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Rafi H, Rafiq H, Farhan M. Pharmacological profile of agmatine: An in-depth overview. Neuropeptides 2024; 105:102429. [PMID: 38608401 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Agmatine, a naturally occurring polyamine derived from arginine via arginine decarboxylase, has been shown to play multifaceted roles in the mammalian body, impacting a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. This comprehensive review delineates the significant insights into agmatine's pharmacological profile, emphasizing its structure and metabolism, neurotransmission and regulation, and pharmacokinetics and function. Agmatine's biosynthesis is highly conserved across species, highlighting its fundamental role in cellular functions. In the brain, comparable to established neurotransmitters, agmatine acts as a neuromodulator, influencing the regulation, metabolism, and reabsorption of neurotransmitters that are key to mood disorders, learning, cognition, and the management of anxiety and depression. Beyond its neuromodulatory functions, agmatine exhibits protective effects across various cellular and systemic contexts, including neuroprotection, nephroprotection, cardioprotection, and cytoprotection, suggesting a broad therapeutic potential. The review explores agmatine's interaction with multiple receptor systems, including NMDA, α2-adrenoceptors, and imidazoline receptors, elucidating its role in enhancing cell viability, neuronal protection, and synaptic plasticity. Such interactions underpin agmatine's potential in treating neurological diseases and mood disorders, among other conditions. Furthermore, agmatine's pharmacokinetics, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, are discussed, underlining the complexity of its action and the potential for therapeutic application. The safety and efficacy of agmatine supplementation, demonstrated through various animal and human studies, affirm its potential as a beneficial therapeutic agent. Conclusively, the diverse physiological and therapeutic effects of agmatine, spanning neurotransmission, protection against cellular damage, and modulation of various receptor pathways, position it as a promising candidate for further research and clinical application. This review underscores the imperative for continued exploration into agmatine's mechanisms of action and its potential in pharmacology and medicine, promising advances in the treatment of numerous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Rafi
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Hamna Rafiq
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Pakistan
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2
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Yan Z, Luan Y, Wang Y, Ren Y, Li Z, Zhao L, Shen L, Yang X, Liu T, Gao Y, Sun W. Constructing a Novel Amino Acid Metabolism Signature: A New Perspective on Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis, Immune Landscape, and Immunotherapy. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10733-5. [PMID: 38526709 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PGPG) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor. Amino acid metabolism is crucial for energy production, redox balance, and metabolic pathways in tumor cell proliferation. This study aimed to build a risk model using amino acid metabolism-related genes, enhancing PGPG diagnosis and treatment decisions. We analyzed RNA-sequencing data from the PCPG cohort in the GEO dataset as our training set and validated our findings using the TCGA dataset and an additional clinical cohort. WGCNA and LASSO were utilized to identify hub genes and develop risk prediction models. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis, MCPCOUNTER, and ESTIMATE algorithm calculated the relationship between amino acid metabolism and immune cell infiltration in PCPG. The TIDE algorithm predicted the immunotherapy efficacy for PCPG patients. The analysis identified 292 genes with differential expression, which are involved in amino acid metabolism and immune pathways. Six genes (DDC, SYT11, GCLM, PSMB7, TYRO3, AGMAT) were identified as crucial for the risk prediction model. Patients with a high-risk profile demonstrated reduced immune infiltration but potentially higher benefits from immunotherapy. Notably, DDC and SYT11 showed strong diagnostic and prognostic potential. Validation through quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and immunohistochemistry confirmed their differential expression, underscoring their significance in PCPG diagnosis and in predicting immunotherapy response. This study's integration of amino acid metabolism-related genes into a risk prediction model offers critical clinical insights for PCPG risk stratification, potential immunotherapy responses, drug development, and treatment planning, marking a significant step forward in the management of this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechen Yan
- BGI College and Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkun Luan
- BGI College and Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- BGI College and Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yilin Ren
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyang Zhao
- BGI College and Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Linnuo Shen
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Yang
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tonghu Liu
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yukui Gao
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weibo Sun
- Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Surgery, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Oncology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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3
