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Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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2
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Fischer L, Hartmann SS, Maljusch A, Däschlein C, Prymak O, Ulbricht M. The influence of anion-exchange membrane nanostructure onto ion transport: Adjusting membrane performance through fabrication conditions. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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3
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Tomasino E, Mukherjee B, Ataollahi N, Scardi P. Water Uptake in an Anion Exchange Membrane Based on Polyamine: A First-Principles Study. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:7418-7428. [PMID: 36121790 PMCID: PMC9527750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c04115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
An atomistic level study of a single monomer of polyamine interacting with water molecules and hydroxide anions (OH-) was carried out to investigate the role of the polyamine structure in the hydrated morphology of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) for alkaline fuel cells and its influence on ionic conductivity and chemical stability. DFT calculations were performed to find the ground state of the system, studying the interactions of the solvent species with three different regions of the polymer─the amine functional group, the backbone, and the carbonyl group. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic behavior of each segment was determined, with calculated binding energies and Bader charge analysis providing a more quantitative analysis of the interactions and activation and reaction energies computed to investigate the chemical degradation mechanism. The results show the tendency of both OH- and water molecules to form water clusters in the proximity of the ionized amine group. As such, these regions constitute the preferential pathway for ionic conductivity. Besides, the essential role of the water content is pointed out, not only to enhance conductivity but also to reduce degradation in an alkaline environment. The present work provides a baseline to assess the impact of polymer chemistry on the ionic conductivity of the membrane and acts as the first step for the development of high-performance AEMs and for an improvement of the overall performance of the fuel cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Tomasino
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Binayak Mukherjee
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Narges Ataollahi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Paolo Scardi
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 77, 38123 Trento, Italy
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4
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Chatenet M, Pollet BG, Dekel DR, Dionigi F, Deseure J, Millet P, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ, Eikerling M, Staffell I, Balcombe P, Shao-Horn Y, Schäfer H. Water electrolysis: from textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4583-4762. [PMID: 35575644 PMCID: PMC9332215 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacing fossil fuels with energy sources and carriers that are sustainable, environmentally benign, and affordable is amongst the most pressing challenges for future socio-economic development. To that goal, hydrogen is presumed to be the most promising energy carrier. Electrocatalytic water splitting, if driven by green electricity, would provide hydrogen with minimal CO2 footprint. The viability of water electrolysis still hinges on the availability of durable earth-abundant electrocatalyst materials and the overall process efficiency. This review spans from the fundamentals of electrocatalytically initiated water splitting to the very latest scientific findings from university and institutional research, also covering specifications and special features of the current industrial processes and those processes currently being tested in large-scale applications. Recently developed strategies are described for the optimisation and discovery of active and durable materials for electrodes that ever-increasingly harness first-principles calculations and machine learning. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis of water electrolysis is included that allows an assessment of the extent to which a large-scale implementation of water splitting can help to combat climate change. This review article is intended to cross-pollinate and strengthen efforts from fundamental understanding to technical implementation and to improve the 'junctions' between the field's physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, as well as stimulate much-needed exchange among these groups on challenges encountered in the different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Chatenet
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Green Hydrogen Lab, Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Fabio Dionigi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Deseure
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Millet
- Paris-Saclay University, ICMMO (UMR 8182), 91400 Orsay, France
- Elogen, 8 avenue du Parana, 91940 Les Ulis, France
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Modelling and Simulation of Materials in Energy Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Iain Staffell
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Balcombe
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Helmut Schäfer
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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5
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Ge X, He Y, Zhang K, Liang X, Wei C, Shehzad MA, Song W, Ge Z, Li G, Yu W, Wu L, Xu T. Fast Bulky Anion Conduction Enabled by Free Shuttling Phosphonium Cations. RESEARCH 2021; 2021:9762709. [PMID: 34541545 PMCID: PMC8426568 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9762709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Highly conductive anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) are desirable for applications in various energy storage and conversion technologies. However, conventional AEMs with bulky HCO3 - or Br- as counterion generally exhibit low conductivity because the covalent bonding restrains the tethered cationic group's mobility and rotation. Here, we report an alternative polyrotaxane AEM with nontethered and free-shuttling phosphonium cation. As proved by temperature-dependent NMR, solid-state NMR, and molecular dynamics simulation, the phosphonium cation possesses a thermally trigged shuttling behavior, broader extension range, and greater mobility, thus accelerating the diffusion conduction of bulky anions. Owing to this striking feature, high HCO3 - conductivity of 105 mS cm-1 at 90°C was obtained at a relatively lower ion-exchange capacity of 1.17 mmol g-1. This study provides a new concept for developing highly conductive anion-exchange membranes and will catalyze the exploration of new applications for polyrotaxanes in ion conduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yubin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Kaiyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xian Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China
