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Rastgar M, Moradi K, Burroughs C, Hemmati A, Hoek E, Sadrzadeh M. Harvesting Blue Energy Based on Salinity and Temperature Gradient: Challenges, Solutions, and Opportunities. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10156-10205. [PMID: 37523591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas emissions associated with power generation from fossil fuel combustion account for 25% of global emissions and, thus, contribute greatly to climate change. Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar, have reached a mature stage, with costs aligning with those of fossil fuel-derived power but suffer from the challenge of intermittency due to the variability of wind and sunlight. This study aims to explore the viability of salinity gradient power, or "blue energy", as a clean, renewable source of uninterrupted, base-load power generation. Harnessing the salinity gradient energy from river estuaries worldwide could meet a substantial portion of the global electricity demand (approximately 7%). Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) are more prominent technologies for blue energy harvesting, whereas thermo-osmotic energy conversion (TOEC) is emerging with new promise. This review scrutinizes the obstacles encountered in developing osmotic power generation using membrane-based methods and presents potential solutions to overcome challenges in practical applications. While certain strategies have shown promise in addressing some of these obstacles, further research is still required to enhance the energy efficiency and feasibility of membrane-based processes, enabling their large-scale implementation in osmotic energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Rastgar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kazem Moradi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Cassie Burroughs
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, 12-263 Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Arman Hemmati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Computational Fluid Engineering Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Eric Hoek
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095-1593, United States
- Energy Storage & Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mohtada Sadrzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Water Research Lab (AWRL), University of Alberta, 10-367 Donadeo Innovation Center for Engineering, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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2
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Veerman J, Gómez-Coma L, Ortiz A, Ortiz I. Resistance of Ion Exchange Membranes in Aqueous Mixtures of Monovalent and Divalent Ions and the Effect on Reverse Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:322. [PMID: 36984709 PMCID: PMC10056131 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinity gradient energy has gained attention in recent years as a renewable energy source, especially employing reverse electrodialysis technology (RED), which is based on the role of ion exchange membranes. In this context, many efforts have been developed by researchers from all over the world to advance the knowledge of this green source of energy. However, the influence of divalent ions on the performance of the technology has not been deeply studied. Basically, divalent ions are responsible for an increased membrane resistance and, therefore, for a decrease in voltage. This work focuses on the estimation of the resistance of the RED membrane working with water flows containing divalent ions, both theoretically by combining the one-thread model with the Donnan exclusion theory for the gel phase, as well as the experimental evaluation with Fumatech membranes FAS-50, FKS-50, FAS-PET-75, and FKS-PET-75. Furthermore, simulated results have been compared to data recently reported with different membranes. Besides, the influence of membrane resistance on the overall performance of reverse electrodialysis technology is evaluated to understand the impact of divalent ions in energy generation. Results reflect a minor effect of sulfate on the gross power in comparison to the effect of calcium and magnesium ions. Thus, this work takes a step forward in the knowledge of reverse electrodialysis technology and the extraction of salinity gradient energy by advancing the influence of divalent ions on energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Veerman
- REDstack BV, Graaf Adolfstraat 35-G, 8606 BT Sneek, The Netherlands
| | - Lucía Gómez-Coma
- Departmento de Ingenierías Químicas y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Alfredo Ortiz
- Departmento de Ingenierías Químicas y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departmento de Ingenierías Químicas y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Av. Los Castros 46, 39005 Santander, Spain
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3
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Wu N, Brahmi Y, Colin A. Fluidics for energy harvesting: from nano to milli scales. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1034-1065. [PMID: 36625144 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00946c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of untapped energy sources surrounds us. In this review, we summarize recent works of water-based energy harvesting systems with operation scales ranging from miniature systems to large scale attempts. We focus particularly on the triboelectric energy, which is produced when a liquid and a solid come into contact, and on the osmotic energy, which is released when salt water and fresh water are mixed. For both techniques we display the state of the art understanding (including electrical charge separation, electro-osmotic currents and induced currents) and the developed devices. A critical discussion of present works confirms the significant progress of these water-based energy harvesting systems in all scales. However, further efforts in efficiency and performance amelioration are expected for these technologies to accelerate the industrialization and commercialization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Youcef Brahmi
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Annie Colin
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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4
