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Zhang H, Zhao X. Enhanced Anti-Wetting Methods of Hydrophobic Membrane for Membrane Distillation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300598. [PMID: 37219004 PMCID: PMC10427381 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increasing issues of hydrophobic membrane wetting occur in the membrane distillation (MD) process, stimulating the research on enhanced anti-wetting methods for membrane materials. In recent years, surface structural construction (i.e., constructing reentrant-like structures), surface chemical modification (i.e., coating organofluorides), and their combination have significantly improved the anti-wetting properties of the hydrophobic membranes. Besides, these methods change the MD performance (i.e., increased/decreased vapor flux and increased salt rejection). This review first introduces the characterization parameters of wettability and the fundamental principles of membrane surface wetting. Then it summarizes the enhanced anti-wetting methods, the related principles, and most importantly, the anti-wetting properties of the resultant membranes. Next, the MD performance of hydrophobic membranes prepared by different enhanced anti-wetting methods is discussed in desalinating different feeds. Finally, facile and reproducible strategies are aspired for the robust MD membrane in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglong Zhang
- Lab of Environmental Science & TechnologyINETTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Lab of Environmental Science & TechnologyINETTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
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2
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Ioannou D, Hou Y, Shah P, Ellinas K, Kappl M, Sapalidis A, Constantoudis V, Butt HJ, Gogolides E. Plasma-Induced Superhydrophobicity as a Green Technology for Enhanced Air Gap Membrane Distillation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:18493-18504. [PMID: 36989435 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobicity has only recently become a requirement in membrane fabrication and modification. Superhydrophobic membranes have shown improved flux performance and scaling resistance in long-term membrane distillation (MD) operations compared to simply hydrophobic membranes. Here, we introduce plasma micro- and nanotexturing followed by plasma deposition as a novel, dry, and green method for superhydrophobic membrane fabrication. Using plasma micro- and nanotexturing, commercial membranes, both hydrophobic and hydrophilic, are transformed to superhydrophobic featuring water static contact angles (WSCA) greater than 150° and contact angle hysteresis lower than 10°. To this direction, hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and hydrophilic cellulose acetate (CA) membranes are transformed to superhydrophobic. The superhydrophobic PTFE membranes showed enhanced water flux in standard air gap membrane distillation and more stable performance compared to the commercial ones for at least 48 h continuous operation, with salt rejection >99.99%. Additionally, their performance and high salt rejection remained stable, when low surface tension solutions containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and NaCl (down to 35 mN/m) were used, showcasing their antiwetting properties. The improved performance is attributed to superhydrophobicity and increased pore size after plasma micro- and nanotexturing. More importantly, CA membranes, which are initially unsuitable for MD due to their hydrophilic nature (WSCA ≈ 40°), showed excellent performance with stable flux and salt rejection >99.2% again for at least 48 h, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method for wetting control in membranes regardless of their initial wetting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimosthenis Ioannou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Attica, Greece
- School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, 15780 Attica, Greece
| | - Youmin Hou
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Prexa Shah
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Kosmas Ellinas
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Attica, Greece
- Department of food science and nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Ierou Lochou & Makrygianni St, 81400 Myrina, Lemnos, Greece
| | - Michael Kappl
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Andreas Sapalidis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Attica, Greece
| | - Vassilios Constantoudis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Attica, Greece
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Evangelos Gogolides
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15341 Attica, Greece
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Zhang R, Deng C, Hou X, Li T, Lu Y, Liu F. Preparation and Characterization of a Janus Membrane with an "Integrated" Structure and Adjustable Hydrophilic Layer Thickness. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:415. [PMID: 37103842 PMCID: PMC10143739 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Oil-water emulsions are types of wastewater that are difficult to treat. A polyvinylidene fluoride hydrophobic matrix membrane was modified using a hydrophilic polymer, poly(vinylpyrrolidone-vinyltriethoxysilane), to form a representative Janus membrane with asymmetric wettability. The performance parameters of the modified membrane, such as the morphological structure, the chemical composition, the wettability, the hydrophilic layer thickness, and the porosity, were characterized. The results showed that the hydrolysis, migration, and thermal crosslinking of the hydrophilic polymer in the hydrophobic matrix membrane contributed to an effective hydrophilic layer on the surface. Thus, a Janus membrane with unchanged membrane porosity, a hydrophilic layer with controllable thickness, and hydrophilic/hydrophobic layer "structural integration" was successfully prepared. The