| | - Chengpeng Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Muhammad A Shehzad
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wanjie Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zijuan Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Geng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Weisheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Liang Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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6
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Kim JM, Lin YH, Hunter B, Beckingham BS. Transport and Co-Transport of Carboxylate Ions and Ethanol in Anion Exchange Membranes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2885. [PMID: 34502924 PMCID: PMC8433790 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding multi-component transport behavior through hydrated dense membranes is of interest for numerous applications. For the particular case of photoelectrochemical CO2 reduction cells, it is important to understand the multi-component transport behavior of CO2 electrochemical reduction products including mobile formate, acetate and ethanol in the ion exchange membranes as one role of the membrane in these devices is to minimize the permeation of these products. Anion exchange membranes (AEM) have been employed in these and other electrochemical devices as they act to facilitate the transport of common electrolytes (i.e., bicarbonates). However, as they act to facilitate the transport of carboxylates as well, thereby reducing the overall performance, the design of new AEMs is necessary to improve device performance through the selective transport of the desired ion(s) or electrolyte(s). Here, we investigate the transport behavior of formate and acetate and their co-transport with ethanol in two types of AEMs: (1) a crosslinked AEM prepared by free-radical copolymerization of a monomer with a quaternary ammonium (QA) group and a crosslinker, and (2) Selemion® AMVN. We observe a decrease in diffusivities to carboxylates in co-diffusion. We attribute this behavior to charge screening by the co-diffusing alcohol, which reduces the electrostatic attraction between QAs and carboxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bryan S. Beckingham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (J.M.K.); (Y.-h.L.); (B.H.)
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7
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Zhang M, Zhang L, Wu Z, Ding A, Shen C, Gao S. Multi‐cation side‐chain‐type containing piperidinium group poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) alkaline anion exchange membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Zhihui Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ao Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Chunhui Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shanjun Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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8
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Effective ion mobility in anion exchange ionomers: Relations with hydration, porosity, tortuosity, and percolation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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9
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Zhegur-Khais A, Kubannek F, Krewer U, Dekel DR. Measuring the true hydroxide conductivity of anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Zhao Y, Yoshimura K, Mahmoud AMA, Yu HC, Okushima S, Hiroki A, Kishiyama Y, Shishitani H, Yamaguchi S, Tanaka H, Noda Y, Koizumi S, Radulescu A, Maekawa Y. A long side chain imidazolium-based graft-type anion-exchange membrane: novel electrolyte and alkaline-durable properties and structural elucidation using SANS contrast variation. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8128-8143. [PMID: 32735002 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00947d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Newly designed styrylimidazolium-based grafted anion-exchange membranes (StIm-AEMs), in which imidazolium ionic groups are attached to styrene at the far side from the graft chains, were prepared by radiation-induced graft polymerization of p-(2-imidazoliumyl) styrene onto poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoloethylene) (ETFE) films, followed by N-alkylation and ion-exchange reactions. StIm-AEM having an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 0.54 mmol g-1 with a grafting degree (GD) of ∼18%, possesses practical conductivity (>50 mS cm-1) even with a very low water uptake (∼10%) and high stability over 600 h in a 1 M KOH solution at 80 °C. There exists a critical IEC (IECc) in the range of 0.7-0.8 mmol g-1 over which the membrane showed high water uptake, which resulted in pronounced susceptibility to hydrolysis. Using small-angle neutron scattering technique with a contrast variation method, we found the hydrophilic phase in StIm-AEMs with IECs lower and higher than IECc shows "reverse-micelles" with water domains dispersed in the polymer matrix and "micelles" with graft polymer aggregates dispersed in the water matrix, respectively. The further analysis of micelle structures using the hard-sphere liquid model and Porod limit analysis reveals that the interfacial structures of ionic groups are essential for the electrochemical properties and durability of StIm-AEMs. In addition, StIm-AEM with an IEC of 0.95 mmol g-1 and the maximum power density of 80 mW cm-2 in the hydrazine hydrate fuel cell test, exhibited long-term durability under constant current (8.0 mA) up to 455 h, which, thus far, is the best durability at 80 °C for platinum-free alkaline-type liquid fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan.
| | - Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan.