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Barros KS, Giacobbo A, Agnol GD, Velizarov S, Pérez–Herranz V, Bernardes AM. Evaluation of mass transfer behaviour of sulfamethoxazole species at ion–exchange membranes by chronopotentiometry for electrodialytic processes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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5
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Sugimoto Y, Ujike R, Higa M, Kakihana Y, Higa M. Power Generation Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) Using Various Ion Exchange Membranes and Power Output Prediction for a Large RED Stack. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12111141. [PMID: 36422133 PMCID: PMC9697558 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) power generation using seawater (SW) and river water is expected to be a promising environmentally friendly power generation system. Experiments with large RED stacks are needed for the practical application of RED power generation, but only a few experimental results exist because of the need for large facilities and a large area of ion-exchange membranes (IEMs). In this study, to predict the power output of a large RED stack, the power generation performances of a lab-scale RED stack (40 membrane pairs and 7040 cm2 total effective membrane area) with several IEMs were evaluated. The results were converted to the power output of a pilot-scale RED stack (299 membrane pairs and 179.4 m2 total effective membrane area) via the reference IEMs. The use of low-area-resistance IEMs resulted in lower internal resistance and higher power density. The power density was 2.3 times higher than that of the reference IEMs when natural SW was used. The net power output was expected to be approximately 230 W with a pilot-scale RED stack using low-area-resistance IEMs and natural SW. This value is one of the indicators of the output of a large RED stack and is a target to be exceeded with further improvements in the RED system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sugimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Ryo Ujike
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Minato Higa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kakihana
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
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Apel PY, Velizarov S, Volkov AV, Eliseeva TV, Nikonenko VV, Parshina AV, Pismenskaya ND, Popov KI, Yaroslavtsev AB. Fouling and Membrane Degradation in Electromembrane and Baromembrane Processes. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751622020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Cui WZ, Ji ZY, Tumba K, Zhang ZD, Wang J, Zhang ZX, Liu J, Zhao YY, Yuan JS. Response of salinity gradient power generation to inflow mode and temperature difference by reverse electrodialysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 303:114124. [PMID: 34839173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable utilization has been becoming the core idea of concentrated seawater disposal, which makes the harvest of salinity gradient power based on reverse electrodialysis (RED) become one of the important ways. As the important factors affecting RED performance, different flow orientations along the membrane and solution temperature have been studied in the previous researches. However, there are still some details that need to be clarified. In this study, the inflow mode was further detailed investigated. The results showed that after eliminating the interference of bubbles in the counter-current, the co-current was still better than the counter-current; when the solution of HCC (high concentration compartment) and LCC (low concentration compartment) was circulated for 3 h, the concentration of concentrated seawater discharge liquid was reduced by 6.93%, which was conducive to reducing the negative impact on the marine ecological environment. Meanwhile, the response of salinity gradient power generation to temperature difference was that high temperature had a positive effect on power density, and the order was both the HCC and LCC (0.44 W m-2) > LCC (0.42 W m-2) > HCC (0.39 W m-2). Although the RED performance was more sensitive to the temperature rise of LCC, the positive temperature difference between HCC and LCC is a more practical advantage because the temperature of concentrated seawater in HCC is usually high. These new observations could provide supports for the industrial development of RED in generating electricity economically and reducing the negative environmental impact of concentrated seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhe Cui
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Energy Saving Process Integration and Resource Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Marine Chemical Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Ji
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Energy Saving Process Integration and Resource Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Marine Chemical Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China.
| | - Kaniki Tumba
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Marine Chemical Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Department of Chemical Engineering, Mangosuthu University of Technology, UMlazi, Durban, 4031, South Africa
| | - Zhong-De Zhang
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Marine Chemical Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Langfang Yadeshi Environmental Protection Equipment Co., Ltd, Hebei, Langfang, 065099, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Energy Saving Process Integration and Resource Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Marine Chemical Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Energy Saving Process Integration and Resource Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Marine Chemical Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Energy Saving Process Integration and Resource Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Marine Chemical Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Energy Saving Process Integration and Resource Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Marine Chemical Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Yuan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Chemical Energy Saving Process Integration and Resource Utilization, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Engineering Research Center of Seawater Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China; Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Marine Chemical Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
