1
|
Kanatieva AY, Korolev AA, Wozniak AI, Kurganov AA. IGC investigation of the effect of the length of the n-alkyl substituent in 5-alkylsubstituted norbornenes on solute retention. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1727:464969. [PMID: 38776606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Polymerization of 5-n-alkyl-substituted 2-norbornenes synthesized a series of polymers having the same structure of the main polymer chain, but differing in the length of the alkyl substituent (up to 14 methylene units). The obtained polymers were studied by the capillary IGC method as a stationary phase during separation of a mixture of normal hydrocarbons C6-C10. Retention data in the form of a logarithm of the retention factor lnk were correlated with the size of the sorbate (via the carbon number of the alkane ZS) and with the size of the n-alkyl substituent in the polymer chain (via the carbon number of the polymer ZP). Correlation of lnk vs. ZS turned out to be linear for all polymers, but the angle of the slope of linear dependence dlnk/dZS increases with a decrease in the carbon number of the polymer ZP. Dependency of dlnk/dZS vs. ZP is not linear and indicates an increase in the retention of sorbates by the stationary phase with a decrease in the length of the alkyl substituent in the polymer chain. The correlation of the retention of lnk analytes with the carbon number of the polymer ZP is not linear and indicates an increase in the sorbate/sorbent interaction with a decrease in the length of the alkyl substituent. Inflection points were found at both correlations with ZP in the region of ZP = 8, which indicates a possible change in the sorption mechanism or a change in the phase state of the polymer. In polymer chemistry, the phase state of a polymer is characterized by the glass transition temperature Tg, the dependence of which vs. ZP turned out to be nonlinear with an inflection point at ZP ∼11. Thus, a decrease in the length of the alkyl substituent leads to the transition of the polymer from a rubbery state to a glassy one at ZP ∼ 11, which in turn, with a further decrease in the carbon number of the polymer to ZP ∼ 8, causes a change in the sorption mechanism from bulk sorption to surface sorption. The change in the sorption mechanism is accompanied by an increase in the interaction of the sorbate with the stationary phase, which manifests itself both in an increase in the retention time of analytes and in an increase in the enthalpy and entropy of sorption. The reason for this increase can be seen in the formation of a microporous structure in 5-alkyl-substituted polynorbornenes in a glassy state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Kanatieva
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of petrochemical synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenin av. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A A Korolev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of petrochemical synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenin av. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A I Wozniak
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of petrochemical synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenin av. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A A Kurganov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of petrochemical synthesis Russian Academy of Sciences, Lenin av. 29, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lunin AO, Andreyanov FA, Makarov IS, Bermeshev MV. Vinyl-Addition Homopolymeization of Norbornenes with Bromoalkyl Groups. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4444. [PMID: 38006171 PMCID: PMC10674773 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Vinyl-addition polynorbornenes are of great interest as versatile templates for the targeted design of polymer materials with desired properties. These polymers possess rigid and saturated backbones, which provide them with high thermal and chemical stability as well as high glass transition temperatures. Vinyl-addition polymers from norbornenes with bromoalkyl groups are widely used as precursors of anion exchange membranes; however, high-molecular-weight homopolymers from such monomers are often difficult to prepare. Herein, we report the systematic study of vinyl-addition polymerization of norbornenes with various bromoalkyl groups on Pd-catalysts bearing N-heterocyclic carbene ligands ((NHC)Pd-systems). Norbornenes with different lengths of hydrocarbon linker (one, two, and four CH2 groups) between the bicyclic norbornene moiety and the bromine atom were used as model monomers, while single- and three-component (NHC)Pd-systems were applied as catalysts. In vinyl-addition polymerization, the reactivity of the investigated monomers varied substantially. The relative reactivity of these monomers was assessed in copolymerization experiments, which showed that the closer the bromine is to the norbornene double-bond, the lower the monomer's reactivity. The most reactive monomer was the norbornene derivative with the largest substituent (with the longest linker). Tuning the catalyst's nature and the conditions of polymerization, we succeeded in synthesizing high-molecular-weight homopolymers from norbornenes with bromoalkyl groups (Mn up to 1.4 × 106). The basic physico-chemical properties of the prepared polymers were studied and considered together with the results of vinyl-addition polymerization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maxim V. Bermeshev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, RAS, 29 Leninskiy Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.O.L.); (F.A.A.); (I.S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bakhtin DS, Sokolov SE, Borisov IL, Volkov VV, Volkov AV, Samoilov VO. Mitigation of Physical Aging of Polymeric Membrane Materials for Gas Separation: A Review. