kg CO2-eq.·kg-1 NaOH. This study presents a great potential for the introduction of the principles of a circular economy in the water industry through the recovery of NaOH from the high salinity waste stream generated in SWRO facilities and opens the possibility of the reuse of NaOH by its self-supply in the desalination plant.
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Effect of process conditions on generation of hydrochloric acid and lithium hydroxide from simulated lithium chloride solution using bipolar membrane electrodialysis. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA feasibility study was carried out on generation of hydrochloric acid and lithium hydroxide from the simulated lithium chloride solution using EX3B model bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED). The influence of a series of process parameters, such as feed concentration, initial acid and base concentration in device component, feed solution volume, and current density were investigated. In addition, the maximum achievable concentrations of HCl and LiOH, the average current efficiency, and specific energy consumption were also studied and compared in this paper to the existing literature. Higher LiCl concentrations in the feed solution were found to be beneficial in increasing the final concentrations of HCl and LiOH, as well as improving current efficiency while decreasing specific energy consumption. However, when its concentration was less than 4 g/L, the membrane stack voltage curve of BMED increased rapidly, attributed to the higher solution resistance. Also low initial concentration of acid and base employed in device component can improve the current efficiency. Increasing of the initial concentration of acid and base solution lowered energy consumption. Moreover, a high current density could rapidly increase HCl and LiOH concentration and enhance water movements of BMED process, but reduced the current efficiency. The maximum achievable concentration of HCl and LiOH generated from 130 g/L LiCl solution were close to 3.24 mol/L and 3.57 mol/L, respectively. In summary, the present study confirmed the feasible application for the generation of HCl and LiOH from simulated lithium chloride solution with BMED.
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Min KJ, Kim JH, Park KY. Characteristics of heavy metal separation and determination of limiting current density in a pilot-scale electrodialysis process for plating wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143762. [PMID: 33316530 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent development in industry has led to increased water usage, while intensifying water shortage. Electrodialysis has been proposed as a technique for minimizing the generation of secondary environmental pollution problems and effectively treating harmful substances such as heavy metals in industrial wastewater. As electrodialysis is affected by several factors, it is crucial to provide necessary information about the operating elements. This study investigates the effect of linear flow velocity on the removal of heavy metals in an electrodialysis pilot plant. The results of the experiment showed that increasing the linear flow velocity from 0.6 to 5.1 cm/min increased the voltage from 17.3 to 40 V. In addition, the limiting current density (LCD) showed a linear relationship with the linear flow velocity, increasing from 1.4 to 5.9 A/m2 as the linear flow velocity increased proportionally in the same voltage range. The empirical correlation coefficients a and b for the mass transfer coefficient K, which can be expressed as a nonlinear function of the linear flow velocity, were estimated to be 1.8519 and 0.7016, respectively. In the batch operation, the ion-separation rate in the electrodialysis process was estimated with the shift order kinetics of the first-order and zero-order constants via regression analysis of experimental data. The ion separation rate in the diluate and the ion concentration rate in the concentrate decrease as the experiment number increase. This may be due to the reverse diffusion of ions transferring to the diluate owing to the high concentration of ions in the concentrate. Therefore, ion concentration in the concentrate has to be maintained at an appropriate level. Copper ions are deposited on the cathode electrode surface, although not uniformly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Jin Min
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyeong Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Recovery of Acid and Base from Sodium Sulfate Containing Lithium Carbonate Using Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11020152. [PMID: 33671622 PMCID: PMC7927085 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lithium carbonate is an important chemical raw material that is widely used in many contexts. The preparation of lithium carbonate by acid roasting is limited due to the large amounts of low-value sodium sulfate waste salts that result. In this research, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) technology was developed to treat waste sodium sulfate containing lithium carbonate for conversion of low-value sodium sulfate into high-value sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. Both can be used as raw materials in upstream processes. In order to verify the feasibility of the method, the effects of the feed salt concentration, current density, flow rate, and volume ratio on the desalination performance were determined. The conversion rate of sodium sulfate was close to 100%. The energy consumption obtained under the best experimental conditions was 1.4 kWh·kg-1. The purity of the obtained sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide products reached 98.32% and 98.23%, respectively. Calculated under the best process conditions, the total process cost of BMED was estimated to be USD 0.705 kg-1 Na2SO4, which is considered low and provides an indication of the potential economic and environmental benefits of using applying this technology.
