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Lammers LN, Duan Y, Anaya L, Koishi A, Lopez R, Delima R, Jassby D, Sedlak DL. Electrolytic Sulfuric Acid Production with Carbon Mineralization for Permanent Carbon Dioxide Removal. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:4800-4812. [PMID: 37008181 PMCID: PMC10052359 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c07441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Several billion metric tons per year of durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will be needed by mid-century to prevent catastrophic climate warming, and many new approaches must be rapidly scaled to ensure this target is met. Geologically permanent sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in carbonate minerals-carbon mineralization-requires two moles of alkalinity and one mole of a CO2-reactive metal such as calcium or magnesium per mole of CO2 captured. Chemical weathering of geological materials can supply both ingredients, but weathering reactions must be accelerated to achieve targets for durable CDR. Here, a scalable CDR and mineralization process is reported in which water electrolysis is used to produce sulfuric acid for accelerated weathering, while a base is used to permanently sequester CO2 from air into carbonate minerals. The process can be integrated into existing extractive processes by reacting produced sulfuric acid with critical element feedstocks that neutralize acidity (e.g., rock phosphorus or ultramafic rock mine tailings), with calcium- and magnesium-bearing sulfate wastes electrolytically upcycled. The highest reported efficiency of electrolytic sulfuric acid production is achieved by maintaining catholyte feed conditions that minimize Faradaic losses by hydroxide permeation of the membrane-separated electrochemical cell. The industrial implementation of this process provides a pathway to gigaton-scale CO2 removal and sequestration during the production of critical elements needed for decarbonizing global energy infrastructure and feeding the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Lammers
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Travertine
Technologies, Inc., Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Yanghua Duan
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luis Anaya
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ayumi Koishi
- Energy
Geoscience Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Romario Lopez
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Roxanna Delima
- Travertine
Technologies, Inc., Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - David Jassby
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los
Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - David L. Sedlak
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Sun L, Lu H, Wang J, Chen Q, Zhao J, Ma J, Liang T. Electroseparation of lysozyme from egg white by electrodialysis with ultrafiltration membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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3
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Liu M, Wang J, Liu J, Feng Z, Liao S, Li X, Cao M. Tuning side group structures of series-connected di-cations to achieve improved electrodialysis acid recovery performances. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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4
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Zhu C, Li J, Liao J, Chen Q, Xu Y, Ruan H, Shen J. Acid enrichment via electrodialyser fabricated with poly(vinyl chloride)-based anion exchange membrane: Effect of hydrophobicity of aliphatic side-chains tethered on imidazolium groups. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Tuning the length of aliphatic chain segments in aromatic poly(arylene ether sulfone) to tailor the micro-structure of anion-exchange membrane for improved proton blocking performance. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Duan X, Wang CW, Wang T, Xie X, Zhou X, Ye Y. Removal of Metal Ions in Phosphoric Acid by Electro-Electrodialysis with Cross-Linked Anion-Exchange Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32417-32430. [PMID: 34901593 PMCID: PMC8655774 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous metallic impurities in wet phosphoric acid, which causes striking negative effects on industrial phosphoric acid production. In this study, the purification behavior of metallic impurities (Fe, Mg, Ca) from a wet phosphoric acid solution employing the electro-electrodialysis (EED) technology was investigated. The cross-linked polysulfone anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) for EED were prepared using N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine (TMHDA) to achieve simultaneous cross-linking and quaternization without any cross-linkers or catalysts. The performance of the resulting membranes can be determined using quaternization reagents. When the molar ratio of trimethylamine/TMHDA/chloromethylated polysulfone is 3:1:1, the cross-linked membrane CQAPSU-3-1 exhibits lower water swelling and membrane area resistance than the non-cross-linked membrane. The low membrane area resistance of CQAPSU-3-1 with long alkyl chains is obtained due to the hydrophilic-hydrophobic microphase separation structure formed by TMHDA. EED experiments with different initial phosphoric acid concentrations of 0.52 and 1.07 M were conducted to evaluate the phosphoric acid purification of different AEMs. The results show that the EED experiments were more suitable for the purification of wet phosphoric acid solution at low concentrations. It was found that the phosphoric acid concentration in the anode compartment could be increased from 0.52 to 1.04 M. Through optimization, with an initial acid concentration of 0.52 M, CQAPSU-3-1 exhibits an enhanced metallic impurity removal ratio of higher than 72.0%, the current efficiency of more than 90%, and energy consumption of 0.48 kWh/kg. Therefore, CQAPSU-3-1 exhibits much higher purification efficiency than other membranes at a low initial phosphoric acid concentration, suggesting its potential in phosphoric acid purification application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Duan
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-Cancer
Active Ingredients, School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan 430205, China
- Key
Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage,
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Cun-Wen Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Tielin Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Key
Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage,
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xingping Zhou
- Key
Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage,
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yunsheng Ye
- Key
Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage,
Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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Studies on Anion Exchange Membrane and Interface Properties by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: The Role of pH. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11100771. [PMID: 34677537 PMCID: PMC8540937 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11100771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) represent a key component in various electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems. In this study, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to investigate the effects of structural changes of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) on the bulk membrane and interface properties as a function of solution pH. The variations in the physico/electrochemical properties, including ion exchange capacity, swelling degree, fixed charge density, zeta potentials as well as membrane and interface resistances of two commercial AEMs and cation exchange membranes (CEMs, as a control) were systematically investigated in different pH environments. Structural changes of the membrane surface were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Most notably, at high pH (pH > 10), the membrane (Rm) and the diffusion boundary layer resistances (Rdbl) increased for the two AEMs, whereas the electrical double layer resistance decreased simultaneously. This increase in Rm and Rdbl was mainly attributed to the deprotonation of the tertiary amino groups (-NR2H+) as a membrane functionality. Our results show that the local pH at the membrane-solution interface plays a crucial role on membrane electrochemical properties in IEM transport processes, particularly for AEMs.
