1
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Yu D, Min J, Lin F, Madsen LA. Mechanically and Thermally Robust Gel Electrolytes Built from A Charged Double Helical Polymer. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2312513. [PMID: 38288908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes have received tremendous interest in the development of solid-state batteries, but often fall short in one or more key properties required for practical applications. Herein, a rigid gel polymer electrolyte prepared by immobilizing a liquid mixture of a lithium salt and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether with only 8 wt% poly(2,2'-disulfonyl-4,4'-benzidine terephthalamide) (PBDT) is reported. The high charge density and rigid double helical structure of PBDT lead to formation of a nanofibrillar structure that endows this electrolyte with stronger mechanical properties, wider temperature window, and higher battery rate capability compared to all other poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolytes. The ion transport mechanism in this rigid polymer electrolyte is systematically studied using multiple complementary techniques. Li/LiFePO4 cells show excellent capacity retention over long-term cycling, with thermal cycling reversibility between ambient temperature and elevated temperatures, demonstrating compelling potential for solid-state batteries targeting fast charging at high temperatures and slower discharging at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jungki Min
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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2
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Zhang J, Sun J, Zhao Y, Su Y, Meng X, Yan L, Ma T. Prelithiated rigid polymer with high ionic conductivity as silicon-based anode binder for lithium-ion battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 649:977-985. [PMID: 37392687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-based electrodes suffer from rapid performance degradation derived from a severe volume expansion during cycling in lithium-ion batteries, and using elaborately designed polymer binders is deemed an efficient tactic to tackle the above thorny issues. In this study, a water-soluble rigid-rod poly(2,2'-disulfonyl-4,4'-benzidine terephthalamide) (PBDT) polymer is described and employed as the binder for Si-based electrodes for the first time. The nematic rigid PBDT bundles wrapped around the Si nanoparticles by hydrogen bonding effectively inhibit the volume expansion of the Si and promote the formation of stable solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI). Moreover, the prelithiated PBDT binder with high ionic conductivity (3.2 × 10-4 S cm-1) not only improves the Li-ions transportation behaviors in the electrode but can also partially compensate for the irreversible Li source consumption during SEI formation. Consequently, the cycling stability and initial coulombic efficiency of the Si-based electrodes with the PBDT binder are remarkably enhanced compared to that with the PVDF binder. This work demonstrates the molecular structure and prelithiation strategy of the polymer binder that play a crucial role in improving the performance of Si-based electrodes with high-volume expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhang
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Jiaze Sun
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yitian Su
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Xianhe Meng
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Lijing Yan
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Tingli Ma
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Japan; College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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3
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Fraser AC, Yankey J, Coronell O, Dingemans TJ. A Sulfonated All-Aromatic Polyamide for Heavy Metal Capture: A Model Study with Pb(II). ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2023; 5:856-865. [PMID: 38144907 PMCID: PMC10735244 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolytes are widely used in heavy metal removal, finding applications as coagulants and flocculants. We compare the heavy metal removal capability of a water-soluble sulfonated semirigid polyamide, poly(2,2'-disulfonyl-4,4'-benzidine isophthalamide) (PBDI), with that of a well-known random-coil polymer, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). Using lead (Pb(II)) as a model contaminant, both polymers precipitate out from solution at ~500 mg/L Pb(II) in water. The ability to remove Pb(II) from water was quantified using adsorption isotherms and fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The sorption of Pb(II) by PSS fit the Langmuir model with a high degree of correlation (0.976 R2), but the sorption of Pb(II) by PBDI could not be accurately predicted using the Langmuir or Freundlich model. The sorption of Pb(II) by PBDI and PSS was compared by normalizing sorption by the number of sulfonate groups of each polymer and the ion exchange capacity (IEC), found by titration. We find that PBDI removes a greater amount of Pb(II) per gram of sorbent compared to PSS, 410 mg/g vs 260 mg/g, respectively, which cannot be accounted for by differences in IEC or number of sulfonate groups. Our findings confirm that the positioning of the sulfonate groups and the rigidity of the polymer backbone play an important role in how Pb(II) coordinates to the polymer prior to precipitating out from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Fraser
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Jacob Yankey