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Investigation of Itaconic Acid Separation by Operating a Commercialized Electrodialysis Unit with Bipolar Membranes. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the merging of membrane and fermentation technologies is receiving significant attention such as in the case of itaconic acid (IA) production, which is considered as a value-added chemical. Its biotechnological production is already industrially established; however, the improvements of its fermentative and recovery steps remain topics of significant interest due to sustainable development trends. With an adequate downstream process, the total price of IA production can be reduced. For the task of IA recovery, a contemporary electro-membrane separation processes, electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM), was proposed and employed in this work. In the experiments, the laboratory-scale, commercialized EDBM unit (P EDR-Z/4x) was operated to separate IA from various model solutions compromised of IA (5–33 g/L), glucose (varied in 15–33 g/L as a residual substrate during IA fermentation) and malic acid (varied in 0–1 g/L as a realistic by-product of IA fermentation) under different initial pH (2–5) and applied potential conditions (10–30 V). Unambiguously negative effects related to the glucose and malic acid as impurities were found neither on the IA recovery ratio nor on the current efficiency, falling into the ranges of 90–97% and 74.3–98.5%, respectively. The highest IA recovery ratios of 97% and 98.5% of current efficiency were obtained with the model fermentation solution containing 33 g/L IA, 33 g/L glucose at 20 V and an initial pH of 5. However, the selective separation of IA needs further investigations with a real fermentation broth, and the findings of this research may contribute to further studies in this field.
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Gurreri L, Tamburini A, Cipollina A, Micale G. Electrodialysis Applications in Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Protection and Resources Recovery: A Systematic Review on Progress and Perspectives. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E146. [PMID: 32660014 PMCID: PMC7408617 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect. ED is a membrane process of separation under the action of an electric field, where ions are selectively transported across ion-exchange membranes. ED of both conventional or unconventional fashion has been tested to treat several waste or spent aqueous solutions, including effluents from various industrial processes, municipal wastewater or salt water treatment plants, and animal farms. Properties such as selectivity, high separation efficiency, and chemical-free treatment make ED methods adequate for desalination and other treatments with significant environmental benefits. ED technologies can be used in operations of concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorisation to reclaim wastewater and recover water and/or other products, e.g., heavy metal ions, salts, acids/bases, nutrients, and organics, or electrical energy. Intense research activity has been directed towards developing enhanced or novel systems, showing that zero or minimal liquid discharge approaches can be techno-economically affordable and competitive. Despite few real plants having been installed, recent developments are opening new routes for the large-scale use of ED techniques in a plethora of treatment processes for wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.M.)
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Herrero-Gonzalez M, Diaz-Guridi P, Dominguez-Ramos A, Irabien A, Ibañez R. Highly concentrated HCl and NaOH from brines using electrodialysis with bipolar membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Wu X, Zhu H, Liu Y, Chen R, Qian Q, Van der Bruggen B. Cr(III) recovery in form of Na2CrO4 from aqueous solution using improved bipolar membrane electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Heinonen J, Zhao Y, Van der Bruggen B. A process combination of ion exchange and electrodialysis for the recovery and purification of hydroxy acids from secondary sources. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Godiya CB, Sayed SM, Xiao Y, Lu X. Highly porous egg white/polyethyleneimine hydrogel for rapid removal of heavy metal ions and catalysis in wastewater. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Comb-shaped anion exchange membrane to enhance phosphoric acid purification by electro-electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractElectroplating and other metal finishing industries, like every metal and metallurgical industry, are associated with the generation of waste. Spent electroplating baths, waste pickle liquors, etching solutions and rinse waters from electroplating units and steel finishing operations are complex solutions containing acids and several hazardous metals. It is compulsory, for environmental and economic reasons, to treat these solutions for recovering acid, metals and/or reusing these solutions/waters. This article is a review on the characterization of the wastes that are generated in electroplating industry, steel processing and copper etching in printed circuit boards manufacture, as well as on the treatment and regeneration methods of such streams. Various techniques, such as neutralization, crystallization, evaporation, pyrohydrolysis, electrodialysis, ion exchange, classical solvent extraction and membrane-based solvent extraction are presented, their advantages and disadvantages being scrutinized.