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8
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Merino-Garcia I, Velizarov S. New insights into the definition of membrane cleaning strategies to diminish the fouling impact in ion exchange membrane separation processes. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Ihsanullah I, Atieh MA, Sajid M, Nazal MK. Desalination and environment: A critical analysis of impacts, mitigation strategies, and greener desalination technologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146585. [PMID: 33774302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The desalination of seawater is perceived as one of the most viable processes to fulfill the mounting demand for freshwater. Despite enormous economic, social, and health benefits offered by desalination, there are several concerns regarding its prospective environmental impacts (EIs). The objective of this work is to critically evaluate the potential EIs of seawater desalination, and assess the prospects of greener desalination. The EIs of desalination on marine environment, land, groundwater, and air quality was systematically reviewed. An attempt has been made to analyze the actuality of these so-called impacts with reference to evidence from real desalination plants. The mitigative measures to counterbalance these unfavorable impacts are critically appraised. Furthermore, the brine management technologies for the disposal of reject stream, the recovery of precious materials and water, and the production of useful chemicals are also reviewed. Current challenges to minimize the adverse impacts of desalination and prospects of sustainable greener desalination to overwhelm global water scarcities are also discussed. The current desalination approaches have moderate and minor negative EIs. However, with proper mitigation and utilization of modern technologies, these impacts can be lessened. Furthermore, by employing various modern techniques, reject brine can be utilized for several useful applications while reducing its adverse impacts simultaneously. Recent advancements in desalination technologies have also offered many alternative approaches that provide a roadmap towards greener desalination. This review article will be beneficial for all the stakeholders in the desalination industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihsanullah Ihsanullah
- Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muataz A Atieh
- Chemical and Water Desalination Engineering (CWDE) Program, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen K Nazal
- Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Effect of current-induced ion transfer on the electrical resistance of reverse electrodialysis stack by chronopotentiometry. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Principles of reverse electrodialysis and development of integrated-based system for power generation and water treatment: a review. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is among the evolving membrane-based processes available for energy harvesting by mixing water with different salinities. The chemical potential difference causes the movement of cations and anions in opposite directions that can then be transformed into the electrical current at the electrodes by redox reactions. Although several works have shown the possibilities of achieving high power densities through the RED system, the transformation to the industrial-scale stacks remains a challenge particularly in understanding the correlation between ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and the operating conditions. This work provides an overview of the RED system including its development and modifications of IEM utilized in the RED system. The effects of modified membranes particularly on the psychochemical properties of the membranes and the effects of numerous operating variables are discussed. The prospects of combining the RED system with other technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, heat engine, microbial fuel cell), and flow battery have been summarized based on open-loop and closed-loop configurations. This review attempts to explain the development and prospect of RED technology for salinity gradient power production and further elucidate the integrated RED system as a promising way to harvest energy while reducing the impact of liquid waste disposal on the environment.
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Asante-Sackey D, Rathilal S, Kweinor Tetteh E, Ezugbe EO, Pillay LV. Donnan Membrane Process for the Selective Recovery and Removal of Target Metal Ions-A Mini Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:358. [PMID: 34068870 PMCID: PMC8153574 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-based water purification technologies contribute significantly to water settings, where it is imperative to use low-cost energy sources to make the process economically and technically competitive for large-scale applications. Donnan membrane processes (DMPs) are driven by a potential gradient across an ion exchange membrane and have an advantage over fouling in conventional pressure driven membrane technologies, which are gaining attention. DMP is a removal, recovery and recycling technology that is commonly used for separation, purification and the concentrating of metals in different water and waste streams. In this study, the principle and application of DMP for sustainable wastewater treatment and prospects of chemical remediation are reviewed and discussed. In addition, the separation of dissolved metal ions in wastewater settings without the use of pressure driven gradients or external energy supply membrane technologies is highlighted. Furthermore, DMP distinctive configurations and operational factors are explored and the prospects of integrating them into the wastewater treatment plants are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Asante-Sackey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.A.-S.); (S.R.); (E.O.E.)
| | - Sudesh Rathilal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.A.-S.); (S.R.); (E.O.E.)
| | - Emmanuel Kweinor Tetteh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.A.-S.); (S.R.); (E.O.E.)
| | - Elorm Obotey Ezugbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa; (D.A.-S.); (S.R.); (E.O.E.)