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Orlando Coronell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
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4
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Fraser AC, Chew NGP, Hegde M, Liu F, Liu CW, Coronell O, Dingemans TJ. Linear versus Nonlinear Aromatic Polyamides: The Role of Backbone Geometry in Thin Film Salt Exclusion Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36143-36156. [PMID: 35901316 PMCID: PMC9711938 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two aromatic polyamides─poly(3,3'-dihydroxybenzidine terephthalamide) (DHTA) and poly(3,3'-dihydroxybenzidine isophthalamide) (DHIA)─are compared for their ability to remove salts from water. DHTA is linear and rigid whereas DHIA is nonlinear and semirigid. DHTA and DHIA were selected as they allow us to investigate the effect of polymer backbone geometry on salt exclusion in a non-crosslinked thin film membrane, independently of the backbone chemistry. Because of their differences in solution viscosity, spin coating parameters for DHTA and DHIA solutions were optimized separately to produce thin film composites (TFCs) with reproducible membrane properties. The resulting DHTA TFCs displayed salt rejections of 87.8% (NaCl), 97.0% (MgSO4), and 80.3% (CaCl2). In comparison, DHIA TFCs demonstrated poor salt rejections of 21.0% (NaCl), 29.3% (MgSO4), and 15.4% (CaCl2). Cross-sectional SEM images of DHTA and DHIA films reveal that DHTA has a stratified (layered) morphology whereas DHIA exhibits a dense, featureless morphology. Both DHTA and DHIA TFCs exhibit similar surface morphology, contact angle, surface charge, and water uptake. PEG rejection experiments indicate that the average pore size of DHTA TFCs is ∼2 nm while DHIA TFCs have an average pore size of ∼3 nm. Our findings illustrate that using a rigid, linear aromatic polyamide gives an active layer with a stratified morphology, uniplanar orientation, smaller pores, and higher salt rejection, whereas the nonlinear aromatic polyamide analogue results in an isotropic active layer with larger pores and lower salt rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Fraser
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Nick Guan Pin Chew
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| | - Maruti Hegde
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| | - Orlando Coronell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7431, United States
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
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Fox RJ, Hegde M, Cole DP, Moore RB, Picken SJ, Dingemans TJ. High-Strength Liquid Crystal Polymer-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites from Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16592-16600. [PMID: 35330991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on the morphology and mechanical properties of nanocomposite films derived from aqueous, hybrid liquid crystalline mixtures of rodlike aggregates of a sulfonated, all-aromatic polyamide, poly(2,2'-disulfonyl-4,4'-benzidine terephthalamide) (PBDT), and graphene oxide (GO) platelets. An isothermal step at 200 °C facilitates in situ partial thermal reduction of GO to reduced GO (rGO) in nanocomposite films. X-ray scattering studies reveal that PBDT-rGO nanocomposites exhibit both higher in-plane alignment of PBDT (the order parameter increases from 0.79 to 0.9 at 1.8 vol % rGO) and alignment along the casting direction (from 0.1 to 0.6 at 1.8 vol % rGO). From dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, the interaction between PBDT and rGO causes the β-relaxation activation energy for PBDT to increase with rGO concentration. Modulus mapping of nanocomposites using atomic force microscopy demonstrates enhanced local stiffness, indicating reinforcement. From stress-strain analysis, the average Young's modulus increases from 16 to 37 GPa at 1.8 vol % rGO and the average tensile strength increases from 210 to 640 MPa. Despite polymer alignment along the casting direction, an average transverse tensile strength of 230 MPa is obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Fox
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Maruti Hegde
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Daniel P Cole
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Robert B Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Stephen J Picken
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629 HZ, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
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6
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Primachenko ON, Kulvelis YV, Marinenko EA, Gofman IV, Lebedev VT, Kononova SV, Kuklin AI, Ivankov OI, Soloviov DV, Chenneviere A. Orientational uniaxial stretching of proton conducting perfluorinated membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg N. Primachenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Yuri V. Kulvelis
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” Gatchina Russia
| | - Elena A. Marinenko
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Iosif V. Gofman
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Vasily T. Lebedev
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” Gatchina Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Kononova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexander I. Kuklin
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Dolgoprudny Russia
| | - Oleksandr I. Ivankov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
| | - Dmytro V. Soloviov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Russia
| | - Alexis Chenneviere
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin UMR12 CEA‐CNRS CEA Saclay Gif sur Yvette Cedex France