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Xue S, Wu C, Wu Y, Zhang C. An optimized process for treating sodium acetate waste residue: Coupling of diffusion dialysis or electrodialysis with bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ilhan F, Yazici Guvenc S, Avsar Y, Kurt U, Gonullu MT. Optimization of treatment leachates from young, middle-aged and elderly landfills with bipolar membrane electrodialysis. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2017; 38:2733-2742. [PMID: 28004590 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1276221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) process, which is thought to be an effective treatment method for leachate, was evaluated for leachates of three different ages ('young', 'middle-aged' and 'elderly'). The leachates were pretreated to eliminate membrane fouling problems prior to the BMED process. Experimental studies were carried out to determine optimal operating conditions for the three differently aged leachates in the BMED process. According to the experiment results, there was a high removal efficiency of conductivity determined at 4 membrane - 25 V for young and elderly leachate and at 1 membrane - 25 V for middle-aged leachate. It was found that the operating times required to reach the optimal endpoints (at conductivity of about 2 mS/cm) of BMED process were 90, 180 and 300 min for the middle-aged, young and elderly leachates, respectively. Under the optimum operating conditions for the BMED process, removal efficiencies of conductivity and chemical oxygen demand were determined to be 89.5% and 60% for young, 82.5% and 30% for middle-aged and 91.8% and 26% for elderly leachate, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ilhan
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Senem Yazici Guvenc
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Yasar Avsar
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ugur Kurt
- a Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering , Yildiz Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Talha Gonullu
- b Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Adiyaman University , Adiyaman , Turkey
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Li Y, Shi S, Cao H, Wu X, Zhao Z, Wang L. Bipolar membrane electrodialysis for generation of hydrochloric acid and ammonia from simulated ammonium chloride wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 89:201-209. [PMID: 26674548 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Simulated ammonium chloride wastewater was treated by a lab-scale bipolar membrane electrodialysis for the generation of HCl and NH3·H2O and desalination. The influence of initial concentration of NH4Cl, current density, salt solution volume, initial concentration of acid and base and membrane stack structure on the yields of HCl and NH3·H2O was investigated. The current efficiency and energy consumption were also examined under different conditions. The results showed that, at the current density of 48 mA/cm(2), the highest concentration of HCl and NH3·H2O with initial concentration of 110 g/L NH4Cl was 57.67 g/L and 45.85 g/L, respectively. Higher initial concentration of NH4Cl was favor to reduce unit energy consumption and increase current efficiency of the BMED system. The membrane stack voltage of BMED increased quickly under constant current when the concentration of NH4Cl contained in the solution of salt compartment was depleted below the "inflection point concentration" about 8000 mg/L. It means that the concentration of NH4Cl below 8000 mg/L was no longer suitable for BMED because of higher energy consumption. The HCl and NH3·H2O concentration increased more quickly following the increase of current density. When increasing the volume of NH4Cl, the concentration of HCl and NH3·H2O also increased. The high initial concentration of acid and base could improve the final concentration of them, while the growth rate was decreased. Compared with the BMED system with three compartments, the growth rate of HCl concentration with the two compartments was higher and its unit energy consumption was lower. It meant that the performance of the BMED system could be improved by optimizing operation conditions. The application feasibility of the generation of HCl and NH3·H2O and desalination of ammonium chloride wastewater by BMED was proved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petro-Chemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Shaoyuan Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Hongbin Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinmin Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Petro-Chemical Technology, Beijing 102617, China
| | - Zhijuan Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Hydrometallurgical Cleaner Production Technology, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Anshan Iron and Steel Group Corporation, Anshan 114021, Liaoning, China
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Fernandez-Gonzalez C, Dominguez-Ramos A, Ibañez R, Irabien A. Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes for Valorization of Brines. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2015.1128951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Mechanisms of chemical cleaning of ion exchange membranes: A case study of plant-scale electrodialysis for oily wastewater treatment. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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22
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Li C, Wang G, Feng H, He T, Wang Y, Xu T. Cleaner production of Niacin using bipolar membranes electrodialysis (BMED). Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Xue S, Wu C, Wu Y, Chen J, Li Z. Bipolar membrane electrodialysis for treatment of sodium acetate waste residue. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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