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Abstract
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This Review provides an overview
of the emerging concepts of catalysts,
membranes, and membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) for water electrolyzers
with anion-exchange membranes (AEMs), also known as zero-gap alkaline
water electrolyzers. Much of the recent progress is due to improvements
in materials chemistry, MEA designs, and optimized operation conditions.
Research on anion-exchange polymers (AEPs) has focused on the cationic
head/backbone/side-chain structures and key properties such as ionic
conductivity and alkaline stability. Several approaches, such as cross-linking,
microphase, and organic/inorganic composites, have been proposed to
improve the anion-exchange performance and the chemical and mechanical
stability of AEMs. Numerous AEMs now exceed values of 0.1 S/cm (at
60–80 °C), although the stability specifically at temperatures
exceeding 60 °C needs further enhancement. The oxygen evolution
reaction (OER) is still a limiting factor. An analysis of thin-layer
OER data suggests that NiFe-type catalysts have the highest activity.
There is debate on the active-site mechanism of the NiFe catalysts,
and their long-term stability needs to be understood. Addition of
Co to NiFe increases the conductivity of these catalysts. The same
analysis for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) shows carbon-supported
Pt to be dominating, although PtNi alloys and clusters of Ni(OH)2 on Pt show competitive activities. Recent advances in forming
and embedding well-dispersed Ru nanoparticles on functionalized high-surface-area
carbon supports show promising HER activities. However, the stability
of these catalysts under actual AEMWE operating conditions needs to
be proven. The field is advancing rapidly but could benefit through
the adaptation of new in situ techniques, standardized evaluation
protocols for AEMWE conditions, and innovative catalyst-structure
designs. Nevertheless, single AEM water electrolyzer cells have been
operated for several thousand hours at temperatures and current densities
as high as 60 °C and 1 A/cm2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiying Du
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Claudie Roy
- Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,National Research Council of Canada, 2620 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario L5K 1B1, Canada
| | - Retha Peach
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthew Turnbull
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Simon Thiele
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstaße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department Chemie- und Bioingenieurwesen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Bock
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.,Energy, Mining and Environment Research Centre, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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Vijayakumar V, Son TY, Im KS, Chae JE, Kim HJ, Kim TH, Nam SY. Anion Exchange Composite Membranes Composed of Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) and Silica for Fuel Cell Application. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10168-10179. [PMID: 34056171 PMCID: PMC8153668 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) with good alkaline stability and ion conductivity are fabricated by incorporating quaternary ammonium-modified silica into quaternary ammonium-functionalized poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (QPPO). Quaternary ammonium with a long alkyl chain is chemically grafted to the silica in situ during synthesis. Glycidyltrimethylammoniumchloride functionalization on silica (QSiO2) is characterized by Fourier transform infrared and transmission electron microscopic techniques. The QPPO/QSiO2 membrane having an ion exchange capacity of 3.21 meq·g-1 exhibits the maximum hydration number (λ = 11.15) and highest hydroxide ion conductivity of 45.08 × 10-2 S cm-1 at 80 °C. In addition to the high ion conductivity, AEMs also exhibit good alkaline stability, and the conductivity retention of the QPPO/QSiO2-3 membrane after 1200 h of exposure in 1 M potassium hydroxide at room temperature is about 91% ascribed to the steric hindrance offered by the grafted long glycidyl trimethylammonium chain in QSiO2. The application of the QPPO/QSiO2-3 membrane to an alkaline fuel cell can yield a peak power density of 142 mW cm-2 at a current density of 323 mA cm-2 and 0.44 V, which is higher than those of commercially available FAA-3-50 Fumatech AEM (OCV: 0.91 V; maximum power density: 114 mW cm-2 at current density: 266 mA cm-2 and 0.43 V). These membranes provide valuable insights on future directions for advanced AEM development for fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalekshmi Vijayakumar
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
| | - Tae Yang Son
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kwang Seop Im
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Chae
- Fuel
Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of
Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung Juhn Kim
- Fuel
Cell Research Center, Korea Institute of
Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Organic
Material Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yong Nam
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic
of Korea
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3
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Guo R, Liu Y, Zhou L, Li N, Chen G, Zhou Z, Li Q. Synthesis and properties of thermoplastic and dissolvable polysiloxanes containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20199265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruilu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing Beijing China
- College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yuemin Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Lixia Zhou
- College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Na Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Guangxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing Beijing China
- College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing Beijing China
- College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Qifang Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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Sun S, Ling L, Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Li Z. Trifluoromethanesulfonimide-based hygroscopic semi-interpenetrating polymer network for enhanced proton conductivity of nafion-based proton exchange membranes at low humidity. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Vijayakumar V, Son TY, Kim HJ, Nam SY. A facile approach to fabricate poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) based anion exchange membranes with extended alkaline stability and ion conductivity for fuel cell applications. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Guo Y, He W, Liu J. Electrospinning polyethylene terephthalate/SiO
2
nanofiber composite needle felt for enhanced filtration performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghe Guo
- School of Resources & Civil EngineeringNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Weidong He
- School of Resources & Civil EngineeringNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
| | - Jingxian Liu
- School of Resources & Civil EngineeringNortheastern University Shenyang 110819 China
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Hnát J, Kodým R, Denk K, Paidar M, Žitka J, Bouzek K. Design of a Zero‐Gap Laboratory‐Scale Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Alkaline Water Electrolysis Stack. CHEM-ING-TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromír Hnát
- University of Chemistry and Technology, PragueDepartment of Inorganic Technology Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Roman Kodým
- University of Chemistry and Technology, PragueDepartment of Inorganic Technology Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Karel Denk
- University of Chemistry and Technology, PragueDepartment of Inorganic Technology Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Paidar
- University of Chemistry and Technology, PragueDepartment of Inorganic Technology Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Žitka
- Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of Macromolecular Chemistry Heyrovského nám. 2 16206 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Karel Bouzek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, PragueDepartment of Inorganic Technology Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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Qiu M, Zhang B, Wu H, Cao L, He X, Li Y, Li J, Xu M, Jiang Z. Preparation of anion exchange membrane with enhanced conductivity and alkaline stability by incorporating ionic liquid modified carbon nanotubes. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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He Y, Zhang J, Liang X, Shehzad MA, Ge X, Zhu Y, Hu M, Yang Z, Wu L, Xu T. Achieving high anion conductivity by densely grafting of ionic strings. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Li Z, He G, Li Z, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Xu M, Xu S, Jiang Z. Enhancing the hydroxide conductivity of imidazolium-functionalized polysulfone by incorporating organic microsphere with ionic brushes. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li J, Zhang D, Yang T, Yang S, Yang X, Zhu H. Nanofibrous membrane of graphene oxide-in-polyacrylonitrile composite with low filtration resistance for the effective capture of PM2.5. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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