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Peterson CD, Waataja JJ, Kitto KF, Erb SJ, Verma H, Schuster DJ, Churchill CC, Riedl MS, Belur LR, Wolf DA, McIvor RS, Vulchanova L, Wilcox GL, Fairbanks CA. Long-term reversal of chronic pain behavior in rodents through elevation of spinal agmatine. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1123-1135. [PMID: 36710491 PMCID: PMC10124077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain remains a significant burden worldwide, and treatments are often limited by safety or efficacy. The decarboxylated form of L-arginine, agmatine, antagonizes N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, inhibits nitric oxide synthase, and reverses behavioral neuroplasticity. We hypothesized that expressing the proposed synthetic enzyme for agmatine in the sensory pathway could reduce chronic pain without motor deficits. Intrathecal delivery of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector carrying the gene for arginine decarboxylase (ADC) prevented the development of chronic neuropathic pain as induced by spared nerve injury in mice and rats and persistently reversed established hypersensitivity 266 days post-injury. Spinal long-term potentiation was inhibited by both exogenous agmatine and AAV-human ADC (hADC) vector pre-treatment but was enhanced in rats treated with anti-agmatine immunoneutralizing antibodies. These data suggest that endogenous agmatine modulates the neuroplasticity associated with chronic pain. Development of approaches to access this inhibitory control of neuroplasticity associated with chronic pain may yield important non-opioid pain-relieving options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina D Peterson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan J Waataja
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Kelley F Kitto
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samuel J Erb
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Harsha Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Schuster
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Caroline C Churchill
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maureen S Riedl
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lalitha R Belur
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daniel A Wolf
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - R Scott McIvor
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lucy Vulchanova
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - George L Wilcox
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carolyn A Fairbanks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, College of Pharmacy, 9-177 Weaver Densford Hall, 308 Harvard Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Hua Y, Huang W, Wang F, Jing Z, Li J, Wang Q, Zhao Y. Metabolites, gene expression, and gut microbiota profiles suggest the putative mechanisms via which dietary creatine increases the serum taurine and g-ABA contents in Megalobrama amblycephala. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:253-274. [PMID: 36897433 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A 90-day experiment was conducted to explore the effects of creatine on growth performance, liver health status, metabolites, and gut microbiota in Megalobrama amblycephala. There were 6 treatments as follows: control (CD, 29.41% carbohydrates), high carbohydrate (HCD, 38.14% carbohydrates), betaine (BET, 1.2% betaine + 39.76% carbohydrates), creatine 1 (CRE1, 0.5% creatine + 1.2% betaine + 39.29% carbohydrates), creatine 2 (CRE2, 1% creatine + 1.2% betaine + 39.50% carbohydrates), and creatine 3 (CRE3, 2% creatine + 1.2% betaine + 39.44% carbohydrates). The results showed that supplementing creatine and betaine together reduced the feed conversion ratio significantly (P < 0.05, compared to CD and HCD) and improved liver health (compared to HCD). Compared with the BET group, dietary creatine significantly increased the abundances of Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, ZOR0006, and Bacteroides and decreased the abundances of Proteobacteria, Fusobacteriota, Vibrio, Crenobacter, and Shewanella in the CRE1 group. Dietary creatine increased the content of taurine, arginine, ornithine, γ-aminobutyric acid (g-ABA), and creatine (CRE1 vs. BET group) and the expression of creatine kinase (ck), sulfinoalanine decarboxylase (csad), guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (gamt), glycine amidinotransferase (gatm), agmatinase (agmat), diamine oxidase1 (aoc1), and glutamate decarboxylase (gad) in the CRE1 group. Overall, these results suggested that dietary supplementation of creatine (0.5-2%) did not affect the growth performance, but it altered the gut microbial composition at the phylum and genus levels, which might be beneficial to the gut health of M. amblycephala; dietary creatine also increased the serum content of taurine by enhancing the expressions of ck and csad and increased the serum content of g-ABA by enhancing the arginine content and the expressions of gatm, agmat, gad, and aoc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Hua
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wangwang Huang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fan Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhao Jing
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juntao Li
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Haikou, 570102, China