Janus membrane was used for the switchable separation of oil-water emulsions. The separation flux of the oil-in-water emulsions on the hydrophilic surface was 22.88 L·m-2·h-1 with a separation efficiency of up to 93.35%. The hydrophobic surface exhibited a separation flux of 17.45 L·m-2·h-1 with a separation efficiency of 91.47% for the water-in-oil emulsions. Compared to the lower flux and separation efficiency of purely hydrophobic and hydrophilic membranes, the Janus membrane exhibited better separation and purification effects for both oil-water emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixian Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, Guangxi Higher Education Institutes Key Laboratory for New Chemical and Biological Transformation Process Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Chengyu Deng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, Guangxi Higher Education Institutes Key Laboratory for New Chemical and Biological Transformation Process Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xueyi Hou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, Guangxi Higher Education Institutes Key Laboratory for New Chemical and Biological Transformation Process Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yanyue Lu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, Guangxi Higher Education Institutes Key Laboratory for New Chemical and Biological Transformation Process Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Fu Liu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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Amoako K, Kaufman R, Haddad WAM, Pusey R, Saniesetty VHK, Sun H, Skoog D, Cook K. Zwitterionic Polysulfobetaine Coating and Antiplatelet Liposomes Reduce Fouling in Artificial Lung Circuits. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200479. [PMID: 36609882 PMCID: PMC10121813 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The artificial lung has provided life-saving support for pulmonary disease patients and recently afforded patients with severe cases of COVID-19 better prognostic outcomes. While it addresses a critical medical need, reducing the risk of clotting inside the device remains challenging. Herein, a two-step surface coating process of the lung circuit using Zwitterionic polysulfobetaine methacrylate is evaluated for its nonspecific protein antifouling activity. It is hypothesized that similarly applied coatings on materials integrated (IT) or nonintegrated (NIT) into the circuit will yield similar antifouling activity. The effects of human plasma preconditioned with nitric oxide-loaded liposome on platelet (plt) fouling are also evaluated. Fibrinogen antifouling activities in coated fibers are similar in the IT and NIT groups. It however decreases in coated polycarbonate (PC) in the IT group. Also, plt antifouling activity in coated fibers is similar in the IT and NIT groups and is lower in coated PC and Tygon in the IT group compared to the NIT group. Coating process optimization in the IT lung circuit may help address difference in the coating appearance of outer and inner fiber bundle fibers, and the NO-liposome significantly reduces (86%) plt fouling on fibers indicating its potential use for blood anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kagya Amoako
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Interim Chair, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Rikki Kaufman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Waad A M Haddad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Romario Pusey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Venkata H K Saniesetty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - David Skoog
- Advanced Respiratory Technologies, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, 15238, USA
| | - Keith Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Hierarchical structure design of electrospun membrane for enhanced membrane distillation treatment of shrimp aquaculture wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Ma R, Lu X, Zhang S, Ren K, Gu J, Liu C, Liu Z, Wang H. Constructing discontinuous silicon-island structure with low surface energy based on the responsiveness of hydrophilic layers to improve the anti-fouling property of membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Nanostructured Electrospun Polycaprolactone-Propolis Mats Composed of Different Morphologies for Potential Use in Wound Healing. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165351. [PMID: 36014590 PMCID: PMC9413572 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate different types of morphologies obtained using the electrospinning process to produce a material that enables wound healing while performing a controlled release. Using benign solvents, the authors prepared and characterised electrospun polycaprolactone mats loaded with propolis, a popular extract in traditional medicine with potential for skin repair. Different morphologies were obtained from distinct storage periods of the solution before electrospinning to investigate the effect of PCL hydrolysis (average diameters of fibres and beads: 159.2-280.5 nm and 1.9-5.6 μm, respectively). Phytochemical and FTIR analyses of the extract confirmed propolis composition. GPC and viscosity analyses showed a decrease in polymer molecular weight over the storage period (about a 70% reduction over 14 days) and confirmed that it was responsible for the nanostructure diversity. Moreover, propolis acted as a lubricant agent, affecting the spun solutions' viscosity and the thermal properties and hydrophilicity of the mats. All samples were within the value range of the water vapour transpiration rate of the commercial products (1263.08 to 2179.84 g/m2·day). Even though the presence of beads did not affect the propolis release pattern, an in vitro wound-healing assay showed that propolis-loaded mats composed of beaded fibres increased the cell migration process. Thus, these films could present the potential for use in wound dressing applications.
