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Jiang B, Ren X, Liu Q, Yue X, Yang Q, Liu Y, Xu H, Zhou J. Electrochemical water softening technology: From fundamental research to practical application. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121077. [PMID: 38183800 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the environmentally benign electrochemical softening process has been gaining widespread interest as an emerging alternative for water softening. But, in spite of decades of research, the fundamental advances in laboratory involving electrolytic cell design and treatment system development have not led to urgently needed improvements in industrially practicable electrochemical softening technique. In this review, we firstly provide the critical insights into the mechanism of the currently widely used cathode precipitation process and its inherent limitations, which seriously impede its wide implementation in industry. To relieve the above limitations, some cutting-edge electrochemically homogeneous crystallization systems have been developed, the effectiveness of which are also comprehensively summarized. In addition, the pros and cons between cathode precipitation and electrochemically homogeneous crystallization systems are systematically outlined in terms of performance and economic evaluation, potential application area, and electrolytic cell and system complexity. Finally, we discourse upon practical challenges impeding the industrial-scale deployment of electrochemical water softening technique and highlight the integration of strong engineering sense with fundamental research to realize industry-scale deployment. This review will inspire the researchers and engineers to break the bottlenecks in electrochemical water softening technology and harness this technology with the broadened industrial application area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China.
| | - Xuanzhen Ren
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Qiannan Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Xiao Yue
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Qipeng Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Yijie Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, PR China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
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2
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Integrating divided electrolysis-microfiltration process for energy-efficient phosphorus recovery in the form of calcium phosphate. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Gil V, Oshchepkov M, Ryabova A, Trukhina M, Porozhnyy M, Tkachenko S, Pismenskaya N, Popov K. Application and Visualization of Fluorescent-Tagged Antiscalants in Electrodialysis Processing of Aqueous Solutions Prone to Gypsum Scale Deposition. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1002. [PMID: 36295761 PMCID: PMC9607176 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane scaling is a serious problem in electrodialysis. A widely used technique for controlling scale deposition in water treatment technologies is the application of antiscalants (AS). The present study reports on gypsum scale inhibition in electrodialysis cell by the two novel ASs: fluorescent-tagged bisphosphonate 1-hydroxy-7-(6-methoxy-1,3-dioxo-1Hbenzo[de]isoquinolin-2(3H)-yl)heptane-1,1-diyl-bis(phosphonic acid), HEDP-F and fluorescein-tagged polyacrylate, PAA-F2 (molecular mass 4000 Da) monitored by chronopotentiometry and fluorescent microscopy. It was found that cation-exchange membrane MK-40 scaling is sufficiently reduced by both ASs, used in 10-6 mol·dm-3 concentrations. PAA-F2 at these concentrations was found to be more efficient than HEDP-F. At the same time, PAA-F2 reveals gypsum crystals' habit modification, while HEDP-F does not noticeably affect the crystal form of the deposit. The strong auto-luminescence of MK-40 hampers visualization of both PAA-F2 and HEDP-F on the membrane surface. Nevertheless, PAA-F2 is proved to localize partly on the surface of gypsum crystals as a molecular adsorption layer, and to change their crystal habit. Crystal surface coverage by PAA-F2 appears to be nonuniform. Alternatively, HEDP-F localizes on the surface of a deposit tentatively in the form of [Ca-HEDP-F]. The proposed mechanisms of action are formulated and discussed. The application of antiscalants in electrodialysis for membrane scaling mitigation is demonstrated to be very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Gil
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Maxim Oshchepkov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies and Biomedical Pharmaceuticals, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Ryabova
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Str., 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Trukhina
- JSC “Fine Chemicals R&D Centre”, Krasnobogatyrskaya, Str. 42, b 1, 107258 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Porozhnyy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Sergey Tkachenko
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Technologies and Biomedical Pharmaceuticals, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq. 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- JSC “Fine Chemicals R&D Centre”, Krasnobogatyrskaya, Str. 42, b 1, 107258 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Pismenskaya
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Konstantin Popov
- JSC “Fine Chemicals R&D Centre”, Krasnobogatyrskaya, Str. 42, b 1, 107258 Moscow, Russia
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Apel PY, Velizarov S, Volkov AV, Eliseeva TV, Nikonenko VV, Parshina AV, Pismenskaya ND, Popov KI, Yaroslavtsev AB. Fouling and Membrane Degradation in Electromembrane and Baromembrane Processes. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751622020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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5
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Merino-Garcia I, Velizarov S. New insights into the definition of membrane cleaning strategies to diminish the fouling impact in ion exchange membrane separation processes. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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6
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Rodrigues M, Paradkar A, Sleutels T, Heijne AT, Buisman CJN, Hamelers HVM, Kuntke P. Donnan Dialysis for scaling mitigation during electrochemical ammonium recovery from complex wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117260. [PMID: 34107362 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic scaling is often an obstacle for implementing electrodialysis systems in general and for nutrient recovery from wastewater specifically. In this work, Donnan dialysis was explored, to prevent scaling and to prolong operation of an electrochemical system for TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) recovery. An electrochemical system was operated with and without an additional Donnan dialysis cell, while being supplied with synthetic influent and real digested black water. For the same Load Ratio (nitrogen load vs applied current) while treating digested black water, the system operated for a period three times longer when combined with a Donnan cell. Furthermore, the amount of nitrogen recovered was higher. System performance was evaluated in terms of both TAN recovery and energy efficiency, at different Load Ratios. At a Load Ratio 1.3 and current density of 10 A m-2, a TAN recovery of 83% was achieved while consuming 9.7 kWh kgN-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rodrigues
