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Wang F, Sun Z, Zhang H, Zhu H. Study on AEMs with Excellent Comprehensive Performance Prepared by Covalently Cross-Linked p-Triphenyl with SEBS Remotely Grafted Piperidine Cations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:7894-7903. [PMID: 38300277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A series of SEBS-C6-PIP-yPTP (y = 0-15%) AEMs with good mechanical and chemical stability were prepared by combining the strong rigidity of p-triphenyl, good toughness of SEBS, and excellent stability of PIP cations. After the introduction of a p-triphenyl polymer into the main chain, a clear hydrophilic-hydrophobic phase separation structure was constructed within the membrane, forming a continuous and interconnected ion transport channel to improve ion transport efficiency. Moreover, the molecular chains of the cross-linked AEMs change from chain-like to network-like, and the tighter binding between each molecule increases the tensile strength. The special structure of the six-membered ring makes PIP have a significant constraint effect; when nucleophilic substitution and Hoffman elimination occur at the α and β positions, the required transition state potential energy increases, making the reaction difficult to occur and improving the alkaline stability of the polymer membrane. The SEBS-C6-PIP-15%PTP membrane has the best mechanical properties (Ts = 38.79 MPa, Eb = 183.09% at 80 °C, 100% RH), the highest ion conductivity (102.02 mS. cm-1 at 80 °C), and the best alkaline stability (6.23% degradation at 80 °C in a 2 M NaOH solution for 1400 h). It can be seen that organic-organic covalent cross-linking is an effective means to improve the comprehensive performance of AEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhaonan Sun
- China Fire and Rescue Institute, Beijing 102201, China
| | - Hanfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Modern Catalysis, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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2
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Kim YS. Hydrocarbon Ionomeric Binders for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303914. [PMID: 37814366 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionomeric binders in catalyst layers, abbreviated as ionomers, play an essential role in the performance of polymer-electrolyte membrane fuel cells and electrolyzers. Due to environmental issues associated with perfluoroalkyl substances, alternative hydrocarbon ionomers have drawn substantial attention over the past few years. This review surveys literature to discuss ionomer requirements for the electrodes of fuel cells and electrolyzers, highlighting design principles of hydrocarbon ionomers to guide the development of advanced hydrocarbon ionomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Seung Kim
- MPA-11: Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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3
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Raut A, Fang H, Lin YC, Fu S, Sprouster D, Shimogawa R, Frenkel AI, Bae C, Douglin JC, Lillojad J, Tammeveski K, Zeng Z, Bliznakov S, Rafailovich M, Dekel DR. Migration and Precipitation of Platinum in Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306754. [PMID: 37464925 PMCID: PMC10640718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in increasing the power generation of Anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), their durability is still far lower than that of Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Using the complementary techniques of X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, we have identified Pt ion migration as an important factor to explain the decay in performance of AEMFCs. In alkaline media Pt+2 ions are easily formed which then either undergo dissolution into the carbon support or migrate to the membrane. In contrast to PEMFCs, where hydrogen cross over reduces the ions forming a vertical "Pt line" within the membrane, the ions in the AEM are trapped by charged groups within the membrane, leading to disintegration of the membrane and failure. Diffusion of the metal components is still observed when the Pt/C of the cathode is substituted with a FeCo-N-C catalyst, but in this case the Fe and Co ions are not trapped within the membrane, but rather migrate into the anode, thereby increasing the stability of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Raut
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Haoyan Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chung Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Shi Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - David Sprouster
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Ryuichi Shimogawa
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Science & Innovation Center, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
- Division of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States of America
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States of America
| | - John C. Douglin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion –Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Jaana Lillojad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaido Tammeveski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zhiqiao Zeng
- Center for Clean Energy Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States of America
| | - Stoyan Bliznakov
- Center for Clean Energy Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States of America
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion –Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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4
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Highly alkali-stable polyolefin-based anion exchange membrane enabled by N-cyclic quaternary ammoniums for alkaline fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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5
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Wu J, Wang F, Fan X, Chu J, Cheng F, Hu F, Liu H, Zhang Q, Xu Z, Gong C. Phosphoric acid-doped Gemini quaternary ammonium-grafted SPEEK membranes with superhigh proton conductivity and mechanical strength for direct methanol fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Aggarwal K, Li S, Ivry E, Dekel DR, Diesendruck CE. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands’ Electronic Effects on Metallopolymer Anion Exchange Membranes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Aggarwal
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Songlin Li
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Elisa Ivry
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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7