| | - Lingham V. Pillay
- Department of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7600, South Africa;
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13
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Tan G, Xu N, Gao D, Zhu X. Facile Designed Manganese Oxide/Biochar for Efficient Salinity Gradient Energy Recovery in Concentration Flow Cells and Influences of Mono/Multivalent Ions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19855-19863. [PMID: 33891388 PMCID: PMC8288956 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Development of effective, environmentally friendly, facile large-scale processing, and low-cost materials is critical for renewable energy production. Here, MnOx/biochar composites were synthesized by a simple pyrolysis method and showed high performance for salinity gradient (SG) energy harvest in concentration flow cells (CFCs). The peak power density of CFCs with MnOx/biochar electrodes was up to 5.67 W m-2 (ave. = 0.91 W m-2) and stabilized for 500 cycles when using 1 and 30 g L-1 NaCl, which was attributed to their high specific capacitances and low electrode resistances. This power output was higher than all other reported MnO2 electrodes for SG energy harvest due to the synergistic effects between MnOx and biochar. When using a mixture with a molar fraction of 90% NaCl and 10% KCl (or Na2SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, and CaCl2) in both feed solutions, the peak power density decreased by 2.3-40.1% compared to 100% NaCl solution with Ca2+ and Mg2+ showing the most pronounced negative effects. Our results demonstrated that the facile designed MnOx/biochar composite can be used for efficient SG energy recovery in CFCs with good stability, low cost, and less environmental impacts. When using natural waters as the feed solutions, pretreatment would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Tan
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental
Science and Engineering, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Shenzhen
Engineering Research Center for Nanoporous Water Treatment Materials,
School of Environment and Energy, Peking
University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dingxue Gao
- Shenzhen
Engineering Research Center for Nanoporous Water Treatment Materials,
School of Environment and Energy, Peking
University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiuping Zhu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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14
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Pintossi D, Saakes M, Borneman Z, Nijmeijer K. Tailoring the Surface Chemistry of Anion Exchange Membranes with Zwitterions: Toward Antifouling RED Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:18348-18357. [PMID: 33827211 PMCID: PMC8153547 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fouling is a pressing issue for harvesting salinity gradient energy with reverse electrodialysis (RED). In this work, antifouling membranes were fabricated by surface modification of a commercial anion exchange membrane with zwitterionic layers. Either zwitterionic monomers or zwitterionic brushes were applied on the surface. Zwitterionic monomers were grafted to the surface by deposition of a polydopamine layer followed by an aza-Michael reaction with sulfobetaine. Zwitterionic brushes were grafted on the surface by deposition of polydopamine modified with a surface initiator for subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization to obtain polysulfobetaine. As expected, the zwitterionic layers did increase the membrane hydrophilicity. The antifouling behavior of the membranes in RED was evaluated using artificial river and seawater and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as the model foulant. The zwitterionic monomers are effective in delaying the fouling onset, but the further build-up of the fouling layer is hardly affected, resulting in similar power density losses as for the unmodified membranes. Membranes modified with zwitterionic brushes show a high potential for application in RED as they not only delay the onset of fouling but they also slow down the growth of the fouling layer, thus retaining higher power density outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pintossi
- Wetsus,
European centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Saakes
- Wetsus,
European centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Zandrie Borneman
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kitty Nijmeijer
- Membrane
Materials and Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), P.O. Box 6336, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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Power Generation Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis Using Monovalent Selective Ion-Exchange Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11010027. [PMID: 33401447 PMCID: PMC7823906 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a promising process for harvesting energy from the salinity gradient between two solutions without environmental impacts. Seawater (SW) and river water (RW) are considered the main RED feed solutions because of their good availability. In Okinawa Island (Japan), SW desalination via the reverse osmosis (RO) can be integrated with the RED process due to the production of a large amount of RO brine (concentrated SW, containing ~1 mol/dm3 of NaCl), which is usually discharged directly into the sea. In this study, a pilot-scale RED stack, with 299 cell pairs and 179.4 m2 of effective membrane area, was installed in the SW desalination plant. For the first time, asymmetric monovalent selective membranes with monovalent selective layer just at the side of the membranes were used as the ion exchange membranes (IEMs) inside the RED stack. Natural and model RO brines, as well as SW, were used as the high-concentrate feed solutions. RW, which was in fact surface water in this study and close to the desalination plant, was utilized as the low-concentrate feed solution. The power generation performance investigated by the current-voltage (I-V) test showed the maximum gross power density of 0.96 and 1.46 W/m2 respectively, when the natural and model RO brine/RW were used. These are a 50-60% improvement of the maximum gross power of 0.62 and 0.97 W/m2 generated from the natural and model SW, respectively. The approximate 50% more power generated from the model feed solutions can be assigned to the suppression of concentration polarization of the RED stack due to the absence of multivalent ions.
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16
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Energy Harvesting by Waste Acid/Base Neutralization via Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13205510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis (BMRED) can be used to produce electricity exploiting acid-base neutralization, thus representing a valuable route in reusing waste streams. The present work investigates the performance of a lab-scale BMRED module under several operating conditions. By feeding the stack with 1 M HCl and NaOH streams, a maximum power density of ~17 W m−2 was obtained at 100 A m−2 with a 10-triplet stack with a flow velocity of 1 cm s−1, while an energy density of ~10 kWh m−3 acid could be extracted by a complete neutralization. Parasitic currents along feed and drain manifolds significantly affected the performance of the stack when equipped with a higher number of triplets. The apparent permselectivity at 1 M acid and base decreased from 93% with the five-triplet stack to 54% with the 38-triplet stack, which exhibited lower values (~35% less) of power density. An important role may be played also by the presence of NaCl in the acidic and alkaline solutions. With a low number of triplets, the added salt had almost negligible effects. However, with a higher number of triplets it led to a reduction of 23.4–45.7% in power density. The risk of membrane delamination is another aspect that can limit the process performance. However, overall, the present results highlight the high potential of BMRED systems as a productive way of neutralizing waste solutions for energy harvesting.