| | - Qingchao Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhua Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Wilson LA, Pedroso MM, Peralta RA, Gahan LR, Schenk G. Biomimetics for purple acid phosphatases: A historical perspective. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 238:112061. [PMID: 36371912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetics hold potential for varied applications in biotechnology and medicine but have also attracted particular interest as benchmarks for the functional study of their more complex biological counterparts, e.g. metalloenzymes. While many of the synthetic systems adequately mimic some structural and functional aspects of their biological counterparts the catalytic efficiencies displayed are mostly far inferior due to the smaller size and the associated lower complexity. Nonetheless they play an important role in bioinorganic chemistry. Numerous examples of biologically inspired and informed artificial catalysts have been reported, designed to mimic a plethora of chemical transformations, and relevant examples are highlighted in reviews and scientific reports. Herein, we discuss biomimetics of the metallohydrolase purple acid phosphatase (PAP), examples of which have been used to showcase synergistic research advances for both the biological and synthetic systems. In particular, we focus on the seminal contribution of our colleague Prof. Ademir Neves, and his group, pioneers in the design and optimization of suitable ligands that mimic the active site of PAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam A Wilson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Marcelo M Pedroso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rosely A Peralta
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Lawrence R Gahan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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6
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New Insights into the Determinants of Specificity in Human Type I Arginase: Generation of a Mutant That Is Only Active with Agmatine as Substrate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126438. [PMID: 35742891 PMCID: PMC9224512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginase catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine into L-ornithine and urea. This enzyme has several analogies with agmatinase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of agmatine into putrescine and urea. However, this contrasts with the highlighted specificity that each one presents for their respective substrate. A comparison of available crystal structures for arginases reveals an important difference in the extension of two loops located in the entrance of the active site. The first, denominated loop A (I129-L140) contains the residues that interact with the alpha carboxyl group or arginine of arginase, and the loop B (D181-P184) contains the residues that interact with the alpha amino group of arginine. In this work, to determine the importance of these loops in the specificity of arginase, single, double, and triple arginase mutants in these loops were constructed, as well as chimeras between type I human arginase and E. coli agmatinase. In previous studies, the substitution of N130D in arginase (in loop A) generated a species capable of hydrolyzing arginine and agmatine. Now, the specificity of arginase is completely altered, generating a chimeric species that is only active with agmatine as a substrate, by substituting I129T, N130Y, and T131A together with the elimination of residues P132, L133, and T134. In addition, Quantum Mechanic/Molecular Mechanic (QM/MM) calculations were carried out to study the accommodation of the substrates in in the active site of this chimera. With these results it is concluded that this loop is decisive to discriminate the type of substrate susceptible to be hydrolyzed by arginase. Evidence was also obtained to define the loop B as a structural determinant for substrate affinity. Concretely, the double mutation D181T and V182E generate an enzyme with an essentially unaltered kcat value, but with a significantly increased Km value for arginine and a significant decrease in affinity for its product ornithine.
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7
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Şorodoc V, Rusu-Zota G, Nechita P, Moraru C, Manole OM. Effects of imidazoline agents in a rat conditioned place preference model of addiction. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:365-376. [PMID: 34997272 PMCID: PMC8816376 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine (AG), idazoxan (IDZ), and efaroxan (EFR) are imidazoline receptor ligands with beneficial effects in central nervous system disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the interaction between AG, IDZ, and EFR with an opiate, tramadol (TR), in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. In the experiment, we used five groups with 8 adult male Wistar rats each. During the condition session, on days 2, 4, 6, and 8, the rats received the drugs (saline, or TR, or IDZ and TR, or EFR and TR, or AG and TR) and were placed in their least preferred compartment. On days 1, 3, 5, and 7, the rats received saline in the preferred compartment. In the preconditioning, the preferred compartment was determined. In the postconditioning, the preference for one of the compartments was reevaluated. TR increased the time spent in the non-preferred compartment. AG decreased time spent in the TR-paired compartment. EFR, more than IDZ, reduced the time spent in the TR-paired compartment, but without statistical significance. AG reversed the TR-induced CPP, while EFR and IDZ only decreased the time spent in the TR-paired compartment, without statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Şorodoc
- Department of Internal Medicine (Toxicology), University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa", 700115, Iasi, Romania
| | - G Rusu-Zota
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algesiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa", 700115, Iasi, Romania.