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Zhu ZY, Gou WW, Chen JH, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Crosslinked naphthalene-based triblock polymer anion exchange membranes for fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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Yang Q, Sun LX, Gao WT, Zhu ZY, Gao X, Zhang QG, Zhu AM, Liu QL. Crown ether-based anion exchange membranes with highly efficient dual ion conducting pathways. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 604:492-499. [PMID: 34274712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are a crucial constituent for alkaline fuel cells. As the core component of fuel cells, the low performance AEMs restrict the development and application of the fuel cells. Herein, the trade-off between the OH- conductivity and dimensional stability was solved by constructing AEMs with adequate OH- conductivity and satisfactory alkali resistance using Tröger's base (TB) poly (crown ether)s (PCEs) as the main chain, the embedded quaternary ammonium (QA) and Na+-functionalized crown ether units as the cationic group. Crown ether is an electron donator, and can capture Na+ to form Na+-functionalized crown ether units to conveniently transfer OH- and significantly promote the alkaline stability of the AEMs. The influence of the Na+-functionalized crown ether units on the performance of AEMs was studied in detail. The PCEs based AEMs show an obvious hydrophobic-hydrophilic microphase separation. These features make them ideal platforms for the OH- conduction applications. As expected, the as-prepared PCEs-QA-100% (100% is the degree of cross-linking) AEM with an ionic exchange capacity (IEC) of 2.07 meq g-1 has a high OH- conductivity of 159 mS cm-1 at 80 °C. Furthermore, the membrane electrode assemblies fabricated using the PCEs-QA-100% AEM possess a maximum power density of 291 mW cm-2 under the current density of 500 mA cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - L X Sun
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - W T Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Z Y Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - X Gao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Q G Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - A M Zhu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Q L Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, The College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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Shen P, Liao J, Chen Q, Ruan H, Shen J. Organic solvent resistant Kevlar nanofiber-based cation exchange membranes for electrodialysis applications. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Exploring the acid enrichment application of piperidinium-functionalized cross-linked poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) anion exchange membranes in electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Prepared poly(aryl piperidinium) anion exchange membranes for acid recovery to improve dialysis coefficients and selectivity. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Li FR, Jia YX, Guo RQ, Wang M. Preparation of composite anion-exchange membrane with acid-blocking performance for brine reclamation by bipolar membrane electrodialysis. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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15
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Comparison of membrane-based acid-recovering processes under different driving forces using tailor-made proton permselective membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Gurreri L, Tamburini A, Cipollina A, Micale G. Electrodialysis Applications in Wastewater Treatment for Environmental Protection and Resources Recovery: A Systematic Review on Progress and Perspectives. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E146. [PMID: 32660014 PMCID: PMC7408617 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10070146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of studies on electrodialysis (ED) applications in wastewater treatment, outlining the current status and the future prospect. ED is a membrane process of separation under the action of an electric field, where ions are selectively transported across ion-exchange membranes. ED of both conventional or unconventional fashion has been tested to treat several waste or spent aqueous solutions, including effluents from various industrial processes, municipal wastewater or salt water treatment plants, and animal farms. Properties such as selectivity, high separation efficiency, and chemical-free treatment make ED methods adequate for desalination and other treatments with significant environmental benefits. ED technologies can be used in operations of concentration, dilution, desalination, regeneration, and valorisation to reclaim wastewater and recover water and/or other products, e.g., heavy metal ions, salts, acids/bases, nutrients, and organics, or electrical energy. Intense research activity has been directed towards developing enhanced or novel systems, showing that zero or minimal liquid discharge approaches can be techno-economically affordable and competitive. Despite few real plants having been installed, recent developments are opening new routes for the large-scale use of ED techniques in a plethora of treatment processes for wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Tamburini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze Ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.G.); (A.C.); (G.M.)