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9 8911MA Leeuwarden P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aishwarya Paradkar
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9 8911MA Leeuwarden P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Sleutels
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9 8911MA Leeuwarden P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Annemiek Ter Heijne
- Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cees J N Buisman
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9 8911MA Leeuwarden P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hubertus V M Hamelers
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9 8911MA Leeuwarden P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Philipp Kuntke
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9 8911MA Leeuwarden P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, the Netherlands; Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Panagopoulos A. Water-energy nexus: desalination technologies and renewable energy sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:21009-21022. [PMID: 33704643 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rapid population growth and industrialization have contributed to a dramatic decline in the supply of freshwater. As a result, desalination is an important choice to solve the global problem of water scarcity. Nevertheless, the hyper-saline by-product, the high capital costs, and the high energy demands currently met by fossil fuels are key obstacles to the widespread adoption of desalination systems. Furthermore, desalination plants powered by fossil fuels have negative environmental impacts due to greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions. In contrast to fossil fuels, renewable energy is abundant and clean and is therefore a promising alternative for powering desalination plants. This is why the water-energy nexus is a crucial step towards a sustainable future. Therefore, the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into desalination is very important. The main objective of this review to analyze and evaluate desalination technologies (thermal-based and membrane-based) and RES (solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass) that could be combined as an integrated process. Social-economic factors, environmental concerns, current challenges, and future research areas for both desalination and RES are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Panagopoulos
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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Oshchepkov M, Golovesov V, Ryabova A, Tkachenko S, Redchuk A, Rönkkömäki H, Rudakova G, Pervov A, Popov K. Visualization of a novel fluorescent-tagged bisphosphonate behavior during reverse osmosis desalination of water with high sulfate content. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Zhao J, Chen Q, Ren L, Wang J. Fabrication of hydrophilic cation exchange membrane with improved stability for electrodialysis: An excellent anti-scaling performance. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Rodrigues M, de Mattos TT, Sleutels T, ter Heijne A, Hamelers HV, Buisman CJ, Kuntke P. Minimal Bipolar Membrane Cell Configuration for Scaling Up Ammonium Recovery. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:17359-17367. [PMID: 33282569 PMCID: PMC7709195 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c05043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical systems for total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) recovery are a promising alternative compared with conventional nitrogen-removal technologies. To make them competitive, we propose a new minimal stackable configuration using cell pairs with only bipolar membranes and cation-exchange membranes. The tested bipolar electrodialysis (BP-ED) stack included six cell pairs of feed and concentrate compartments. Critical operational parameters, such as current density and the ratio between applied current to nitrogen loading (load ratio), were varied to investigate the performance of the system using synthetic wastewater with a high nitrogen content as an influent (NH4 + ≈ 1.75 g L-1). High TAN removal (>70%) was achieved for a load ratio higher than 1. At current densities of 150 A m-2 and a load ratio of 1.2, a TAN transport rate of 1145.1±14.1 gN m-2 d-1 and a TAN-removal efficiency of 80% were observed. As the TAN removal was almost constant at different current densities, the BP-ED stack performed at a high TAN transport rate (819.1 gN m-2 d-1) while consuming the lowest energy (18.3 kJ gN -1) at a load ratio of 1.2 and 100 A m-2. The TAN transport rate, TAN removal, and energy input achieved by the minimal BP-ED stack demonstrated a promising new cell configuration for upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rodrigues
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9,
8911MA Leeuwarden; P.O. Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900CC, The Netherlands
- Environmental
Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 Wageningen; P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Thiago T. de Mattos
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9,
8911MA Leeuwarden; P.O. Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900CC, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Sleutels
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9,
8911MA Leeuwarden; P.O. Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900CC, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek ter Heijne
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9,
8911MA Leeuwarden; P.O. Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900CC, The Netherlands
- Environmental
Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 Wageningen; P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus V.M. Hamelers
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9,
8911MA Leeuwarden; P.O. Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900CC, The Netherlands
| | - Cees J.N. Buisman
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9,
8911MA Leeuwarden; P.O. Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900CC, The Netherlands
- Environmental
Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 Wageningen; P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp Kuntke
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9,
8911MA Leeuwarden; P.O. Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900CC, The Netherlands
- Environmental
Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 Wageningen; P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