| | - P Nechita
- "Socola" Psychiatric Institute, 700282, Iasi, Romania
| | - C Moraru
- "Socola" Psychiatric Institute, 700282, Iasi, Romania
| | - O M Manole
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa", 700115, Iasi, Romania
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8
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Feder D, Mohd-Pahmi SH, Hussein WM, Guddat LW, McGeary RP, Schenk G. Rational Design of Potent Inhibitors of a Metallohydrolase Using a Fragment-Based Approach. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3342-3359. [PMID: 34331400 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Metallohydrolases form a large group of enzymes that have fundamental importance in a broad range of biological functions. Among them, the purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) have gained attention due to their crucial role in the acquisition and use of phosphate by plants and also as a promising target for novel treatments of bone-related disorders and cancer. To date, no crystal structure of a mammalian PAP with drug-like molecules bound near the active site is available. Herein, we used a fragment-based design approach using structures of a mammalian PAP in complex with the MaybridgeTM fragment CC063346, the amino acid L-glutamine and the buffer molecule HEPES, as well as various solvent molecules to guide the design of highly potent and efficient mammalian PAP inhibitors. These inhibitors have improved aqueous solubility when compared to the clinically most promising PAP inhibitors available to date. Furthermore, drug-like fragments bound in newly discovered binding sites mapped out additional scaffolds for further inhibitor discovery, as well as scaffolds for the design of inhibitors with novel modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Feder
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Siti H Mohd-Pahmi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Ross P McGeary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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9
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Increased polyamine levels and maintenance of γ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) homeostasis in the gills is indicative of osmotic plasticity in killifish. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 257:110969. [PMID: 33915271 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Fundulus genus of killifish includes species that inhabit marshes along the U.S. Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico, but differ in their ability to adjust rapidly to fluctuations in salinity. Previous work suggests that euryhaline killifish stimulate polyamine biosynthesis and accumulate putrescine in the gills during acute hypoosmotic challenge. Despite evidence that polyamines have an osmoregulatory role in euryhaline killifish species, their function in marine species is unknown. Furthermore, the consequences of hypoosmotic-induced changes in polyamine synthesis on downstream pathways, such as ƴ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba) production, have yet to be explored. Here, we examined the effects of acute hypoosmotic exposure on polyamine, glutamate, and Gaba levels in the gills of a marine (F. majalis) and two euryhaline killifish species (F. heteroclitus and F. grandis). Fish acclimated to 32 ppt or 12 ppt water were transferred to fresh water, and concentrations of glutamate (Glu), Gaba, and the polyamines putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) were measured in the gills using high-performance liquid chromatography. F. heteroclitus and F. grandis exhibited an increase in gill Put concentration, but showed no change in Glu or Gaba levels following freshwater transfer. F. heteroclitus also accumulated Spd in the gills, whereas F. grandis showed transient increases in Spd and Spm levels. In contrast, gill Put, Spm, Glu, and Gaba levels decreased in F. majalis following freshwater transfer. Together, these findings suggest that increasing polyamine levels and maintaining Glu and Gaba levels in the gills may enable euryhaline teleosts to acclimate to shifts in environmental salinity.
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Chitrakar I, Ahmed SF, Torelli AT, French JB. Structure of the E. coli agmatinase, SPEB. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248991. [PMID: 33857156 PMCID: PMC8049259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agmatine amidinohydrolase, or agmatinase, catalyzes the conversion of agmatine to putrescine and urea. This enzyme is found broadly across kingdoms of life and plays a critical role in polyamine biosynthesis and the regulation of agmatine concentrations. Here we describe the high-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the E. coli agmatinase, SPEB. The data showed a relatively high degree of pseudomerohedral twinning, was ultimately indexed in the P31 space group and led to a final model with eighteen chains, corresponding to three full hexamers in the asymmetric unit. There was a solvent content of 38.5% and refined R/Rfree values of 0.166/0.216. The protein has the conserved fold characteristic of the agmatine ureohydrolase family and displayed a high degree of structural similarity among individual protomers. Two distinct peaks of electron density were observed in the active site of most of the eighteen chains of SPEB. As the activity of this protein is known to be dependent upon manganese and the fold is similar to other dinuclear metallohydrolases, these peaks were modeled as manganese ions. The orientation of the conserved active site residues, in particular those amino acids that participate in binding the metal ions and a pair of acidic residues (D153 and E274 in SPEB) that play a role in catalysis, are similar to other agmatinase and arginase enzymes and is consistent with a hydrolytic mechanism that proceeds via a metal-activated hydroxide ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Chitrakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Graduate Program, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Syed Fardin Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrew T. Torelli
- Department of Chemistry, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Jarrod B. French
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, United States of America
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Insights into the Mn 2+ Binding Site in the Agmatinase-Like Protein (ALP): A Critical Enzyme for the Regulation of Agmatine Levels in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114132. [PMID: 32531922 PMCID: PMC7313459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Agmatine is a neurotransmitter with anticonvulsant, anti-neurotoxic and antidepressant-like effects, in addition it has hypoglycemic actions. Agmatine is converted to putrescine and urea by agmatinase (AGM) and by an agmatinase-like protein (ALP), a new type of enzyme which is present in human and rodent brain tissues. Recombinant rat brain ALP is the only mammalian protein that exhibits significant agmatinase activity in vitro and generates putrescine under in vivo conditions. ALP, despite differing in amino acid sequence from all members of the ureohydrolase family, is strictly dependent on Mn2+ for catalytic activity. However, the Mn2+ ligands have not yet been identified due to the lack of structural information coupled with the low sequence identity that ALPs display with known ureohydrolases. In this work, we generated a structural model of the Mn2+ binding site of the ALP and we propose new putative Mn2+ ligands. Then, we cloned and expressed a sequence of 210 amino acids, here called the “central-ALP”, which include the putative ligands of Mn2+. The results suggest that the central-ALP is catalytically active, as agmatinase, with an unaltered Km for agmatine and a decreased kcat. Similar to wild-type ALP, central-ALP is activated by Mn2+ with a similar affinity. Besides, a simple mutant D217A, a double mutant E288A/K290A, and a triple mutant N213A/Q215A/D217A of these putative Mn2+ ligands result on the loss of ALP agmatinase activity. Our results indicate that the central-ALP contains the active site for agmatine hydrolysis, as well as that the residues identified are relevant for the ALP catalysis.
