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Wu N, Brahmi Y, Colin A. Fluidics for energy harvesting: from nano to milli scales. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1034-1065. [PMID: 36625144 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00946c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of untapped energy sources surrounds us. In this review, we summarize recent works of water-based energy harvesting systems with operation scales ranging from miniature systems to large scale attempts. We focus particularly on the triboelectric energy, which is produced when a liquid and a solid come into contact, and on the osmotic energy, which is released when salt water and fresh water are mixed. For both techniques we display the state of the art understanding (including electrical charge separation, electro-osmotic currents and induced currents) and the developed devices. A critical discussion of present works confirms the significant progress of these water-based energy harvesting systems in all scales. However, further efforts in efficiency and performance amelioration are expected for these technologies to accelerate the industrialization and commercialization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Youcef Brahmi
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Annie Colin
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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2
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Veerman J. Concepts and Misconceptions Concerning the Influence of Divalent Ions on the Performance of Reverse Electrodialysis Using Natural Waters. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:69. [PMID: 36676877 PMCID: PMC9863958 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Divalent ions have a negative effect on the obtained power and efficiency of the reverse electrodialysis (RED) process when using natural waters. These effects can largely be attributed to the interaction between the various ions and the membranes, resulting in a decreased membrane voltage, an increased membrane resistance, and uphill transport of divalent ions. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of these differences and, if possible, to find underlying causes. The approach mainly followed that in literature articles that specifically focused on the effect of divalent ions on RED. It transpired that seven publications were useful because the methodology was well described and sufficient data was published. I found two widely shared misconceptions. The first concerns the role of the stack voltage in uphill transport of divalent ions; itis often thought that the open circuit voltage (OCV) must be taken into account, but it is plausible that the voltage under working conditions is the critical factor. The second debatable point concerns the methodology used to make a series of solutions to study the effect of divalent ions. Typically, solutions with a constant number of moles of salt are used; however, it is better to make a series with a constant ratio of equivalents of those salts. Moreover, it is plausible that the decreased voltage can be explained by the inherently lower Donnan potential of multi-charged ions and that increased resistance is caused by the fact that divalent ions-with a lower mobility there than the monovalent ions-occupy relatively much of the available space in the gel phase of the membrane. While both resistance and voltage play a decisive role in RED and probably also in other membrane processes like electrodialysis (ED), it is remarkable that there are so few publications that focus on measurements on individual membranes. The implications of these results is that research on the effect of divalent ions in RED, ED and similar processes needs to be more structured in the future. Relatively simple procedures can be developed for the determination of membrane resistance in solutions of mixtures of mono- and divalent salts. The same applies to determining the membrane potential. The challenge is to arrive at a standard method for equipment, methodology, and the composition of the test solutions.
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Ion and Water Transport in Ion-Exchange Membranes for Power Generation Systems: Guidelines for Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010034. [PMID: 36613476 PMCID: PMC9820504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial ion-exchange and other charged membranes, such as biomembranes, are self-organizing nanomaterials built from macromolecules. The interactions of fragments of macromolecules results in phase separation and the formation of ion-conducting channels. The properties conditioned by the structure of charged membranes determine their application in separation processes (water treatment, electrolyte concentration, food industry and others), energy (reverse electrodialysis, fuel cells and others), and chlore-alkali production and others. The purpose of this review is to provide guidelines for modeling the transport of ions and water in charged membranes, as well as to describe the latest advances in this field with a focus on power generation systems. We briefly describe the main structural elements of charged membranes which determine their ion and water transport characteristics. The main governing equations and the most commonly used theories and assumptions are presented and analyzed. The known models are classified and then described based on the information about the equations and the assumptions they are based on. Most attention is paid to the models which have the greatest impact and are most frequently used in the literature. Among them, we focus on recent models developed for proton-exchange membranes used in fuel cells and for membranes applied in reverse electrodialysis.
