1
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Selhorst R, Yu Z, Moore D, Jiang J, Susner MA, Glavin NR, Pachter R, Terrones M, Maruyama B, Rao R. Precision Modification of Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides via Environmental E-Beam Patterning. ACS Nano 2023; 17:2958-2967. [PMID: 36689725 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) are an important class of materials that exhibit a wide variety of optoelectronic properties. The ability to spatially tailor their expansive property-space (e.g., conduction behavior, optical emission, surface interactions) is of special interest for applications including, but not limited to, sensing, bioelectronics, and spintronics/valleytronics. Current methods of property modulation focus on the modification of the basal surfaces and edge sites of the TMDs by the introduction of defects, functionalization with organic or inorganic moieties, alloying, heterostructure formation, and phase engineering. A majority of these methods lack the resolution for the development of next-generation nanoscale devices or are limited in the types of functionalities useful for efficient TMD property modification. In this study, we utilize electron-beam patterning on monolayer TMDs (MoSe2, WSe2 and MoS2) in the presence of a pressure-controlled atmosphere of water vapor within an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). A series of parametric studies show local optical and electronic property modification depending on acceleration voltage, beam current, pressure, and electron dose. The ultimate pattern resolution achieved is 67 ± 9 nm. Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies coupled with Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy reveal electron dose-dependent p-doping in the patterned regions, which we attribute to functionalization from the products of water vapor radiolysis (oxygen and hydroxyl groups). The modulation of the work function through patterning matches well with Density Functional Theory modeling. Finally, post-functionalization of the patterned areas with an organic fluorophore demonstrates a robust method to achieve nanoscale functionalization with high fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Selhorst
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES Inc., 4401 Dayton-Xenia Rd., Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Zhuohang Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 221 Steidle Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - David Moore
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jie Jiang
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michael A Susner
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Nicholas R Glavin
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 221 Steidle Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Rahul Rao
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, 2179 12th Street, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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2
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McDonnell C, Albarghouthi FM, Selhorst R, Kelley-Loughnane N, Franklin AD, Rao R. Aerosol Jet Printed Surface-Enhanced Raman Substrates: Application for High-Sensitivity Detection of Perfluoroalkyl Substances. ACS Omega 2023; 8:1597-1605. [PMID: 36643551 PMCID: PMC9835780 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Printing technologies offer an attractive means for producing low-cost surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates with high-throughput methods. The development of these substrates is especially important for field-deployable detection of environmental contaminants. Toward this end, we demonstrate SERS-based substrates fabricated through aerosol jet printing of silver nanoparticles and graphene inks on Kapton films. Our printed arrays exhibited measurable intensities for fluorescein and rhodamine dyes down to concentrations of 10-7 M, with the highest SERS intensities obtained for four print passes of Ag nanoparticles. The substrates also exhibited an excellent shelf life, with little reduction in fluorescein intensities after 9 months of shelf storage. We also demonstrated the capability of our substrates to sense perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the so-called forever chemicals that resist degradation due to their strong C-F bonds and persist in the environment. Interestingly, the addition of graphene to the Ag nanoparticles greatly enhanced the SERS intensity of the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) molecules under basic conditions (pH ∼ 9) compared to that of fluorescein and rhodamine. We were able to successfully detect SERS spectra from nano- and picomolar (∼0.4 ppt) concentrations of PFOA and PFOS, respectively, demonstrating the viability of deploying our SERS sensors in the environment for the ultrasensitive detection of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen McDonnell
- Materials
and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force
Research Laboratory, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES
Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- Department
of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio 46469, United States
| | - Faris M. Albarghouthi
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Materials
and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force
Research Laboratory, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES
Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Nancy Kelley-Loughnane
- Materials
and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force
Research Laboratory, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Aaron D. Franklin
- Department
of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Rahul Rao
- Materials
and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force
Research Laboratory, WPAFB, Ohio 45433, United States
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3
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Yang Y, Peltier CR, Zeng R, Schimmenti R, Li Q, Huang X, Yan Z, Potsi G, Selhorst R, Lu X, Xu W, Tader M, Soudackov AV, Zhang H, Krumov M, Murray E, Xu P, Hitt J, Xu L, Ko HY, Ernst BG, Bundschu C, Luo A, Markovich D, Hu M, He C, Wang H, Fang J, DiStasio RA, Kourkoutis LF, Singer A, Noonan KJT, Xiao L, Zhuang L, Pivovar BS, Zelenay P, Herrero E, Feliu JM, Suntivich J, Giannelis EP, Hammes-Schiffer S, Arias T, Mavrikakis M, Mallouk TE, Brock JD, Muller DA, DiSalvo FJ, Coates GW, Abruña HD. Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Media and Alkaline Membrane-Based Energy Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6117-6321. [PMID: 35133808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen energy-based electrochemical energy conversion technologies offer the promise of enabling a transition of the global energy landscape from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the fundamentals of electrocatalysis in alkaline media and applications in alkaline-based energy technologies, particularly alkaline fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Anion exchange (alkaline) membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) enable the use of nonprecious electrocatalysts for the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), relative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which require Pt-based electrocatalysts. However, the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) kinetics is significantly slower in alkaline media than in acidic media. Understanding these phenomena requires applying theoretical and experimental methods to unravel molecular-level thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis and, particularly, the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process that takes place in a proton-deficient alkaline media. Extensive electrochemical and spectroscopic studies, on single-crystal Pt and metal oxides, have contributed to the development of activity descriptors, as well as the identification of the nature of active sites, and the rate-determining steps of the HOR and ORR. Among these, the structure and reactivity of interfacial water serve as key potential and pH-dependent kinetic factors that are helping elucidate the origins of the HOR and ORR activity differences in acids and bases. Additionally, deliberately modulating and controlling catalyst-support interactions have provided valuable insights for enhancing catalyst accessibility and durability during operation. The design and synthesis of highly conductive and durable alkaline membranes/ionomers have enabled AEMFCs to reach initial performance metrics equal to or higher than those of PEMFCs. We emphasize the importance of using membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) to integrate the often separately pursued/optimized electrocatalyst/support and membranes/ionomer components. Operando/in situ methods, at multiscales, and ab initio simulations provide a mechanistic understanding of electron, ion, and mass transport at catalyst/ionomer/membrane interfaces and the necessary guidance to achieve fuel cell operation in air over thousands of hours. We hope that this Review will serve as a roadmap for advancing the scientific understanding of the fundamental factors governing electrochemical energy conversion in alkaline media with the ultimate goal of achieving ultralow Pt or precious-metal-free high-performance and durable alkaline fuel cells and related technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Cheyenne R Peltier
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roberto Schimmenti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Qihao Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Zhifei Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Georgia Potsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xinyao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Weixuan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mariel Tader
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander V Soudackov
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hanguang Zhang
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mihail Krumov
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ellen Murray
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Pengtao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy Hitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Linxi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hsin-Yu Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Brian G Ernst
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Colin Bundschu
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Aileen Luo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Danielle Markovich
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Meixue Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Cheng He
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Kevin J T Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bryan S Pivovar
- Chemical and Materials Science Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Piotr Zelenay
- Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Enrique Herrero
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Juan M Feliu
- Instituto de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante E-03080, Spain
| | - Jin Suntivich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Emmanuel P Giannelis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | | | - Tomás Arias
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas E Mallouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Joel D Brock
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - David A Muller
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Francis J DiSalvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey W Coates
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Center for Alkaline Based Energy Solutions (CABES), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Sun YL, Montz BJ, Selhorst R, Tang HY, Zhu J, Nevin KP, Woodard TL, Ribbe AE, Russell TP, Nonnenmann SS, Lovley DR, Emrick T. Solvent-Induced Assembly of Microbial Protein Nanowires into Superstructured Bundles. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1305-1311. [PMID: 33591727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based electronic biomaterials represent an attractive alternative to traditional metallic and semiconductor materials due to their environmentally benign production and purification. However, major challenges hindering further development of these materials include (1) limitations associated with processing proteins in organic solvents and (2) difficulties in forming higher-order structures or scaffolds with multilength scale control. This paper addresses both challenges, resulting in the formation of one-dimensional bundles composed of electrically conductive protein nanowires harvested from the microbes Geobacter sulfurreducens and Escherichia coli. Processing these bionanowires from common organic solvents, such as hexane, cyclohexane, and DMF, enabled the production of multilength scale structures composed of distinctly visible pili. Transmission electron microscopy revealed striking images of bundled protein nanowires up to 10 μm in length and with widths ranging from 50-500 nm (representing assembly of tens to hundreds of nanowires). Conductive atomic force microscopy confirmed the presence of an appreciable nanowire conductivity in their bundled state. These results greatly expand the possibilities for fabricating a diverse array of protein nanowire-based electronic device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lu Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Brian J Montz
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Hai-Yan Tang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Jiaxin Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Kelly P Nevin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Trevor L Woodard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Alexander E Ribbe
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Stephen S Nonnenmann
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Derek R Lovley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts01003, United States
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5
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Treichel M, Tyler Womble C, Selhorst R, Gaitor J, Pathiranage TMSK, Kowalewski T, Noonan KJT. Exploring the Effects of Bulky Cations Tethered to Semicrystalline Polymers: The Case of Tetraaminophosphoniums with Ring-Opened Polynorbornenes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Treichel
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - C. Tyler Womble
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Jamie Gaitor
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Taniya M. S. K. Pathiranage
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
| | - Kevin J. T. Noonan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2617, United States
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6