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Zhang G, Li R, Wang X, Chen X, Shen Y, Fu Y. The inhibiting water uptake mechanism of main-chain type N-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium ionene blended with polybenzimidazole as anion exchange membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Yang Y, Peltier CR, Zeng R, Schimmenti R, Li Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Potsi G, Selhorst R, Lu X, Xu W, Tader M, Soudackov AV, Zhang H, Krumov M, Murray E, Xu P, Hitt J, Xu L, Ko HY, Ernst BG, Bundschu C, Luo A, Markovich D, Hu M, He C, Wang H, Fang J, DiStasio RA, Kourkoutis LF, Singer A, Noonan KJT, Xiao L, Zhuang L, Pivovar BS, Zelenay P, Herrero E, Feliu JM, Suntivich J, Giannelis EP, Hammes-Schiffer S, Arias T, Mavrikakis M, Mallouk TE, Brock JD, Muller DA, DiSalvo FJ, Coates GW, Abruña HD. Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Media and Alkaline Membrane-Based Energy Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6117-6321. [PMID: 35133808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy-based electrochemical energy conversion technologies offer the promise of enabling a transition of the global energy landscape from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of electrocatalysis in alkaline media and applications in alkaline-based energy technologies, particularly alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Anion exchange (alkaline) membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) enable the use of nonprecious electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), relative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which require Pt-based electrocatalysts. However, the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics is significantly slower in alkaline media than in acidic media. Understanding these phenomena requires applying theoretical and experimental methods to unravel molecular-level thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis and, particularly, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process that takes place in a proton-deficient alkaline media. Extensive electrochemical and spectroscopic studies, on single-crystal Pt and metal oxides, have contributed to the development of activity descriptors, as well as the identification of the nature of active sites, and the rate-determining steps of the HOR and ORR. Among these, the structure and reactivity of interfacial water serve as key potential and pH-dependent kinetic factors that are helping elucidate the origins of the HOR and ORR activity differences in acids and bases. Additionally, deliberately modulating and controlling catalyst-support interactions have provided valuable insights for enhancing catalyst accessibility and durability during operation. The design and synthesis of highly conductive and durable alkaline membranes/ionomers have enabled AEMFCs to reach initial performance metrics equal to or higher than those of PEMFCs. We emphasize the importance of using membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) to integrate the often separately pursued/optimized electrocatalyst/support and membranes/ionomer components. Operando/in situ methods, at multiscales, and ab initio simulations provide a mechanistic understanding of electron, ion, and mass transport at catalyst/ionomer/membrane interfaces and the necessary guidance to achieve fuel cell operation in air over thousands of hours. We hope that this Review will serve as a roadmap for advancing the scientific understanding of the fundamental factors governing electrochemical energy conversion in alkaline media with the ultimate goal of achieving ultralow Pt or precious-metal-free high-performance and durable alkaline fuel cells and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cheyenne R Peltier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roberto Schimmenti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Qihao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhifei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Georgia Potsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xinyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weixuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mariel Tader
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hanguang Zhang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mihail Krumov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ellen Murray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Pengtao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy Hitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Linxi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brian G Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Colin Bundschu
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aileen Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Danielle Markovich
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Meixue Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng He
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin J T Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bryan S Pivovar
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Piotr Zelenay
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Juan M Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Jin Suntivich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Emmanuel P Giannelis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Tomás Arias
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joel D Brock
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis J DiSalvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Center for Alkaline Based Energy Solutions (CABES), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Wang F, Cui Y, Sang J, Zhang H, Zhu H. Cross‐linked of poly(biphenyl pyridine) and poly(styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene) grafted with double cations for anion exchange membrane. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Yang W, Chen J, Yan J, Liu S, Yan Y, Zhang Q. Advance of click chemistry in anion exchange membranes for energy application. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yang
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yan
- Chongqing Technology Innovation Centre Northwestern Polytechnical University Chongqing People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an People's Republic of China
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11