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Mahmoud
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan.
| | - Hwan-Chul Yu
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan.
| | - Shun Okushima
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Hiroki
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Hirohisa Tanaka
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Yohei Noda
- Department of Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koizumi
- Department of Engineering, Ibaraki University, Hitachi 316-8511, Japan
| | - Aurel Radulescu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science@MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Yasunari Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-1292, Japan.
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He X, Yang Y, Wu H, He G, Xu Z, Kong Y, Cao L, Shi B, Zhang Z, Tongsh C, Jiao K, Zhu K, Jiang Z. De Novo Design of Covalent Organic Framework Membranes toward Ultrafast Anion Transport. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2001284. [PMID: 32715516 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of all-organic frameworks is of fundamental significance, and designing such structures for anion conduction holds great promise in energy conversion and storage applications. Herein, inspired by the efficient anion transport within organisms, a de novo design of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) toward ultrafast anion transport is demonstrated. A phase-transfer polymerization process is developed to acquire dense and ordered alignment of quaternary ammonium-functionalized side chains along the channels within the frameworks. The resultant self-standing COFs membranes exhibit one of the highest hydroxide conductivities (212 mS cm-1 at 80 °C) among the reported anion exchange membranes. Meanwhile, it is found that shorter, more hydrophilic side chains are favorable for anion conduction. The present work highlights the prospects of all-organic framework materials as the platform building blocks in designing ion exchange membranes and ion sieving membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi He
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Guangwei He
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhongxing Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Li Cao
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Benbing Shi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chasen Tongsh
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kui Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kongying Zhu
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Test Center, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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12
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Halabi M, Mann-Lahav M, Beilin V, Shter GE, Elishav O, Grader GS, Dekel DR. Electrospun Anion-Conducting Ionomer Fibers-Effect of Humidity on Final Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1020. [PMID: 32369925 PMCID: PMC7284427 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anion-conducting ionomer-based nanofibers mats are prepared by electrospinning (ES) technique. Depending on the relative humidity (RH) during the ES process (RHES), ionomer nanofibers with different morphologies are obtained. The effect of relative humidity on the ionomer nanofibers morphology, ionic conductivity, and water uptake (WU) is studied. A branching effect in the ES fibers found to occur mostly at RHES < 30% is discussed. The anion conductivity and WU of the ionomer electrospun mats prepared at the lowest RHES are found to be higher than in those prepared at higher RHES. This effect can be ascribed to the large diameter of the ionomer fibers, which have a higher WU. Understanding the effect of RH during the ES process on ionomer-based fibers' properties is critical for the preparation of electrospun fiber mats for specific applications, such as electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Halabi
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Meirav Mann-Lahav
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Vadim Beilin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Gennady E. Shter
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
| | - Oren Elishav
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Gideon S. Grader
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; (M.H.); (M.M.-L.); (V.B.); (G.E.S.); (O.E.)
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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13
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Chemically stable poly(meta-terphenyl piperidinium) with highly conductive side chain for alkaline fuel cell membranes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Dischinger SM, Gupta S, Carter BM, Miller DJ. Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes in Imidazolium-Functionalized Poly(phenylene oxide) Membranes for Artificial Photosynthesis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Dischinger
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shubham Gupta
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Blaine M. Carter
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Daniel J. Miller
- Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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15
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Wang L, Liu Y, Wang J. Crosslinked anion exchange membrane with improved membrane stability and conductivity for alkaline fuel cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans‐Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Ying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans‐Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jianyou Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans‐Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and EngineeringNankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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16
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Chloromethylation and Quaternization of Poly(aryl ether ketone sulfone)s with Clustered Electron-rich Phenyl Groups for Anion Exchange Membranes. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Ziv N, Mondal AN, Weissbach T, Holdcroft S, Dekel DR. Effect of CO2 on the properties of anion exchange membranes for fuel cell applications. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Hou J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Wu L, Yang Z, Xu T. Self-healing anion exchange membrane for pH 7 redox flow batteries. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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A Breakthrough Application of a Cross-Linked Polystyrene Anion-Exchange Membrane for a Hydrogencarbonate Ion-Selective Electrode. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19061268. [PMID: 30871163 PMCID: PMC6470974 DOI: 10.3390/s19061268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene cross-linked with divinylbenzene and functionalized by a quaternary ammonium cation anion site is used as the membrane of a hydrogencarbonate (i.e., bicarbonate) ion-selective electrode. The polystyrene matrix membrane improves the selectivity towards interfering lipophilic ions in comparison to previously described polyvinyl chloride membranes. The reason for this behaviour is sought in coupled ion-exchange and pore-diffusion processes in the membrane and the resulting kinetic discrimination of interfering ions. The electrode is successfully used for determination of bicarbonates in mineral drinking waters. The simplex method is employed to refine the analytical outcome.