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Wang Y, Zanelotti CJ, Wang X, Kerr R, Jin L, Kan WH, Dingemans TJ, Forsyth M, Madsen LA. Solid-state rigid-rod polymer composite electrolytes with nanocrystalline lithium ion pathways. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1255-1263. [PMID: 33941912 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A critical challenge for next-generation lithium-based batteries lies in development of electrolytes that enable thermal safety along with the use of high-energy-density electrodes. We describe molecular ionic composite electrolytes based on an aligned liquid crystalline polymer combined with ionic liquids and concentrated Li salt. This high strength (200 MPa) and non-flammable solid electrolyte possesses outstanding Li+ conductivity (1 mS cm-1 at 25 °C) and electrochemical stability (5.6 V versus Li|Li+) while suppressing dendrite growth and exhibiting low interfacial resistance (32 Ω cm2) and overpotentials (≤120 mV at 1 mA cm-2) during Li symmetric cell cycling. A heterogeneous salt doping process modifies a locally ordered polymer-ion assembly to incorporate an inter-grain network filled with defective LiFSI and LiBF4 nanocrystals, strongly enhancing Li+ conduction. This modular material fabrication platform shows promise for safe and high-energy-density energy storage and conversion applications, incorporating the fast transport of ceramic-like conductors with the superior flexibility of polymer electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Curt J Zanelotti
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Xiaoen Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellent for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellent for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liyu Jin
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellent for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wang Hay Kan
- China Spallation Neutron Source, Chinese Academy of Science, Dongguan, China
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellent for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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8
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Nekrasov A, Iakobson O, Gribkova O, Pozin S. Raman spectroelectrochemical monitoring of conducting polymer electrosynthesis on reflective metallic electrode: Effects due to double excitation of the electrode/film/solution interfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Fox RJ, Hegde M, Zanelotti CJ, Kumbhar AS, Samulski ET, Madsen LA, Picken SJ, Dingemans TJ. Irreversible Shear-Activated Gelation of a Liquid Crystalline Polyelectrolyte. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:957-963. [PMID: 35648607 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report irreversible, shear-activated gelation in liquid crystalline solutions of a rigid polyelectrolyte that forms rodlike assemblies (rods) in salt-free solution. At rest, the liquid crystalline solutions are kinetically stable against gelation and exhibit low viscosities. Under steady shear at, or above, a critical shear rate, a physically cross-linked, nematic gel network forms due to linear growth and branching of the rods. Above a critical shear rate, the time scale of gelation can be tuned from hours to nearly instantaneously by varying the shear rate and solution concentration. The shear-activated gels are distinct in their structure and rheological properties from thermoreversible gels. At a fixed concentration, the induction time prior to gelation decreases exponentially with the shear rate. This result indicates that shear-activated thermalization of the electrostatically stabilized rods overcomes the energy barrier for rod-rod contact, enabling rod fusion and subsequent irreversible network formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Fox
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Maruti Hegde
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Curt J Zanelotti
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Amar S Kumbhar
- Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Edward T Samulski
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Stephen J Picken
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3050, United States
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10
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Liquid Crystalline Copolymers Containing Sulfonic and Light-Responsive Groups: From Molecular Design to Conductivity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112579. [PMID: 32498249 PMCID: PMC7321325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for novel smart multifunctional liquid crystalline materials, we report the synthesis, thermal and structural characterisation, and the conductivity, of a set of new block and statistical copolymers, containing light-responsive mesogenic groups (MeOAzB), polar sulfonic acids (AMPS), and methyl(methacrylate) groups (MMA). By using a cascade of reversible addition-fragmentation chain polymerisations, RAFT, we have tailored different side-chain polymeric structures by controlling monomer composition (MeOAzB/AMPS/MMA) and configuration. We have yielded simultaneous liquid crystalline behaviour and appreciable conductivity in polymers with low concentrations of polar acid groups, by the formation of smectic phases in narrow aggregates. The light-responsiveness of the polymers, via reversible trans-to-cis photoisomerization of azobenzene groups, and the local activation of conductivity at relatively low temperatures, opens the possibility to prepare polymer electrolytes for energy conversion and storage, whose conductivity could be controlled and optimised by external stimuli, including light irradiation.