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Han J, Song W, Cheng X, Cheng Q, Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhou X, Ren Z, Hu M, Ning T, Xiao L, Zhuang L. Conductivity and Stability Properties of Anion Exchange Membranes: Cation Effect and Backbone Effect. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5021-5031. [PMID: 34498428 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rise of heterocycle cations, a new class of stable cations, has fueled faster growth of research interest in heterocycle cation-attached anion exchange membranes (AEMs). However, once cations are grafted onto backbones, the effect of backbones on properties of AEMs must also be taken into account. In order to comprehensively study the influence of cations effect and backbones effect on AEMs performance, a series of AEMs were prepared by grafting spacer cations, heterocycles cations, and aromatic cations onto brominated poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO) or poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) (PVB) backbones, respectively. Spacer cation [trimethylamine (TMA), N,N-dimethylethylamine (DMEA)]-attached AEMs showed general ion transportation and stability behaviors, but exhibited high cationic reaction efficiency. Heterocycle cation [1-methylpyrrolidine (MPY), 1-methylpiperidine (MPrD)]-attached AEMs showed excellent chemical stability, but their ion conduction properties were unimpressive. Aromatic cation [1-methylimidazole (MeIm), N,N-dimethylaniline (DMAni)]-attached AEMs exhibited superior ionic conductivity, while their poor cations stabilities hindered the application of the membranes. Besides, it was found that PVB-based AEMs had excellent backbone stability, but BPPO-based AEMs exhibited higher OH- conductivity and cation stability than those of the same cations grafted PVB-based AEMs due to their higher water uptake (WU). For example, the ionic conductivities (ICs) of BPPO-TMA and PVB-TMA at 80 °C were 53.1 and 38.3 mS cm-1 , and their WU was 152.3 and 95.1 %, respectively. After the stability test, the IC losses of BPPO-TMA and PVB-TMA were 21.4 and 32.2 %, respectively. The result demonstrated that the conductivity and stability properties of the AEMs could be enhanced by increasing the WU of the membranes. These findings allowed the matching of cations to the appropriate backbones and reasonable modification of the AEM structure. In addition, these results helped to fundamentally understand the influence of cation effect and backbone effect on AEM performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Han
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Wenfeng Song
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Xueqi Cheng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Early Warning Simulation Training Center, People's Liberation Army Air Force Early Warning Academy, Wuhan, 430019, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Chifeng Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Zhandong Ren
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Meixue Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Tianshu Ning
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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12
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Liu Z, Bai L, Miao S, Li C, Pan J, Jin Y, Chu D, Chu X, Liu L. Structure-property relationship of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) anion exchange membranes with pendant sterically crowded quaternary ammoniums. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Ma L, Hussain M, Li L, Qaisrani NA, Bai L, Jia Y, Yan X, Zhang F, He G. Octopus-like side chain grafted poly(arylene piperidinium) membranes for fuel cell application. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Rational design of comb-shaped poly(arylene indole piperidinium) to enhance hydroxide ion transport for H2/O2 fuel cell. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Facilitating ionic conduction for anion exchange membrane via employing star-shaped block copolymer. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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The alkaline stability and fuel cell performance of poly(N-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium) ionenes as anion exchange membrane. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Xue J, Zhang J, Liu X, Huang T, Jiang H, Yin Y, Qin Y, Guiver MD. Toward alkaline-stable anion exchange membranes in fuel cells: cycloaliphatic quaternary ammonium-based anion conductors. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00105-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hu X, Huang Y, Liu L, Ju Q, Zhou X, Qiao X, Zheng Z, Li N. Piperidinium functionalized aryl ether-free polyaromatics as anion exchange membrane for water electrolysers: Performance and durability. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chae JE, Lee SY, Yoo SJ, Kim JY, Jang JH, Park HY, Park HS, Seo B, Henkensmeier D, Song KH, Kim HJ. Polystyrene-Based Hydroxide-Ion-Conducting Ionomer: Binder Characteristics and Performance in Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050690. [PMID: 33668920 PMCID: PMC7956690 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polystyrene-based polymers with variable molecular weights are prepared by radical polymerization of styrene. Polystyrene is grafted with bromo-alkyl chains of different lengths through Friedel-Crafts acylation and quaternized to afford a series of hydroxide-ion-conducting ionomers for the catalyst binder for the membrane electrode assembly in anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Structural analyses reveal that the molecular weight of the polystyrene backbone ranges from 10,000 to 63,000 g mol-1, while the ion exchange capacity of quaternary-ammonium-group-bearing ionomers ranges from 1.44 to 1.74 mmol g-1. The performance of AEMFCs constructed using the prepared electrode ionomers is affected by several ionomer properties, and a maximal power density of 407 mW cm-2 and a durability exceeding that of a reference cell with a commercially available ionomer are achieved under optimal conditions. Thus, the developed approach is concluded to be well suited for the fabrication of next-generation electrode ionomers for high-performance AEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eon Chae
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - So Young Lee
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Sung Jong Yoo
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Jong Hyun Jang
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Hee-Young Park
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Hyun Seo Park
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Bora Seo
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Kwang Ho Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.H.S.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3290-3307 (K.H.S.); +82-2-958-5299 (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyoung-Juhn Kim
- Center for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea; (J.E.C.); (S.Y.L.); (S.J.Y.); (J.Y.K.); (J.H.J.); (H.-Y.P.); (H.S.P.); (B.S.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (K.H.S.); (H.-J.K.); Tel.: +82-2-3290-3307 (K.H.S.); +82-2-958-5299 (H.-J.K.)