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Wei CY, Pan SY, Lin YI, Cao TND. Anaerobic swine digestate valorization via energy-efficient electrodialysis for nutrient recovery and water reclamation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119066. [PMID: 36099763 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of cost-effective and energy-efficient technologies to recover nutrients from digestate is important. Anaerobic digestate can be concentrated into bio-nutrient products through an electrodialysis (ED) process in an energy-efficient manner. Despite recent advances, the operation modes of ED for nutrient recovery from swine digestate are yet to be systematically evaluated from the perspective of energy-water efficiencies, and the determination of optimal operations in ED units is still ambiguous. In this study, two different operating modes of electrodialysis, i.e., constant voltage and constant current, are designed to evaluate the energy efficiency and effectiveness of nutrient recovery from anaerobic swine digestate. The ion removal ratio and current efficiency of the different modes and their associated electromigration performance (e.g., rate constants) are evaluated. The results indicate that the maximum removal efficiency (in terms of electrical conductivity) is 92.8% at a cell voltage of 2.4 V/cell using the constant voltage operation. The current efficiencies of NH4+ (43‒65%) are higher than that of other ions, such as K+ (12‒19%), Cl- (4‒7%), and PO43- (0.1‒1.5%). For nitrogen recovery, the required energy consumption was about 0.24‒15.2 kWh/kg-N (0.86‒54.7 kJ/g-N), corresponding to a removal ratio of ammonium from 70.8% to 99.1%. Based on the experimental data, the optimal operating conditions are identified using response surface models by considering process energy consumption and productivity to deliver energy-efficient nutrient separation. One candidate of the ideal conditions to achieve the total ion removal of ∼93% should be operated at a constant cell voltage of 1.15 V, corresponding to a productivity of 5.24 gal/hr/m2 at an energy consumption of 0.44 kWh/m3. Last, a conceptual design of cascading separation processes is proposed for digestate valorization as biofertilizers, nutrients, organic acids, and reclaimed water. A preliminary benefit-cost evaluation is then performed to evaluate the engineering and economic performance of the developed process for nutrient recovery from swine digestate. This article provides insight into practical large-scale applications of digestate valorization through energy-efficient separation, thereby realizing a circular economy system and a decarbonizing supply chain of bio-nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Wei
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Yuan Pan
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-I Lin
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Thanh Ngoc-Dan Cao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan, ROC
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Modelling of the Electrical Membrane Potential for Concentration Polarization Conditions. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24010138. [PMID: 35052163 PMCID: PMC8774907 DOI: 10.3390/e24010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Based on Kedem–Katchalsky formalism, the model equation of the membrane potential (Δψs) generated in a membrane system was derived for the conditions of concentration polarization. In this system, a horizontally oriented electro-neutral biomembrane separates solutions of the same electrolytes at different concentrations. The consequence of concentration polarization is the creation, on both sides of the membrane, of concentration boundary layers. The basic equation of this model includes the unknown ratio of solution concentrations (Ci/Ce) at the membrane/concentration boundary layers. We present the calculation procedure (Ci/Ce) based on novel equations derived in the paper containing the transport parameters of the membrane (Lp, σ, and ω), solutions (ρ, ν), concentration boundary layer thicknesses (δl, δh), concentration Raileigh number (RC), concentration polarization factor (ζs), volume flux (Jv), mechanical pressure difference (ΔP), and ratio of known solution concentrations (Ch/Cl). From the resulting equation, Δψs was calculated for various combinations of the solution concentration ratio (Ch/Cl), the Rayleigh concentration number (RC), the concentration polarization coefficient (ζs), and the hydrostatic pressure difference (ΔP). Calculations were performed for a case where an aqueous NaCl solution with a fixed concentration of 1 mol m−3 (Cl) was on one side of the membrane and on the other side an aqueous NaCl solution with a concentration between 1 and 15 mol m−3 (Ch). It is shown that (Δψs) depends on the value of one of the factors (i.e., ΔP, Ch/Cl, RC and ζs) at a fixed value of the other three.