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Fox RJ, Forest MG, Picken SJ, Dingemans TJ. Observation of transition cascades in sheared liquid crystalline polymers. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3891-3901. [PMID: 32242188 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the shear rheology of liquid crystalline solutions composed of charged, rodlike polymers that form supramolecular assemblies dispersed in water. Under steady shear, we observe shear thickening behavior, followed by a hesitation in the viscosity accompanied by an extremely narrow range of negative first normal stress difference. The Peclet number (Pe, shear rate normalized by rod rotational diffusivity) for the onset of shear thickening is in agreement with previous, high-resolution numerical simulations of the Doi-Edwards-Hess kinetic theory. We interrogate these dynamic responses through shear step-down experiments, revealing a complex evolution of transient responses. Detailed analysis of the stress transients provides compelling evidence that the principal axis of the rod orientational distribution, the nematic director, undergoes a cascade of transitions and coexistence of periodic states known as kayaking, tumbling, and wagging, before transitioning to steady flow alignment above a critical shear rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Fox
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA.
| | - M Gregory Forest
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA. and Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3250, USA
| | - Stephen J Picken
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3050, USA.
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12
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Bostwick JE, Zanelotti CJ, Iacob C, Korovich AG, Madsen LA, Colby RH. Ion Transport and Mechanical Properties of Non-Crystallizable Molecular Ionic Composite Electrolytes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Bostwick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Curt J. Zanelotti
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ciprian Iacob
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, ICSI, Rm. Valcea 240050, Romania
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Korovich
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Louis A. Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Ralph H. Colby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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13
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Hegde M, Yang L, Vita F, Fox RJ, van de Watering R, Norder B, Lafont U, Francescangeli O, Madsen LA, Picken SJ, Samulski ET, Dingemans TJ. Strong graphene oxide nanocomposites from aqueous hybrid liquid crystals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:830. [PMID: 32047162 PMCID: PMC7012915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining polymers with small amounts of stiff carbon-based nanofillers such as graphene or graphene oxide is expected to yield low-density nanocomposites with exceptional mechanical properties. However, such nanocomposites have remained elusive because of incompatibilities between fillers and polymers that are further compounded by processing difficulties. Here we report a water-based process to obtain highly reinforced nanocomposite films by simple mixing of two liquid crystalline solutions: a colloidal nematic phase comprised of graphene oxide platelets and a nematic phase formed by a rod-like high-performance aramid. Upon drying the resulting hybrid biaxial nematic phase, we obtain robust, structural nanocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruti Hegde
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3050, USA
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lin Yang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Francesco Vita
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell'Ambiente ed Urbanistica and CNISM, Università Politecnica della Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ryan J Fox
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3050, USA
| | - Renee van de Watering
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Norder
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ugo Lafont
- European Space Technology and Research Centre, European Space Agency, Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Oriano Francescangeli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell'Ambiente ed Urbanistica and CNISM, Università Politecnica della Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Stephen J Picken
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Edward T Samulski
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3050, USA
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall, 121 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3050, USA.
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands.