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Yang K, Xu J, Shui T, Zhang Z, Wang H, Liu Q, Chen W, Shen H, Zhang H, Wang Z, Ni H. Cross-linked poly (aryl ether ketone) anion exchange membrane with high ion conductivity by two different functional imidazole side chain. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Preparation of acid block anion exchange membrane with quaternary ammonium groups by homogeneous amination for electrodialysis-based acid enrichment. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Preparation of self-crosslinking anion exchange membrane with acid block performance from side-chain type polysulfone. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang L, Mu L, Zhou Q, Hu X. Solar-assisted fabrication of dimpled 2H-MoS 2 membrane for highly efficient water desalination. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115367. [PMID: 31838365 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar-driven evaporation has been proposed as an efficient way to harvest solar energy for water treatment and desalination. However, the complex preparation process and the degradation of photothermal absorbers restrict their practical applications in solar thermal technology. Herein, a solar-assisted fabrication of three-dimensional dimpled MoS2 membrane (DMM-SA) with an open macroporous (1-2 μm) network is fabricated by folding and overlapping nanosheets under solar illumination. DMM-SA exhibits superior water permeability (334-461 LMH/bar) and extraordinary chemical and structural stability. Compared to the 1T and mixed-phase DMM-SA samples, 2H-DMM-SA floating on the water surface generates high heat localization and achieves high evaporation efficiencies of 83.8 ± 0.8% and 91.5 ± 1.1% at 1 and 3 sun illumination, respectively. After multiple illumination and regeneration cycles, 2H-DMM-SA presents high water evaporation and salt rejection performance. After desalination, the salinity level of permeate water is far below the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. Numerical simulations verify that the inner spaces between two nanosheets and the nanochannels contribute to the high bulk water and vapor fluxes during desalination. The facile and efficient design of 3D 2H-DMM-SA provides a novel avenue for seawater utilization by harvesting solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Li Mu
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Safe-Product, Agro-environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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Wang C, Pan N, Jiang Y, Liao J, Sotto A, Ruan H, Gao C, Shen J. A facile approach to prepare crosslinked polysulfone-based anion exchange membranes with enhanced alkali resistance and dimensional stability. RSC Adv 2019; 9:36374-36385. [PMID: 35540625 PMCID: PMC9075031 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07433c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel anion exchange membranes with enhanced ion exchange capacity, dimensional stability and alkali stability were prepared by a facile synthesis method. Internal crosslinking networks in the resulting membranes were achieved by reacting chloromethylated polysulfone with 4,4′-trimethylene bis(1-methylpiperidine) (BMP), where BMP was used as both a quaternization reagent and crosslinker without requirement of post-functionalization. In order to evaluate the alkali resistance and dimension stability performance of the resulting membranes, the molar ratio of BMP in the resulting membranes was fixed at four different contents: 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The obtained membranes were accordingly denoted as CAPSF-N, in which N = 40, 60, 80 and 100, respectively. Due to the dense internal network structure and spatial conformation of the six-membered rings, the resulting CAPSF-N AEMs showed enhanced dimensional structures (at 60 °C, the water uptakes and swelling ratios of CAPSF-N were 8.42% to 14.84% and 2.32% to 5.93%, respectively, whereas those for the commercial AEM Neosepta AMX were 44.23% and 4.22%, respectively). In addition, after soaking in 1 M KOH solution at 60 °C for 15 days, the modified membranes exhibited excellent alkaline stability. The CAPSF-100 membrane showed the highest alkali stability (retained 85% of its original ion exchange capacity and 84% of its original OH− conduction after the alkaline stability test), whereas the non-crosslinked APSF broke into pieces. Additionally, compared to the commercial Neosepta AMX membrane under the same test conditions, the desalination efficiency of CAPSF-100 was enhanced, and the energy consumption was lower. Novel anion exchange membranes with enhanced ion exchange capacity, dimensional stability and alkali stability were prepared by a facile synthesis method.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Nengxiu Pan
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Yuliang Jiang
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Junbin Liao
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Arcadio Sotto
- Rey Juan Carlos University Fuenlabrada, Camino del Molino, s/n Madrid 28942 Spain
| | - Huimin Ruan
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Congjie Gao
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Jiangnan Shen
- Center for Membrane Separation and Water Science & Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
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