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20
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Physicochemical interactions of organic acids influencing microstructure and permselectivity of anion exchange membrane. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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22
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Kwasny MT, Zhu L, Hickner MA, Tew GN. Thermodynamics of Counterion Release Is Critical for Anion Exchange Membrane Conductivity. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7961-7969. [PMID: 29901997 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the field of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) employs an increasing variety of cations, a critical understanding of cation properties must be obtained, especially as they relate to membrane ion conductivity. Here, to elucidate such properties, metal cation-based AEMs, featuring bis(norbornene) nickel, ruthenium, or cobalt complexes, were synthesized and characterized. In addition, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to probe counterion exchange thermodynamics in order to understand previously reported differences in conductivity. The ion conductivity data reported here further demonstrated that nickel-complex cations had higher conductivity as compared to their ruthenium and cobalt counterparts. Surprisingly, bulk hydration number, ion concentration, ion exchange capacity, and activation energy were not sufficient to explain differences in conductivity, so the thermodynamics of metal cation-counterion association were explored using ITC. Specifically, for the nickel cation as compared to the other two metal-based cations, a larger thermodynamic driving force for chloride counterion release was observed, shown through a smaller Δ Htot for counterion exchange, which indicated weaker cation-counterion association. The use of ITC to study cation-counterion association was further exemplified by characterizing more traditional AEM cations, such as quaternary ammoniums and an imidazolium cation, which demonstrated small variances in their enthalpic response, but an overall Δ Htot similar to that of the nickel-based cation. The cation hydration, rather than its hydration shell or the bulk hydration of the membrane, likely played the key role in determining the strength of the initial cation-counterion pair. This report identifies for the first time how ITC can be used to experimentally determine thermodynamic quantities that are key parameters for understanding and predicting conductivity in AEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Kwasny
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Michael A Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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23
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Ziv N, Mustain WE, Dekel DR. The Effect of Ambient Carbon Dioxide on Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:1136-1150. [PMID: 29377635 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201702330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, there has been a surge of interest in anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) as a potentially lower cost alternative to proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Recent work has shown that AEMFCs achieve nearly identical performance to that of state-of-the-art PEMFCs; however, much of that data has been collected while feeding CO2 -free air or pure oxygen to the cathode. Usually, removing CO2 from the oxidant is done to avoid the detrimental effect of CO2 on AEMFC performance, through carbonation, whereby CO2 reacts with the OH- anions to form HCO3- and CO32- . In spite of the crucial importance of this topic for the future development and commercialization of AEMFCs, unfortunately there have been very few investigations devoted to this phenomenon and its effects. Much of the data available is widely spread out and there currently does not exist a resource that researchers in the field, or those looking to enter the field, can use as a reference text that explains the complex influence of CO2 and HCO3- /CO32- on all aspects of AEMFC performance. The purpose of this Review is to summarize the experimental and theoretical work reported to date on the effect of ambient CO2 on AEMFCs. This systematic Review aims to create a single comprehensive account of what is known regarding how CO2 behaves in AEMFCs, to date, as well as identify the most important areas for future work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Ziv
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering and The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - William E Mustain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering and The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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24
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Ziv N, Dekel DR. A practical method for measuring the true hydroxide conductivity of anion exchange membranes. Electrochem commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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25
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Krewer U, Weinzierl C, Ziv N, Dekel DR. Impact of carbonation processes in anion exchange membrane fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Lafforgue C, Chatenet M, Dubau L, Dekel DR. Accelerated Stress Test of Pt/C Nanoparticles in an Interface with an Anion-Exchange Membrane—An Identical-Location Transmission Electron Microscopy Study. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Lafforgue
- Institute
of Engineering, LEPMI, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marian Chatenet
- Institute
of Engineering, LEPMI, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Laetitia Dubau