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Mituła K, Januszewski R, Duszczak J, Rzonsowska M, Dudziec B. High thermally stable polysiloxanes cross-linked with di(alkenyl)functionalized DDSQs exhibiting swelling abilities. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Yi E, Kang HS, Lim SM, Heo HJ, Han D, Kim JF, Park A, Choi DH, Park YI, Park H, Cho YH, Sohn EH. Superamphiphobic blood-repellent surface modification of porous fluoropolymer membranes for blood oxygenation applications. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ibrar I, Yadav S, Naji O, Alanezi AA, Ghaffour N, Déon S, Subbiah S, Altaee A. Development in forward Osmosis-Membrane distillation hybrid system for wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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A comprehensive review of electrospray technique for membrane development: Current status, challenges, and opportunities. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Design and Study of a Photo-Switchable Polymeric System in the Presence of ZnS Nanoparticles under the Influence of UV Light Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050945. [PMID: 35267768 PMCID: PMC8912439 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of photosensitive materials has prompted a need to develop efficient methods to synthesize materials with basic intermolecular architectural designs and novel properties. Accordingly, in this work we design and study a photoactive polymer as a photo-switchable polymeric system in the presence and absence of ZnS nanoparticles (average size < 10 nm) at 5 wt.%. The influence of UV light irradiation on its properties were also studied. The photoactive block copolymer was obtained from styrene (S) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomers and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3,3-dimethylindoline-6-nitrobenzopyran (SP) was grafted to the block copolymer backbone as a photochromic agent. Furthermore, the incorporation of ZnS (NPs) as photo-optical switch component into the system enhances the purple colored photo-emission, with the open form of the spiropyran derivative (merocyanine, MC). The ZnS stabilize the isomeric equilibrium in the MC interconversion of the photochromic agent. The photo-switchable properties of the PS-b-PMMA-SP in the presence of ZnS (NPs) were examined using UV-VIS spectroscopy, Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, optical fluorescence and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM-EDX.). The observed changes in the absorbance, fluorescence and morphology of the system were associated to the reversible interconversion of the two states of the photochromic agent which regulates the radiative deactivation of the luminescent ZnS NPs component. After UV irradiation the photoactive polymer becomes purple in color. Therefore, these basic studies can lead to the development of innovative functional and nanostructured materials with photosensitive character as photosensitive molecular switches.
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Li JY, Wang DK, Lin YT, Wey MY, Tseng HH. Homogeneous sub-nanophase network tailoring of dual organosilica membrane for enhancing CO2 gas separation. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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A high-flux polystyrene-reinforced styrene-acrylonitrile/polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membrane for desalination using direct contact membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Sub10 μm macroporous aramid substrates with a hierarchically structured interface for organic solvent nanofiltration. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Luo S, Dai X, Sui Y, Li P, Zhang C. Preparation of biomimetic membrane with hierarchical structure and honeycombed through-hole for enhanced oil–water separation performance. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Chang H, Liu B, Zhang Z, Pawar R, Yan Z, Crittenden JC, Vidic RD. A Critical Review of Membrane Wettability in Membrane Distillation from the Perspective of Interfacial Interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1395-1418. [PMID: 33314911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic membranes used in membrane distillation (MD) systems are often subject to wetting during long-term operation. Thus, it is of great importance to fully understand factors that influence the wettability of hydrophobic membranes and their impact on the overall separation efficiency that can be achieved in MD systems. This Critical Review summarizes both fundamental and applied aspects of membrane wetting with particular emphasis on interfacial interaction between the membrane and solutes in the feed solution. First, the theoretical background of surface wetting, including the relationship between wettability and interfacial interaction, definition and measurement of contact angle, surface tension, surface free energy, adhesion force, and liquid entry pressure, is described. Second, the nature of wettability, membrane wetting mechanisms, influence of membrane properties, feed characteristics and operating conditions on membrane wetting, and evolution of membrane wetting are reviewed in the context of an MD process. Third, specific membrane features that increase resistance to wetting (e.g., superhydrophobic, omniphobic, and Janus membranes) are discussed briefly followed by the comparison of various cleaning approaches to restore membrane hydrophobicity. Finally, challenges with the prevention of membrane wetting are summarized, and future work is proposed to improve the use of MD technology in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Baicang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering (Ministry of Education), College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
| | - Zhewei Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Ritesh Pawar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Zhongsen Yan
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350116, China
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Radisav D Vidic
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
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Jia W, Kharraz JA, Guo J, An AK. Superhydrophobic (polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/ (polystyrene) composite membrane via a novel hybrid electrospin-electrospray process. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Qing W, Wu Y, Li X, Shi X, Shao S, Mei Y, Zhang W, Tang CY. Omniphobic PVDF nanofibrous membrane for superior anti-wetting performance in direct contact membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Jin M, Xing Q, Chen Z. A Review: Natural Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2020.112008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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