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17
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Surface Modifications of Anion Exchange Membranes for an Improved Reverse Electrodialysis Process Performance: A Review. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10080160. [PMID: 32707798 PMCID: PMC7463669 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology represents a promising electro-membrane process for renewable energy harvesting from aqueous streams with different salinity. However, the performance of the key components of the system, that is, the ion exchange membranes, is limited by both the presence of multivalent ions and fouling phenomena, thus leading to a reduced generated net power density. In this context, the behavior of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) in RED systems is more severely affected, due to the undesirable interactions between their positively charged fixed groups and, mostly negatively charged, foulant materials present in natural streams. Therefore, controlling both the monovalent anion permselectivity and the membrane surface hydrophilicity is crucial. In this respect, different surface modification procedures were considered in the literature, to enhance the above-mentioned properties. This review reports and discusses the currently available approaches for surface modifications of AEMs, such as graft polymerization, dip coating, and layer-by-layer, among others, mainly focusing on preparing monovalent permselective AEMs with antifouling characteristics, but also considering hydrophilicity aspects and identifying the most promising modifying agents to be utilized. Thus, the present study aimed at providing new insights for the further design and development of selective, durable, and cost-effective modified AEMs for an enhanced RED process performance, which is indispensable for a practical implementation of this electro-membrane technology at an industrial scale.
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18
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Gurreri L, Tamburini A, Cipollina A, Micale G. Electrodialysis Applications in Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Protection and Resources Recovery: A Systematic Review on Progress and Perspectives. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E146. [PMID: 32660014 PMCID: PMC7408617 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect. ED is a membrane process of separation under the action of an electric field, where ions are selectively transported across ion-exchange membranes. ED of both conventional or unconventional fashion has been tested to treat several waste or spent aqueous solutions, including effluents from various industrial processes, municipal wastewater or salt water treatment plants, and animal farms. Properties such as selectivity, high separation efficiency, and chemical-free treatment make ED methods adequate for desalination and other treatments with significant environmental benefits. ED technologies can be used in operations of concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorisation to reclaim wastewater and recover water and/or other products, e.g., heavy metal ions, salts, acids/bases, nutrients, and organics, or electrical energy. Intense research activity has been directed towards developing enhanced or novel systems, showing that zero or minimal liquid discharge approaches can be techno-economically affordable and competitive. Despite few real plants having been installed, recent developments are opening new routes for the large-scale use of ED techniques in a plethora of treatment processes for wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.M.)
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19
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Merino-Garcia I, Kotoka F, Portugal CA, Crespo JG, Velizarov S. Characterization of Poly(Acrylic) Acid-Modified Heterogenous Anion Exchange Membranes with Improved Monovalent Permselectivity for RED. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10060134. [PMID: 32604781 PMCID: PMC7345084 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10060134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The performance of anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) in Reverse Electrodialysis is hampered by both presence of multivalent ions and fouling phenomena, thus leading to reduced net power density. Therefore, we propose a monolayer surface modification procedure to functionalize Ralex-AEMs with poly(acrylic) acid (PAA) in order to (i) render a monovalent permselectivity, and (ii) minimize organic fouling. Membrane surface modification was carried out by putting heterogeneous AEMs in contact with a PAA-based aqueous solution for 24 h. The resulting modified membranes were firstly characterized by contact angle, water uptake, ion exchange capacity, fixed charge density, and swelling degree measurements, whereas their electrochemical responses were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry. Besides, their membrane electro-resistance was also studied via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. Finally, membrane permselectivity and fouling behavior in the presence of humic acid were evaluated through mass transport experiments using model NaCl containing solutions. The use of modified PAA-AEMs resulted in a significantly enhanced monovalent permselectivity (sulfate rejection improved by >35%) and membrane hydrophilicity (contact angle decreased by >15%) in comparison with the behavior of unmodified Ralex-AEMs, without compromising the membrane electro-resistance after modification, thus demonstrating the technical feasibility of the proposed membrane modification procedure. This study may therefore provide a feasible way for achieving an improved Reverse Electrodialysis process efficiency.