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13050519. [PMID: 37233580 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The first commercial hollow fiber and flat sheet gas separation membranes were produced in the late 1970s from the glassy polymers polysulfone and poly(vinyltrimethyl silane), respectively, and the first industrial application was hydrogen recovery from ammonia purge gas in the ammonia synthesis loop. Membranes based on glassy polymers (polysulfone, cellulose acetate, polyimides, substituted polycarbonate, and poly(phenylene oxide)) are currently used in various industrial processes, such as hydrogen purification, nitrogen production, and natural gas treatment. However, the glassy polymers are in a non-equilibrium state; therefore, these polymers undergo a process of physical aging, which is accompanied by the spontaneous reduction of free volume and gas permeability over time. The high free volume glassy polymers, such as poly(1-trimethylgermyl-1-propyne), polymers of intrinsic microporosity PIMs, and fluoropolymers Teflon® AF and Hyflon® AD, undergo significant physical aging. Herein, we outline the latest progress in the field of increasing durability and mitigating the physical aging of glassy polymer membrane materials and thin-film composite membranes for gas separation. Special attention is paid to such approaches as the addition of porous nanoparticles (via mixed matrix membranes), polymer crosslinking, and a combination of crosslinking and addition of nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danila S Bakhtin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stepan E Sokolov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya L Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Volkov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Volkov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Biological and Environmental Science, and Engineering Division (BESE), Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center (AMPM), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vadim O Samoilov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alentiev DA, Starannikova LE, Bermeshev MV. Polymerization of Tricyclononenes Contaning Trialkoxysilyl Substituents with Long Alkyl Fragments. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427222090087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
|
5
|
Adreyanov FA, Alentiev DA, Lunin AO, Borisov IL, Volkov AV, Finkelshtein ES, Ren XK, Bermeshev MV. Polymers from organosilicon derivatives of 5-norbornene-2-methanol for membrane gas separation. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
6
|
Nazarov IV, Bakhtin DS, Gorlov IV, Potapov KV, Borisov IL, Lounev IV, Makarov IS, Volkov AV, Finkelshtein ES, Bermeshev MV. Gas-Transport and the Dielectric Properties of Metathesis Polymer from the Ester of exo-5-Norbornenecarboxylic Acid and 1,1′-Bi-2-naphthol. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132697. [PMID: 35808741 PMCID: PMC9269233 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers from norbornenes are of interest for applications in opto- and microelectronic (low dielectric materials, photoresists, OLEDs). Norbornenes with ester motifs are among the most readily available norbornene derivatives. However, little is known about dielectric properties and the gas-transport of polynorbornenes from such monomers. Herein, we synthesized a new metathesis polymer from exo-5-norbornenecarboxylic acid and 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol. The designed monomer was obtained via a two-step procedure in a good yield. This norbornene derivative with a rigid and a bulky binaphthyl group was successfully polymerized over the 1st generation Grubbs catalyst, affording high-molecular-weight products (Mw ≤ 1.5·106) in yields of 94–98%. The polymer is amorphous and glassy (Tg = 161 °C), and it shows good thermal stability. Unlike most, polyNBi is a classic low-permeable glassy polymer. The selectivity of polyNBi was higher than that of polyNB. Being less permeable than polyNB, polyNBi unexpectedly showed a lower value of dielectric permittivity (2.7 for polyNBi vs. 5.0 for polyNB). Therefore, the molecular design of polynorbornenes has great potential to obtain polymers with desired properties in a wide range of required characteristics. Further tuning of the gas separation efficiency can be achieved by attaching an appropriate substituent to the ester and aryl group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V. Nazarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Danila S. Bakhtin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Ilya V. Gorlov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, The Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Potapov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky Prospect, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya L. Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Ivan V. Lounev
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Igor S. Makarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Alexey V. Volkov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Eugene Sh. Finkelshtein
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
| | - Maxim V. Bermeshev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 Leninsky Prospekt, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.N.); (D.S.B.); (I.V.G.); (I.L.B.); (I.S.M.); (A.V.V.); (E.S.F.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Polynorbornenes bearing ether fragments in substituents: Promising membrane materials with enhanced CO2 permeability. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|