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Sun M, Gottlieb E, Yuan R, Ghosh S, Wang H, Selhorst R, Huggett A, Du X, Yin R, Waldeck DH, Matyjaszewski K, Kowalewski T. Polyene-Free Photoluminescent Polymers via Hydrothermal Hydrolysis of Polyacrylonitrile in Neutral Water. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1403-1408. [PMID: 35638623 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the hydrothermally enhanced hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in neutral water, which generates photoluminescent polymers with low unsaturation degrees. Despite the hydrophobic nature of PAN, the product can be dissolved in water at a high concentration (≥100 g/L). The product exhibits complete absence of alkenes or aromatic structures, and photoluminescence originates from newly formed N- and O-containing groups. The presence of both n to π* and π to π* transitions is confirmed by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The efficient transformation of PAN benefits from the enhanced hydrolysis of nitrile groups. While similar reactions have been reported previously under alkaline environments, we demonstrate that efficient hydrolysis can also occur in neutral water under the hydrothermal condition. Two additional methods based on different mechanisms are discussed to demonstrate the simplicity and efficiency of the hydrothermal reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Supriya Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David H Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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7
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Skinner M, Johnston BM, Liu Y, Hammer B, Selhorst R, Xenidou I, Perry SL, Emrick T. Synthesis of Zwitterionic Pluronic Analogs. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3377-3389. [PMID: 30024744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Novel polymer amphiphiles with chemical structures designed as zwitterionic analogs of Pluronic block copolymers were prepared by controlled free radical polymerization of phosphorylcholine (PC) or choline phosphate (CP) methacrylate monomers from a difunctional poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) macroinitiator. Well-defined, water-dispersible zwitterionic triblock copolymers, or "zwitteronics", were prepared with PC content ranging from 5 to 47 mol percent and composition-independent surfactant characteristics in water, which deviate from the properties of conventional Pluronic amphiphiles. These PC-zwitteronics assembled into nanoparticles in water, with tunable sizes and critical aggregation concentrations (CACs) based on their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Owing to the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) miscibility of the hydrophobic PPO block in water, PC-zwitteronics exhibited thermoreversible aqueous solubility tuned by block copolymer composition. The chemical versatility of this approach was demonstrated by embedding functionality, in the form of alkyne groups, directly into the zwitterion moieties. These alkynes proved ideal for cross-linking the zwitteronic nanoparticles and for generating nanoparticle-cross-linked hydrogels using UV-initiated thiol-yne "click" chemistry.
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8
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Selhorst R, Wang P, Barnes M, Emrick T. Bithiazolidinylidene polymers: synthesis and electronic interactions with transition metal dichalcogenides. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5047-5051. [PMID: 29938034 PMCID: PMC5994791 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of electron acceptors consisting of bithiazolidinylidene (BT) derivatives incorporated into solution processible polymers. Novel BT-containing polymers displayed p-doping behavior when in contact with the n-type transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) MoS2. A work function (WF) increase of MoS2, resulting from contact with BT polymers, was measured by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), representing the first example of polymer p-doping of MoS2, which is beneficial for advancing the design of electronically tailored TMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Selhorst
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department , 120 Governors Drive , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , USA .
| | - Peijian Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Amherst , 710 North Pleasant Street , Amherst , MA 01003 , USA
| | - Michael Barnes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Massachusetts Amherst , 710 North Pleasant Street , Amherst , MA 01003 , USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department , 120 Governors Drive , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , USA .
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9
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Alon H, Stern C, Kirshner M, Sinai O, Wasserman M, Selhorst R, Gasper R, Ramasubramaniam A, Emrick T, Naveh D. Lithographically Patterned Functional Polymer-Graphene Hybrids for Nanoscale Electronics. ACS Nano 2018; 12:1928-1933. [PMID: 29378391 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are believed to hold significant promise in nanoscale optoelectronics. While significant progress has been made in this field over the past decade, the ability to control charge carrier density with high spatial precision remains an outstanding challenge in 2D devices. We present an approach that simultaneously addresses the dual issues of charge-carrier doping and spatial precision based on a functional lithographic resist that employs methacrylate polymers containing zwitterionic sulfobetaine pendent groups for noncovalent surface doping of 2D materials. We demonstrate scalable approaches for patterning these polymer films via electron-beam lithography, achieving precise spatial control over carrier doping for fabrication of high-quality, all-2D, lateral p-n junctions in graphene. Our approach preserves all of the desirable structural and electronic properties of graphene while exclusively modifying its surface potential. The functional polymer resist platform and concept offers a facile route toward lithographic doping of graphene- and other 2D material-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Alon
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Chen Stern
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Moshe Kirshner
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Ofer Sinai
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Michal Wasserman
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Doron Naveh
- Bar-Ilan Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials , Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Skinner
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts; 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts; 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; University of Massachusetts; 120 Governors Drive Amherst MA 01003
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11
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12
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Tatli M, Selhorst R, Fossum E. Poly(arylene ether)s with Pendent 3-Iodophenyl Sulfonyl Groups: Synthesis, Characterization, and Modification. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400519q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Tatli
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton,
Ohio 45435, United States
| | - Ryan Selhorst
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton,
Ohio 45435, United States
| | - Eric Fossum
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton,
Ohio 45435, United States
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