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21
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Wang F, Li Y, Li C, Zhu H. Preparation and study of spirocyclic cationic side chain functionalized polybiphenyl piperidine anion exchange membrane. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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23
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Lu W, Yang Z, Huang H, Wei F, Li W, Yu Y, Gao Y, Zhou Y, Zhang G. Piperidinium-Functionalized Poly(Vinylbenzyl Chloride) Cross-linked by Polybenzimidazole as an Anion Exchange Membrane with a Continuous Ionic Transport Pathway. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wangting Lu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - He Huang
- Fuel Cell System and Engineering Research Group, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Yu
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Yangguang Gao
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Youhua Zhou
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, No. 8, Sanjiaohu Road, Wuhan 430056, P. R. China
| | - Geng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1, Shizishan Street, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
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Zhang Y, Chen W, Li T, Yan X, Zhang F, Wang X, Wu X, Pang B, He G. Tuning hydrogen bond and flexibility of N-spirocyclic cationic spacer for high performance anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Olsson JS, Pham TH, Jannasch P. Functionalizing Polystyrene with N-Alicyclic Piperidine-Based Cations via Friedel-Crafts Alkylation for Highly Alkali-Stable Anion-Exchange Membranes. Macromolecules 2020; 53:4722-4732. [PMID: 32905320 PMCID: PMC7467773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Different anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) based on polystyrene (PS)-carrying benzyltrimethyl ammonium cations are currently being developed for use in alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. However, the stability in relation to these state-of-the-art cations needs to be further improved. Here, we introduce highly alkali-stable mono- and spirocyclic piperidine-based cations onto PS by first performing a superacid-mediated Friedel-Crafts alkylation using 2-(piperidine-4-yl)propane-2-ol. This is followed by quaternization of the piperidine rings either using iodomethane to produce N,N-dimethyl piperidinium cations or by cyclo-quaternizations using 1,5-dibromopentane and 1,4-dibromobutane, respectively, to obtain N-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium cations. Thus, it is possible to functionalize up to 27% of the styrene units with piperidine rings and subsequently achieve complete quaternization. The synthetic approach ensures that all of the sensitive β-hydrogens of the cations are present in ring structures to provide high stability. AEMs based on these polymers show high alkaline stability and less than 5% ionic loss was observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy after 30 days in 2 M aq NaOH at 90 °C. AEMs functionalized with N,N-dimethyl piperidinium cations show higher stability than the ones carrying N-spirocyclic quaternary ammonium. Careful analysis of the latter revealed that the rings formed in the cyclo-quaternization are more prone to degrade via Hofmann elimination than the rings introduced in the Friedel-Crafts reaction. AEMs with an ion-exchange capacity of 1.5 mequiv g-1 reach a hydroxide conductivity of 106 mS cm-1 at 80 °C under fully hydrated conditions. The AEMs are further tuned and improved by blending with polybenzimidazole (PBI). For example, an AEM containing 2 wt % PBI shows reduced water uptake and much improved robustness during handling and reaches 71 mS cm-1 at 80 °C. The study demonstrates that the critical alkaline stability of PS-containing AEMs can be significantly enhanced by replacing the benchmark benzyltrimethyl ammonium cations with N-alicyclic piperidine-based cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S. Olsson
- Polymer & Materials Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thanh Huong Pham
- Polymer & Materials Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Polymer & Materials Chemistry,
Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Olefin metathesis-crosslinked, bulky imidazolium-based anion exchange membranes with excellent base stability and mechanical properties. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Müller J, Zhegur A, Krewer U, Varcoe JR, Dekel DR. Practical ex-Situ Technique To Measure the Chemical Stability of Anion-Exchange Membranes under Conditions Simulating the Fuel Cell Environment. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2020; 2:168-173. [PMID: 32905244 PMCID: PMC7469134 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anion-exchange membrane (AEM) degradation during fuel cell operation represents the main challenge that hampers the implementation of AEM fuel cells (AEMFCs). Reported degradation values of AEMs are difficult to reproduce as no standard methods are used. The present use of different techniques based on exposure of membranes to aqueous KOH solutions under different conditions and measuring different outputs during time does not allow for a reliable and meaningful comparison of reported degradation data of different AEMs. In this study, we present a practical and reproducible ex-situ technique to measure AEM degradation in conditions that mimic an operando fuel cell environment. In this novel technique, we measure the change of the true hydroxide conductivity of the AEM over time, while exposing it to different relative humidity conditions. The technique does not make use of liquid alkaline solution, thus simulating real fuel cell conditions and providing a good baseline for comparative degradation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Müller
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Institute
of Energy and Process Systems Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Avital Zhegur
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ulrike Krewer
- Institute
of Energy and Process Systems Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - John R. Varcoe
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The
Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The
Nancy & Stephan Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- E-mail:
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