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YAMADA Y, SOWA K, KITAZUMI Y, SHIRAI O. Improvement in the Power Output of a Reverse Electrodialysis System by the Addition of Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke YAMADA
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Keisei SOWA
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki KITAZUMI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Osamu SHIRAI
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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Effect of current-induced ion transfer on the electrical resistance of reverse electrodialysis stack by chronopotentiometry. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Purification of Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid via Donnan Dialysis with a Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Cation-Exchange Membrane. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11040298. [PMID: 33924062 PMCID: PMC8074172 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the application of an electromembrane process, Donnan dialysis (DD), for the purification of so-called wet-process phosphoric acid (WPA). Nitric acid is used as the stripping solution to remove metallic cations (mostly Fe3+, Al3+, and Mg2+) that are harmful to the further processing of WPA. The paper first presents a set of experimental data on the measurements of the metallic cation fluxes through a perfluorinated sulfonic acid cation-exchange membrane. Not only WPA, but also synthetic phosphoric acid solutions with mixed metallic cations (MPA) and with a single metallic cation (SPA) were studied. This confrontation confirms (1) that the order of metallic cations fluxes is Mg2+ > Al3+ > Fe3+; (2) that, compared with MPA, the purification effect of WPA causes only negligible change; (3) that, by comparing the DD processes with SPA and MPA solutions, the reason for the low transmembrane fluxes of Fe3+ and Al3+ could be explained by the large ionic charge and large hydrated ion radius. Furthermore, by analyzing the ion composition of membranes equilibrated in SPA solutions, we conclude that the forms of cations in the membrane are most likely Fe3+, Al3+, and Mg2+.
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Huang WC, Hsu JP. Ultrashort nanopores of large radius can generate anomalously high salinity gradient power. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kujawski W, Yaroshchuk A, Zholkovskiy E, Koter I, Koter S. Analysis of Membrane Transport Equations for Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) Using Irreversible Thermodynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6325. [PMID: 32878293 PMCID: PMC7503923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an electro-membrane process for the conversion of mixing energy into electricity. One important problem researchers' face when modeling the RED process is the choice of the proper membrane transport equations. In this study, using experimental data that describe the membrane Nafion 120 in contact with NaCl aqueous solutions, the linear transport equation of irreversible thermodynamics was applied to calculate the power density of the RED system. Various simplifying assumptions about transport equation (i.e., four-, three-, and two-coefficients approaches) are proposed and discussed. We found that the two-coefficients approach, using the membrane conductivity and the apparent transport number of ions, describes the power density with good accuracy. In addition, the influence of the membrane thickness and the concentration polarization on the power density is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kujawski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- MEPhI, National Research Nuclear University, 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andriy Yaroshchuk
- ICREA & Polytechnic University of Catalonia—Barcelona Tech, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Emiliy Zholkovskiy
- Institute of Bio-Colloid Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv-142, Ukraine;
| | - Izabela Koter
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Stanislaw Koter
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
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Surface Modifications of Anion Exchange Membranes for an Improved Reverse Electrodialysis Process Performance: A Review. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10080160. [PMID: 32707798 PMCID: PMC7463669 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology represents a promising electro-membrane process for renewable energy harvesting from aqueous streams with different salinity. However, the performance of the key components of the system, that is, the ion exchange membranes, is limited by both the presence of multivalent ions and fouling phenomena, thus leading to a reduced generated net power density. In this context, the behavior of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) in RED systems is more severely affected, due to the undesirable interactions between their positively charged fixed groups and, mostly negatively charged, foulant materials present in natural streams. Therefore, controlling both the monovalent anion permselectivity and the membrane surface hydrophilicity is crucial. In this respect, different surface modification procedures were considered in the literature, to enhance the above-mentioned properties. This review reports and discusses the currently available approaches for surface modifications of AEMs, such as graft polymerization, dip coating, and layer-by-layer, among others, mainly focusing on preparing monovalent permselective AEMs with antifouling characteristics, but also considering hydrophilicity aspects and identifying the most promising modifying agents to be utilized. Thus, the present study aimed at providing new insights for the further design and development of selective, durable, and cost-effective modified AEMs for an enhanced RED process performance, which is indispensable for a practical implementation of this electro-membrane technology at an industrial scale.
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