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Synthesis and Visualization of a Novel Fluorescent-Tagged Polymeric Antiscalant during Gypsum Crystallization in Combination with Bisphosphonate Fluorophore. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10110992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An attempt to reveal the mechanisms of scale inhibition with the use of two different fluorescent-tagged antiscalants at once is undertaken. To reach the goal, a novel 1,8-naphthalimide-tagged polyacrylate (PAA-F2) is synthesized and tested separately and jointly with 1,8-naphthalimide-tagged bisphosphonate (HEDP-F) as a gypsum scale inhibitor within the frames of NACE Standard TM0374-2007. Here, it is found that at a dosage of 10 mg·dm−3 it provides a much higher inhibition efficiency (96%) than HEDP-F (32%). A PAA-F2 and HEDP-F blend (1:1 mass) has an intermediate efficacy (66%) and exhibits no synergism relative to its individual components. The visualization of PAA-F2 revealed a paradoxical effect: an antiscalant causes modification of the CaSO4·2H2O crystals habit, but does not interact with them, forming particles of its own solid complex [Ca-PAA-F2]. This paradox is interpreted in terms of the “nano/microdust” concept, prioritizing the bulk heterogeneous nucleation step, while an ability of the scale inhibitor to block the nucleus growth at the next steps is proven to be of secondary importance. At the same time, HEDP-F does not change the gypsum crystals morphology, although this antiscalant is completely located on the surface of the scale phase. The PAA-F2 and HEDP-F blend revealed an accumulation of both antiscalants in their own [Ca-PAA-F2/Ca-HEDP-F] phase with some traces of HEDP-F and PAA-F2 on the CaSO4·2H2O crystals surface. Thus, the visualization of two different antiscalants separately and jointly applied to gypsum deposition demonstrates differences in phosphonic and polymeric inhibitors location, and a lack of causal relationship between antiscalant efficiency and scale particle habit modification. Finally, it is shown that the confocal microscopy of several fluorescent antiscalant blends is capable of providing unique information on their interrelationships during scale deposition.
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Andreeva MA, Loza NV, Pis’menskaya ND, Dammak L, Larchet C. Influence of Surface Modification of MK-40 Membrane with Polyaniline on Scale Formation under Electrodialysis. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10070145. [PMID: 32646071 PMCID: PMC7407481 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10070145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the polyaniline influence on mineral scaling on the surface of the heterogeneous MK-40 sulfocationite membrane under electrodialysis has been conducted. Current-voltage curves and chronopotentiograms have been obtained and analyzed for the pristine MK-40 membrane and the MK-40 membrane which is surface-modified by polyaniline. The study of the electrochemical behavior of membranes has been accompanied by the simultaneous control of the pH of the solution outcoming from the desalination compartment. The mixture of Na2CO3, KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2 is used as a model salt solution. Two limiting states are observed on the current-voltage curve of the surface-modified membrane. There is the first pseudo-limiting state in the range of small values of the potential drop. The second limiting current is comparable with that of the limiting current for the pristine membrane. It is shown that chronopotentiometry cannot be used as a self-sufficient method for membrane scaling identification on the surface-modified membrane at high currents. A mineral scale on the surfaces of the studied membranes has been found by scanning electron microscopy. The amount of precipitate is higher in the case of the surface-modified membrane compared with the pristine one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Andreeva
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.V.L.); (N.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia V. Loza
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.V.L.); (N.D.P.)
| | - Natalia D. Pis’menskaya
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry and High Technologies, Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia; (N.V.L.); (N.D.P.)
| | - Lasaad Dammak
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE) UMR 7182 CNRS, Université Paris-Est, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (L.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Christian Larchet
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux Paris-Est (ICMPE) UMR 7182 CNRS, Université Paris-Est, 2 Rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; (L.D.); (C.L.)
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Panagopoulos A, Haralambous KJ, Loizidou M. Desalination brine disposal methods and treatment technologies - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133545. [PMID: 31374511 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Brine, also known as concentrate, is the by-product of the desalination process that has an adverse impact on the environment due to its high salinity. Hence, viable and cost-effective brine management systems are needed to reduce environmental pollution. Currently, various disposal methods have been practiced, including surface water discharge, sewer discharge, deep-well injection, evaporation ponds and land application. However, these brine disposal methods are unsustainable and restricted by high capital costs and non-universal application. Nowadays, brine treatment is considered one of the most promising alternatives to brine disposal, since treatment results in the reduction of environmental pollution, minimization of waste volume and production of freshwater with high recovery. This review article evaluates current practices in brine management, including disposal methods and treatment technologies. Based upon the side-by-side comparison of technologies, a brine treatment technology framework is introduced to outline the Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) approach through high freshwater recovery and wastewater volume minimization. Furthermore, an overview of brine characteristics and its sources, as well as its negative impact on the environment is discussed. Finally, the paper highlights future research areas for brine treatment technologies aiming to enhance the effectiveness and viability of desalination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris Panagopoulos
- Unit of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Katherine-Joanne Haralambous
- Unit of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria Loizidou
- Unit of Environmental Science and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zografou, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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14
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Comparison of faradaic reactions in flow-through and flow-by capacitive deionization (CDI) systems. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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