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Olescowicz G, Sampaio TB, de Paula Nascimento-Castro C, Brocardo PS, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Protective Effects of Agmatine Against Corticosterone-Induced Impairment on Hippocampal mTOR Signaling and Cell Death. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:319-329. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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13
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Adaptation of a continuous, calorimetric kinetic assay to study the agmatinase-catalyzed hydrolytic reaction. Anal Biochem 2020; 595:113618. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Functional analysis of the Mn2+ requirement in the catalysis of ureohydrolases arginase and agmatinase - a historical perspective. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 202:110812. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Synthesis of homoagmatine and GC–MS analysis of tissue homoagmatine and agmatine: evidence that homoagmatine but not agmatine is a metabolite of pharmacological L-homoarginine in the anesthetized rat. Amino Acids 2019; 52:235-245. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bergin DH, Jing Y, Williams G, Mockett BG, Zhang H, Abraham WC, Liu P. Safety and neurochemical profiles of acute and sub-chronic oral treatment with agmatine sulfate. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12669. [PMID: 31481723 PMCID: PMC6722093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) exerts numerous central nervous system (CNS) dependent pharmacological effects and may potentially modulate altered neurochemistry seen in neurological disorders. In preclinical studies, injection has been the predominant route of systemic administration. However, a significant translational step would be the use of oral agmatine treatment at therapeutic doses and better understanding of L-arginine metabolic profiles in the CNS post-treatment. The present study systematically investigated the tolerability, safety and brain-plasma neurochemistry following daily oral agmatine sulfate treatment (via gavage) to wild-type (WT) mice up to 900 mg/kg for one week (Experiment 1) or WT and APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic (Tg) mice at 300 mg/kg for fifteen weeks (Experiment 2). Agmatine treatment in both experiments was well tolerated with no marked behavioural impairments, and gross necropsy and organ histology revealed no pathological alterations after 15-week dosing. Moreover, oral treatment increased agmatine levels in the hippocampus and plasma of WT mice (Experiment 1), and in 6 brain regions examined (but not plasma) of WT and Tg mice (Experiment 2), at 30 minutes or 24 hours post-treatment respectively. This study provides fundamental pre-clinical evidence that daily oral delivery of agmatine sulfate to both WT and Tg mice is safe and well tolerated. Exogenous agmatine passes through the blood brain barrier and accumulates in the brain to a greater extent in Tg mice. Furthermore exogenous agmatine has differential actions in the brain and periphery, and its effect on brain putrescine appears to be dependent on the time post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Bergin
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,School of Pharmacy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Yu Jing
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gail Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bruce G Mockett
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wickliffe C Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Kotagale NR, Taksande BG, Inamdar NN. Neuroprotective offerings by agmatine. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:228-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Selakovic V, Arsenijevic L, Jovanovic M, Sivcev S, Jovanovic N, Leontijevic M, Stojanovic M, Radenkovic M, Andjus P, Radenovic L. Functional and pharmacological analysis of agmatine administration in different cerebral ischemia animal models. Brain Res Bull 2019; 146:201-212. [PMID: 30641119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Agmatine (AgM, 100 mg/kg i.p.) effect was tested in parallel at two animal models of cerebral ischemia - rat MCAO model (60'/24 h, 60'/48 h, 90'/24 h, 90'/48 h) and gerbil global ischemia (10') model, administrated 5 min after reperfusion. Aim was to evaluate AgM effect on functional outcome 24 and 48 h after MCAO on neurological and sensor-motor function, and coordination in rats. AgM administration significantly reduced infarct volume, improved neurological score and improved post-ischemic oxidative status. Results of behavioral tests (cylinder test, beam walking test, and adhesive removal test) have shown very effective functional recovery after AgM administration. Efficiency of AgM administration in gerbils was observed in forebrain cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum at the level of each examined oxidative stress parameter (nitric oxide level, superoxide production, superoxide dismutase activity, and index of lipid peroxidation) measured in four different time points starting at 3 h up to 48 h after reperfusion. The highest levels were obtained 6 h after the insult. The most sensitive oxidative stress parameter to AgM was nitric oxide. Additionally, we performed pharmacological analysis of AgM on rat isolated common carotid arteries. The findings imply that mixed population of potassium channels located on the smooth muscle cells was involved in common carotid artery response to AgM, with predominance of inward rectifying K+ channels. In our comparative experimental approach, judged by behavioral, biochemical, as well as pharmacological data, the AgM administration showed an effective reduction of ischemic neurological damage and oxidative stress, hence indicating a direction towards improving post-stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Selakovic