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20
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Besha AT, Tsehaye MT, Aili D, Zhang W, Tufa RA. Design of Monovalent Ion Selective Membranes for Reducing the Impacts of Multivalent Ions in Reverse Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2019; 10:membranes10010007. [PMID: 31906203 PMCID: PMC7022468 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) represents one of the most promising membrane-based technologies for clean and renewable energy production from mixing water solutions. However, the presence of multivalent ions in natural water drastically reduces system performance, in particular, the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and the output power. This effect is largely described by the “uphill transport” phenomenon, in which multivalent ions are transported against the concentration gradient. In this work, recent advances in the investigation of the impact of multivalent ions on power generation by RED are systematically reviewed along with possible strategies to overcome this challenge. In particular, the use of monovalent ion-selective membranes represents a promising alternative to reduce the negative impact of multivalent ions given the availability of low-cost materials and an easy route of membrane synthesis. A thorough assessment of the materials and methodologies used to prepare monovalent selective ion exchange membranes (both cation and anion exchange membranes) for applications in (reverse) electrodialysis is performed. Moreover, transport mechanisms under conditions of extreme salinity gradient are analyzed and compared for a better understanding of the design criteria. The ultimate goal of the present work is to propose a prospective research direction on the development of new membrane materials for effective implementation of RED under natural feed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abreham Tesfaye Besha
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Science, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box 1020, Jigjiga, Ethiopia;
| | - Misgina Tilahun Tsehaye
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38 000 Grenoble, France;
| | - David Aili
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Building 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Ramato Ashu Tufa
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Building 310, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Gómez-Coma L, Ortiz-Martínez VM, Carmona J, Palacio L, Prádanos P, Fallanza M, Ortiz A, Ibañez R, Ortiz I. Modeling the influence of divalent ions on membrane resistance and electric power in reverse electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Han JH, Jeong N, Kim CS, Hwang KS, Kim H, Nam JY, Jwa E, Yang S, Choi J. Reverse electrodialysis (RED) using a bipolar membrane to suppress inorganic fouling around the cathode. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 166:115078. [PMID: 31542547 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
When operating reverse electrodialysis (RED) with several hundreds of cell pairs, a large stack voltage of more than 10 V facilitates water electrolysis, even when redox couples are employed for the electrode reaction. Upon feeding natural water containing multivalent ions, ion crossover through a shielding membrane causes inorganic scaling around the cathode and the interior of the membrane stack, due to the combination with the hydroxide ions produced via water reduction. In this work, we introduce a bipolar membrane (BPM) as a shielding membrane at the cathode to suppress inorganic precipitation. Water splitting in the bilayer structure of the BPM can block the ions diffusing from the catholyte and the feed solution, maintaining the current density. To evaluate the effect of the BPM on the inorganic precipitates, diluted sea salt solution is allowed to flow through the outermost feed channel near the cathode, in order to maintain as large a stack voltage as possible, which is important to induce water splitting in the BPM when incorporated into an RED stack of 100 cell pairs. We measure the electric power of the RED according to the arrangement of the BPM and compare it with that of conventional RED. The degree of inorganic scaling is also compared according to the kind of shielding membrane used (anion exchange membrane, cation exchange membrane, and BPM (Neosepta or Fumasep)). The BPM (Neosepta) shows the best performance for suppressing the formation of precipitates. It can hence be used to design a highly stable electrode system for long-term operation of a large-scale RED feeding natural water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyung Han
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea.
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Chan-Soo Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Kyo Sik Hwang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Hanki Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Nam
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Jwa
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
| | - SeungCheol Yang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changwon National University, 20 Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 51140, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63357, South Korea
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23
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Mercer E, Davey C, Azzini D, Eusebi A, Tierney R, Williams L, Jiang Y, Parker A, Kolios A, Tyrrel S, Cartmell E, Pidou M, McAdam E. Hybrid membrane distillation reverse electrodialysis configuration for water and energy recovery from human urine: An opportunity for off-grid decentralised sanitation. J Memb Sci 2019; 584:343-352. [PMID: 31423048 PMCID: PMC6558964 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The integration of membrane distillation with reverse electrodialysis has been investigated as a sustainable sanitation solution to provide clean water and electrical power from urine and waste heat. Reverse electrodialysis was integrated to provide the partial remixing of the concentrate (urine) and diluate (permeate) produced from the membrane distillation of urine. Broadly comparable power densities to those of a model salt solution (sodium chloride) were determined during evaluation of the individual and combined contribution of the various monovalent and multivalent inorganic and organic salt constituents in urine. Power densities were improved through raising feed-side temperature and increasing concentration in the concentrate, without observation of limiting behaviour imposed by non-ideal salt and water transport. A further unique contribution of this application is the limited volume of salt concentrate available, which demanded brine recycling to maximise energy recovery analogous to a battery, operating in a 'state of charge'. During recycle, around 47% of the Gibbs free energy was recoverable with up to 80% of the energy extractable before the concentration difference between the two solutions was halfway towards equilibrium which implies that energy recovery can be optimised with limited effect on permeate quality. This study has provided the first successful demonstration of an integrated MD-RED system for energy recovery from a limited resource, and evidences that the recovered power is sufficient to operate a range of low current fluid pumping technologies that could help deliver off-grid sanitation and clean water recovery at single household scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Mercer
