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Supian ABM, Asyraf MRM, Syamsir A, Najeeb MI, Alhayek A, Al-Dala’ien RN, Manar G, Atiqah A. Thermochromic Polymer Nanocomposites for the Heat Detection System: Recent Progress on Properties, Applications, and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1545. [PMID: 38891491 PMCID: PMC11174980 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Reversible thermochromic polymers have emerged as compelling candidates in recent years, captivating attention for their application in heat detection systems. This comprehensive review navigates through the multifaceted landscape, intricately exploring both the virtues and hurdles inherent in their integration within these systems. Their innate capacity to change colour in response to temperature fluctuations renders reversible thermochromic nanocomposites promising assets for heat detection technologies. However, despite their inherent potential, certain barriers hinder their widespread adoption. Factors such as a restricted colour spectrum, reliance on external triggers, and cost considerations have restrained their pervasive use. For instance, these polymer-based materials exhibit utility in the domain of building insulation, where their colour-changing ability serves as a beacon, flagging areas of heat loss or inadequate insulation, thus alerting building managers and homeowners to potential energy inefficiencies. Nevertheless, the limited range of discernible colours may impede precise temperature differentiation. Additionally, dependency on external stimuli, such as electricity or UV light, can complicate implementation and inflate costs. Realising the full potential of these polymer-based materials in heat detection systems necessitates addressing these challenges head-on. Continuous research endeavours aimed at augmenting colour diversity and diminishing reliance on external stimuli offer promising avenues to enhance their efficacy. Hence, this review aims to delve into the intricate nuances surrounding reversible thermochromic nanocomposites, highlighting their transformative potential in heat detection and sensing. By exploring their mechanisms, properties, and current applications, this manuscript endeavours to shed light on their significance, providing insights crucial for further research and potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. M. Supian
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Defence Research and Technology (CODRAT), Universiti Pertahanan National Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Engineering Design Research Group (EDRG), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Agusril Syamsir
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - M. I. Najeeb
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdulrahman Alhayek
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - Rayeh Nasr Al-Dala’ien
- Civil Engineering Department, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.A.)
| | - Gunasilan Manar
- Centre for Defence Research and Technology (CODRAT), Universiti Pertahanan National Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - A. Atiqah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lin JH, Lin YY, Sue YM, Lin MC, Chen YS, Lou CW. Long-Lasting Electret Melt-Blown Nonwoven Functional Filters Made of Organic/Inorganixc Macromolecular Micron Materials: Manufacturing Techniques and Property Evaluations. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102306. [PMID: 37242880 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melt-blown nonwoven fabrics for filtration are usually manufactured using polypropylene, but after a certain time period the middle layer of the mask may have a reduced effect on adsorbing particles and may not be easily stored. Adding electret materials not only increases storage time, but also shows in this study that the addition of electret can improve filtration efficiency. Therefore, this experiment uses a melt-blown method to prepare a nonwoven layer, and adds MMT, CNT, and TiO2 electret materials to it for experiments. Polypropylene (PP) chip, montmorillonite (MMT) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) powders, and carbon nanotube (CNT) are blended and made into compound masterbatch pellets using a single-screw extruder. The resulting compound pellets thus contain different combinations of PP, MMT, TiO2, and CNT. Next, a hot pressor is used to make the compound chips into a high-poly film, which is then measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimal parameters are yielded and employed to form the PP/MMT/TiO2 nonwoven fabrics and PP/MMT/CNT nonwoven fabrics. The basis weight, thickness, diameter, pore size, fiber covering ratio, air permeability, and tensile property of different nonwoven fabrics are evaluated in order to have the optimal group of PP-based melt-blown nonwoven fabrics. According to the results of DSC and FTIR measurements, PP and MMT, CNT, and TiO2 are completely mixed, and the melting temperature (Tm), crystallization temperature (Tc) and endotherm area are changed accordingly. The difference in enthalpy of melting changes the crystallization of PP pellets, which in turn changes the fibers. Moreover, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy results substantiate that PP pellets are well blended with CNT and MMT, according to the comparisons of characteristic peaks. Finally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation suggests that with a spinning die temperature of 240 °C and a spinning die pressure lower than 0.01 MPa, the compound pellets can be successfully formed into melt-blown nonwoven fabrics with a 10-micrometer diameter. The proposed melt-blown nonwoven fabrics can be processed with electret to form long-lasting electret melt-blown nonwoven filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Horng Lin
- College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407102, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan-Yu Lin
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407102, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Min Sue
- Laboratory of Fiber Application and Manufacturing, Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, Department of Fiber and Composite Materials, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407102, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Sheng Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wen Lou