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Fox RJ, Yu D, Hegde M, Kumbhar AS, Madsen LA, Dingemans TJ. Nanofibrillar Ionic Polymer Composites Enable High-Modulus Ion-Conducting Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:40551-40563. [PMID: 31507155 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b10921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) with high volume fractions of ionic liquids (IL) and high modulus show promise for enabling next-generation gas separations, and electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications. Herein, we present a conductive polymer-IL composite based on a sulfonated all-aromatic polyamide (sulfo-aramid, PBDT) and a model IL, which we term a PBDT-IL composite. The polymer forms glassy and high-aspect-ratio hierarchical nanofibrils, which enable fabrication of PEMs with both high volume fractions of IL and high elastic modulus. We report direct evidence for nanofibrillar networks that serve as matrices for dispersed ILs using atomic force microscopy and small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering. These supramolecular nanofibrils form through myriad noncovalent interactions to produce a physically cross-linked glassy network, which boasts the best combination of room-temperature modulus (0.1-2 GPa) and ionic conductivity (8-4 mS cm-1) of any polymer-IL electrolyte reported to date. The ultrahigh thermomechanical properties of our PBDT-IL composites provide high moduli (∼1 GPa) at temperatures up to 200 °C, enabling a wide device operation window with stable mechanical properties. Together, the high-performance nature of sulfo-aramids in concert with the inherent properties of ILs imparts PBDT-IL composites with nonflammability and thermal stability up to 350 °C. Thus, nanofibrillar ionic networks based on sulfo-aramids and ILs represent a new design paradigm affording PEMs with exceptionally high moduli at exceedingly low polymer concentrations. This new design strategy will drive the development of new high-performance conductive membranes that can be used for the design of gas separation membranes and in electrochemical applications, such as fuel cells and Li-metal batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deyang Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
| | | | | | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg , Virginia 24061 , United States
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Double helical conformation and extreme rigidity in a rodlike polyelectrolyte. Nat Commun 2019; 10:801. [PMID: 30778067 PMCID: PMC6379425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08756-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous biomacromolecule DNA has an axial rigidity persistence length of ~50 nm, driven by its elegant double helical structure. While double and multiple helix structures appear widely in nature, only rarely are these found in synthetic non-chiral macromolecules. Here we report a double helical conformation in the densely charged aromatic polyamide poly(2,2′-disulfonyl-4,4′-benzidine terephthalamide) or PBDT. This double helix macromolecule represents one of the most rigid simple molecular structures known, exhibiting an extremely high axial persistence length (~1 micrometer). We present X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations that reveal and confirm the double helical conformation. The discovery of this extreme rigidity in combination with high charge density gives insight into the self-assembly of molecular ionic composites with high mechanical modulus (~ 1 GPa) yet with liquid-like ion motions inside, and provides fodder for formation of other 1D-reinforced composites. Double helix structures appear widely in nature, but only rarely in synthetic non-chiral macromolecules. Here the authors describe a double helix in a densely charged aromatic polyamide, which exhibits an axial rigidity persistence length of ~ 1 μm, much higher than that of DNA (~ 50 nm).
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Vanti L, Mohd Alauddin S, Zaton D, Aripin NFK, Giacinti-Baschetti M, Imrie CT, Ribes-Greus A, Martinez-Felipe A. Ionically conducting and photoresponsive liquid crystalline terpolymers: Towards multifunctional polymer electrolytes. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
In this review we summarize recent efforts in understanding nano-aggregation in acid- and ion-containing polymer systems. The acid and ionic groups have specific interactions that drive aggregation and alter polymer behavior at the nano-, micro-, and bulk length scales. Advancements in synthetic methods, characterization techniques, and computer simulations have enabled researchers to better understand the morphologies and dynamics, particularly at the nanoscale. This overview of recent advancements in nano-aggregated polymer systems highlights the current understanding of the field and presents promising directions for future investigations and new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Robert Middleton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
| | - Karen I. Winey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6272
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Iakobson OD, Gribkova OL, Nekrasov AA, Vannikov AV. The effect of counterion in polymer sulfonates on the synthesis and properties of poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193516120132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Gribkova OL, Iakobson OD, Nekrasov AA, Cabanova VA, Tverskoy VA, Vannikov AV. The influence of polyacid nature on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) electrosynthesis and its spectroelectrochemical properties. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Gao J, Yoon HG, Jin L, Forsyth M, Dingemans TJ, Madsen LA. Highly Conductive and Thermally Stable Ion Gels with Tunable Anisotropy and Modulus. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:2571-8. [PMID: 26822386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A new liquid-crystalline ion gel exhibits unprecedented properties: conductivity up to 8 mS cm(-1) , thermal stability to 300 °C, and electrochemical window to 6.1 V, as well as adjustable transport anisotropy (up to 3.5×) and elastic modulus (0.03-3 GPa). The combination of ionic liquid and magnetically oriented rigid-rod polyanion provides widely tunable properties for use in diverse electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hyun Gook Yoon
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Liyu Jin
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Institute for Frontier Materials and ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Theo J Dingemans
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Kluyverweg 1, 2629 HS, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis A Madsen
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules and Interfaces Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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