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - C.J. Davey
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - D. Azzini
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Piazza Roma, Ancona, Italy
| | - A.L. Eusebi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Piazza Roma, Ancona, Italy
| | - R. Tierney
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - L. Williams
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Y. Jiang
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - A. Parker
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - A. Kolios
- Naval Architecture, Ocean and Marine Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - S. Tyrrel
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E. Cartmell
- Scottish Water, Castle House, Carnegie Campus, Dunfermline, UK
| | - M. Pidou
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - E.J. McAdam
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
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24
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Vanoppen M, van Vooren T, Gutierrez L, Roman M, Croué LJP, Verbeken K, Philips J, Verliefde A. Secondary treated domestic wastewater in reverse electrodialysis: What is the best pre-treatment? Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Zhu S, Li J, Toth A, Landskron K. Relationships between Electrolyte Concentration and the Supercapacitive Swing Adsorption of CO 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21489-21495. [PMID: 31058484 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We quantitatively investigate the influence of the NaCl electrolyte concentration on the adsorptive and energetic characteristics of supercapacitive swing adsorption (SSA) for the separation of CO2 from a simulated flue gas mixture containing 15% CO2 and 85% N2. The investigated concentrations were that of deionized water, 0.010, 0.10, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 M NaCl. We find that the energetic metrics strongly improve with the increasing NaCl concentration, whereas the adsorptive metrics improve by a comparatively small degree. The CO2 adsorption capacity increases up to 1.0 M NaCl and then remains constant. The adsorption rate remains near constant for all concentrations, except that it is somewhat smaller for deionized water. The charge efficiency also remains near constant for all experiments with 30 min potentiostatic holding steps but near doubles for pure water when the potential holding step is doubled, because the chemical adsorption equilibrium is reached only after 60 min. The results can be most satisfactorily explained by assuming that both ionic and nonionic adsorption mechanisms contribute to the SSA effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Jiajie Li
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Allison Toth
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
| | - Kai Landskron
- Department of Chemistry , Lehigh University , 6 East Packer Avenue , Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 18015 , United States
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26
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Electrode system for large-scale reverse electrodialysis: water electrolysis, bubble resistance, and inorganic scaling. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-019-01303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Nam JY, Hwang KS, Kim HC, Jeong H, Kim H, Jwa E, Yang S, Choi J, Kim CS, Han JH, Jeong N. Assessing the behavior of the feed-water constituents of a pilot-scale 1000-cell-pair reverse electrodialysis with seawater and municipal wastewater effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:261-271. [PMID: 30388527 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) has vast potential as a clean, nonpolluting, and sustainable renewable energy source; however, pilot-scale RED studies employing real waters remain rare. This study reports the largest RED (1000 cell pairs, 250 m2) with municipal wastewater effluent (1.3-5.7 mS/cm) and seawater (52.9-53.8 mS/cm) as feed solutions. The RED stack was operated at a velocity of 1.5 cm/s and the pilot plant produced 95.8 W of power (0.38 W/m2total membrane or 0.76 W/m2cell pair). During operation of the RED, the inlet design of the stack, comprising thin spacers, and the water dissociation reaction at the cathode were revealed as vulnerabilities of the stack. Specifically, pressure drops at the fluid inlet parts had the most detrimental effects on power output due to clogged spacers around the inlet parts. In addition, precipitates resulting in inorganic fouling were inevitable during the water dissociation reaction due to significant potential generated by the stack in the cathode chamber. Na+ and Cl- accounted for the majority of ions transferred from seawater to wastewater effluent through ion exchange membranes (IEMs). Moreover, some divalent cations in seawater, Mg2+ and Ca2+, were also transferred to the wastewater effluent. Some organics with relatively low molecular weights in the wastewater effluent passed through the IEMs, and their hydrophobic properties elevated the specific UV absorbance (SUVA) level in the seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Youn Nam
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Kyo-Sik Hwang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Water Resources Research Institute, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Haejun Jeong
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Hanki Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Jwa
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - SeungCheol Yang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Chan-Soo Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Han
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 200 Haemajihaean-ro, Gujwa-eup, Jeju, 63359, South Korea.