- Institute of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Military Medical Academy, University of Defense, Serbia
| | | | - M Jovanovic
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Sivcev
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - N Jovanovic
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - M Stojanovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Radenkovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - P Andjus
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - L Radenovic
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
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Therapeutic Effect of Agmatine on Neurological Disease: Focus on Ion Channels and Receptors. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:735-750. [PMID: 30610652 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-02712-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is the most injury-prone part of the mammalian body. Any acute or chronic, central or peripheral neurological disorder is related to abnormal biochemical and electrical signals in the brain cells. As a result, ion channels and receptors that are abundant in the nervous system and control the electrical and biochemical environment of the CNS play a vital role in neurological disease. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid receptor, kainate receptor, acetylcholine receptor, serotonin receptor, α2-adrenoreceptor, and acid-sensing ion channels are among the major channels and receptors known to be key components of pathophysiological events in the CNS. The primary amine agmatine, a neuromodulator synthesized in the brain by decarboxylation of L-arginine, can regulate ion channel cascades and receptors that are related to the major CNS disorders. In our previous studies, we established that agmatine was related to the regulation of cell differentiation, nitric oxide synthesis, and murine brain endothelial cell migration, relief of chronic pain, cerebral edema, and apoptotic cell death in experimental CNS disorders. In this review, we will focus on the pathophysiological aspects of the neurological disorders regulated by these ion channels and receptors, and their interaction with agmatine in CNS injury.
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Cobos-Puc L, Aguayo-Morales H. Cardiovascular Effects Mediated by Imidazoline Drugs: An Update. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:95-108. [PMID: 29962350 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666180629170336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clonidine is a centrally acting antihypertensive drug. Hypotensive effect of clonidine is mediated mainly by central α2-adrenoceptors and/or imidazoline receptors located in a complex network of the brainstem. Unfortunately, clonidine produces side effects such as sedation, mouth dry, and depression. Moxonidine and rilmenidine, compounds of the second generation of imidazoline drugs, with fewer side effects, display a higher affinity for the imidazoline receptors compared with α2-adrenoceptors. The antihypertensive action of these drugs is due to inhibition of the sympathetic outflow primarily through central I1-imidazoline receptors in the RVLM, although others anatomical sites and mechanisms/receptors are involved. Agmatine is regarded as the endogenous ligand for imidazoline receptors. This amine modulates the cardiovascular function. Indeed, when administered in the RVLM mimics the hypotension of clonidine. RESULTS Recent findings have shown that imidazoline drugs also exert biological response directly on the cardiovascular tissues, which can contribute to their antihypertensive response. Currently, new imidazoline receptors ligands are in development. CONCLUSION In the present review, we provide a brief update on the cardiovascular effects of clonidine, moxonidine, rilmenidine, and the novel imidazoline agents since representing an important therapeutic target for some cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Cobos-Puc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Hilda Aguayo-Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico
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incebay H. A Sensitive Quantification of Agmatine Using a Hybrid Electrode Based on Zinc oxide Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.401450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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