- Institute
of Engineering, LEPMI, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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27
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Yoshimura K, Zhao Y, Hasegawa S, Hiroki A, Kishiyama Y, Shishitani H, Yamaguchi S, Tanaka H, Koizumi S, Appavou MS, Radulescu A, Richter D, Maekawa Y. Imidazolium-based anion exchange membranes for alkaline anion fuel cells: (2) elucidation of the ionic structure and its impact on conducting properties. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8463-8473. [PMID: 29090306 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01774j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In our previous study (Soft Matter, 2016, 12, 1567), the relationship between the morphology and properties of graft-type imidazolium-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) was revealed, in that the semi-crystalline features of the polymer matrix maintain its mechanical properties and the formation of interconnected hydrophilic domains promotes the membrane conductivity. Here, we report a novel ionic structure of the same graft-type AEMs with different grafting degrees, analyzed using a small-angle X-ray scattering method under different relative humidity (RH) conditions. The characteristic "ionomer peak" with a corresponding correlation distance of approximately 1.0 nm was observed at RH < 80%. This distance is much smaller than the literature-reported mean distance between two ionic clusters, but close to the Bjerrum length of water. Since the representative number of water molecules per cation, nw, was small, we proposed that dissociated ion-pairs are distributed in the hydrophilic domains (ion-channels). At RH < 80%, ion-channels are disconnected, however in liquid water, they are well-connected as evidenced by the sharp increase in nw. The disconnected ion-channels even under relatively high RH conditions should be a substantial factor for the low power generation efficiency of AEM-type fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimio Yoshimura
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST), Watanuki-machi 1233, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan.
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28
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Tong X, Zhang B, Fan Y, Chen Y. Mechanism Exploration of Ion Transport in Nanocomposite Cation Exchange Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:13491-13499. [PMID: 28350448 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The origin of property enhancement of nanocomposite ion exchange membranes (IEMs) is far from being fully understood. By combining experimental work and computational modeling analysis, we could determine the influence of nanomaterials on the ion transport properties of nanocomposite cation exchange membranes (CEMs). We synthesized and characterized a series of nanocomposite CEMs by using SPPO as polymer materials and silica nanoparticles (NPs) (unsulfonated or sulfonated) as nanomaterials. We found that with the increase of NP loading, measured CEM permselectivity and swelling degree first increased and then decreased. We also found the ion exchange capacity (IEC) and ionic resistance of nanocomposite CEMs tend to be the same, regardless what type of NPs are incorporated into the membrane. Modeling analysis suggests that the change of membrane properties is related to the change in membrane microstructure. With the addition of silica NPs, membrane porosity (volume fraction of intergel phase) increases so that membranes can absorb more water. Also, volume fraction of sulfonated polymer segments increases, which can allow membranes to retain more counterions, causing membrane IEC to increase. By calculating the effective ion diffusion coefficients and membrane tortuosity factors of all the silica-NP-based CEMs synthesized in this study, along with nanocomposite CEMs from previous studies, we conclude that membrane ion transport efficiency tends to increase with the incorporation of nanomaterials. In addition, this paper presents a simulation model, which explains how the membrane property changes upon nanomaterial aggregation; the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. Simulation results indicate that membrane properties are related to nanomaterial number concentration in the membrane matrices; thus, a plateau is reached for membrane ion diffusion coefficients due to the severe influence of aggregation on the increase of nanomaterial real number concentration. The results of this study can provide insight into membrane structure-property relation and contribute to the value of future designs of new nanocomposite IEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Bopeng Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yilin Fan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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29
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Lu J, Miller C, Molinero V. Parameterization of a coarse-grained model with short-ranged interactions for modeling fuel cell membranes with controlled water uptake. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:17698-17707. [PMID: 28653074 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The coarse-grained model FFpvap reproduces the experimental activity coefficient of water in tetramethylammonium chloride solutions over a wide range of concentrations, with a hundred-fold gain in computing efficiency with respect to atomistic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibao Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
| | - Chance Miller
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Utah
- Salt Lake City
- USA
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