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28
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Rijnaarts T, Moreno J, Saakes M, de Vos W, Nijmeijer K. Role of anion exchange membrane fouling in reverse electrodialysis using natural feed waters. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Abstract
A performance analysis of a salinity gradient heat engine (SGP-HE) is presented for the conversion of low temperature heat into power via a closed-loop Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) coupled with Multi-Effect Distillation (MED). Mathematical models for the RED and MED systems have been purposely developed in order to investigate the performance of both processes and have been then coupled to analyze the efficiency of the overall integrated system. The influence of the main operating conditions (i.e., solutions concentration and velocity) has been quantified, looking at the power density and conversion efficiency of the RED unit, MED Specific Thermal Consumption (STC) and at the overall system exergy efficiency. Results show how the membrane properties (i.e., electrical resistance, permselectivity, water and salt permeability) dramatically affect the performance of the RED process. In particular, the power density achievable using membranes with optimized features (ideal membranes) can be more than three times higher than that obtained with current reference ion exchange membranes. On the other hand, MED STC is strongly influenced by the available waste heat temperature, feed salinity and recovery ratio to be achieved. Lowest values of STC below 25 kWh/m3 can be reached at 100 °C and 27 effects. Increasing the feed salinity also increases the STC, while an increase in the recovery ratio is beneficial for the thermal efficiency of the system. For the integrated system, a more complex influence of operating parameters has been found, leading to the identification of some favorable operating conditions in which exergy efficiency close to 7% (1.4% thermal) can be achieved for the case of current membranes, and up to almost 31% (6.6% thermal) assuming ideal membrane properties.
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30
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Effect of ions (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and SO42−) and temperature on energy generation performance of reverse electrodialysis stack. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Oh Y, Jeong Y, Han SJ, Kim CS, Kim H, Han JH, Hwang KS, Jeong N, Park JS, Chae S. Effects of Divalent Cations on Electrical Membrane Resistance in Reverse Electrodialysis for Salinity Power Generation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoontaek Oh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Yejin Jeong
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sangmyung University, 31 Sangmyungdae-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam Province 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Han
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sangmyung University, 31 Sangmyungdae-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam Province 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Soo Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-si, Jeju Province 63357, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanki Kim
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-si, Jeju Province 63357, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyung Han
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-si, Jeju Province 63357, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo-Sik Hwang
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-si, Jeju Province 63357, Republic of Korea
| | - Namjo Jeong
- Jeju Global Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Jeju-si, Jeju Province 63357, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Park
- Department of Green Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Sangmyung University, 31 Sangmyungdae-gil, Dongnam-gu, Cheonan-si, Chungnam Province 31066, Republic of Korea
| | - Soryong Chae
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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Transport of uncharged organics in ion-exchange membranes: experimental validation of the solution-diffusion model. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Luque Di Salvo J, Cosenza A, Tamburini A, Micale G, Cipollina A. Long-run operation of a reverse electrodialysis system fed with wastewaters. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 217:871-887. [PMID: 29660712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a Reverse ElectroDialysis (RED) system fed by unconventional wastewater solutions for long operational periods is analysed for the first time. The experimental campaign was divided in a series of five independent long-runs which combined real wastewater solutions with artificial solutions for at least 10 days. The time evolution of electrical variables, gross power output and net power output, considering also pumping losses, was monitored: power density values obtained during the long-runs are comparable to those found in literature with artificial feed solutions of similar salinity. The increase in pressure drops and the development of membrane fouling were the main detrimental factors of system performance. Pressure drops increase was related to the physical obstruction of the feed channels defined by the spacers, while membrane fouling was related to the adsorption of foulants over the membrane surfaces. In order to manage channels partial clogging and fouling, different kinds of easily implemented in situ backwashings (i.e. neutral, acid, alkaline) were adopted, without the need for an abrupt interruption of the RED unit operation. The application of periodic ElectroDialysis (ED) pulses is also tested as fouling prevention strategy. The results collected suggest that RED can be used to produce electric power by unworthy wastewaters, but additional studies are still needed to characterize better membrane fouling and further improve system performance with these solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Luque Di Salvo
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cosenza
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Micale
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Cipollina
- Dipartimento dell'Innovazione Industriale e Digitale - Ingegneria Chimica, Gestionale, Informatica, Meccanica (DIID), Università di Palermo (UNIPA) - viale delle Scienze Ed.6, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Zhao WY, Zhou M, Yan B, Sun X, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xu T, Zhang Y. Waste Conversion and Resource Recovery from Wastewater by Ion Exchange Membranes: State-of-the-Art and Perspective. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Zhao
- Waste Valorization and Water Reuse Group (WVWR), Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Waste Valorization and Water Reuse Group (WVWR), Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Pollution Control, Beijing, 102206, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Binghua Yan
- Waste Valorization and Water Reuse Group (WVWR), Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xiaohan Sun
- Waste Valorization and Water Reuse Group (WVWR), Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Waste Valorization and Water Reuse Group (WVWR), Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yaoming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Tongwen Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, School of Chemistry and Material Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Waste Valorization and Water Reuse Group (WVWR), Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Functional Membrane Material and Membrane Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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