- Advanced Medical Care and Protection Technology Research Center, College of Textile and Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Novel Functional Fibers and Materials, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Ramesh S, Davis J, Roros A, Zhou C, He N, Gao W, Khan S, Genzer J, Menegatti S. Nonwoven Membranes with Infrared Light-Controlled Permeability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42558-42567. [PMID: 36084265 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the development of the first composite nonwoven fiber mats (NWFs) with infrared light-controlled permeability. The membranes were prepared by coating polypropylene NWFs with a photothermal layer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm)-based microgels impregnated with graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs). This design enables "photothermal smart-gating" using light dosage as remote control of the membrane's permeability to electrolytes. Upon exposure to infrared light, the GONPs trigger a rapid local increase in temperature, which contracts the PNIPAm-based microgels lodged in the pore space of the NWFs. The contraction of the microgels can be reverted by cooling from the surrounding aqueous environment. The efficient conversion of infrared light into localized heat by GONPs coupled with the phase transition of the microgels above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAm provide effective control over the effective porosity, and thus the permeability, of the membrane. The material design parameters, namely the monomer composition of the microgels and the GONP-to-microgel ratio, enable tuning the permeability shift in response to IR light; control NWFs coated with GONP-free microgels displayed thermal responsiveness only, whereas native NWFs showed no smart-gating behavior at all. This technology shows potential toward processing temperature-sensitive bioactive ingredients or remote-controlled bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srivatsan Ramesh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jack Davis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Alexandra Roros
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Chuanzhen Zhou
- Analytical Instrumentation Facility, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Nanfei He
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Saad Khan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
- Biomanufacturing Training and Education Center (BTEC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7928, United States
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Intelligent Polymers, Fibers and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091427. [PMID: 33925249 PMCID: PMC8125737 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelligent materials, also known as smart materials, are capable of reacting to various external stimuli or environmental changes by rearranging their structure at a molecular level and adapting functionality accordingly. The initial concept of the intelligence of a material originated from the natural biological system, following the sensing–reacting–learning mechanism. The dynamic and adaptive nature, along with the immediate responsiveness, of the polymer- and fiber-based smart materials have increased their global demand in both academia and industry. In this manuscript, the most recent progress in smart materials with various features is reviewed with a focus on their applications in diverse fields. Moreover, their performance and working mechanisms, based on different physical, chemical and biological stimuli, such as temperature, electric and magnetic field, deformation, pH and enzymes, are summarized. Finally, the study is concluded by highlighting the existing challenges and future opportunities in the field of intelligent materials.
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Bookhold J, Dirksen M, Wiehemeier L, Knust S, Anselmetti D, Paneff F, Zhang X, Gölzhäuser A, Kottke T, Hellweg T. Smart membranes by electron beam cross-linking of copolymer microgels. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2205-2214. [PMID: 33459755 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) based copolymer microgels were used to create free-standing, transferable, thermoresponsive membranes. The microgels were synthesized by copolymerization of NIPAM with N-benzylhydrylacrylamide (NBHAM). Monolayers of these colloidal gels were subsequently cross-linked using an electron gun leading to the formation of a connected monolayer. Furthermore, the cross-linked microgel layer is detached from the supporting material by dissolving the substrate. These unique systems can be used as transferable, thermoresponsive coatings and as thermoresponsive membranes. As a proof of principle for the use of such membranes we studied the ion transport through them at different temperatures revealing drastic changes when the lower critical solution temperature of the copolymer microgels is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Bookhold
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Maxim Dirksen
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Lars Wiehemeier
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Knust
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Florian Paneff
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Physics of Supermolecular Systems and Surfaces, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Xianghui Zhang
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Physics of Supermolecular Systems and Surfaces, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- University Bielefeld, Department of Physics, Physics of Supermolecular Systems and Surfaces, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tilman Kottke
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- University Bielefeld, Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Dirksen M, Brändel T, Großkopf S, Knust S, Bookhold J, Anselmetti D, Hellweg T. UV cross-linked smart microgel membranes as free-standing diffusion barriers and nanoparticle bearing catalytic films. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22014-22024. [PMID: 35480797 PMCID: PMC9036384 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we use poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) based copolymer microgels to create free-standing, transferable, thermoresponsive membranes. The microgels are synthesized by copolymerization of NIPAM with 2-hydroxy-4-(methacryloyloxy)–benzophenone (HMABP) and spin-coated on Si wafers. After subsequent cross-linking by UV-irradiation, the formed layers easily detach from the supporting material. We obtain free standing microgel membranes with lateral extensions of several millimetres and an average layer thickness of a few hundred nanometres. They can be transferred to other substrates. As one example for potential applications we investigate the temperature dependent ion transport through the membranes via resistance measurements revealing a sharp reversible increase in resistance when the lower critical solution temperature of the copolymer microgels is reached. In addition, prior to cross-linking, the microgels can be decorated with silver nanoparticles and cross-linked afterwards. Such free-standing nanoparticle hybrid membranes are then used as catalytic systems for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, which is monitored by UV/Vis spectroscopy. Cross-linkable microgels are synthesized by copolymerization of NIPAM with 2-hydroxy-4-(methacryloyloxy)–benzophenone (HMABP) and are subsequently UV-cross-linked to obtain smart membranes exhibiting switchable resistance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Dirksen
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Timo Brändel
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Sören Großkopf
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Knust
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Johannes Bookhold
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Dario Anselmetti
- Department of Physics, Experimental Biophysics
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
| | - Thomas Hellweg
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Biophysical Chemistry
- University Bielefeld
- D-33615 Bielefeld
- Germany
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