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Gortan Cappellari G, Zanetti M, Donini LM, Barazzoni R. Detecting sarcopenia in obesity: emerging new approaches. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2024; 27:402-409. [PMID: 39022899 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000001062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sarcopenic obesity is a likely common, but certainly underestimated obesity phenotype, with an important negative clinical impact. Its definition and diagnosis have however remained elusive until recently. RECENT FINDINGS Substantial progress has been recently made in sarcopenic obesity diagnostic tools, with the first international consensus proposed by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). Very encouraging results emerge from initial implementation of the ESPEN-EASO algorithm. In addition, even more recent progress in global consensus on sarcopenia conceptual definition is likely to further enhance consistency in sarcopenic obesity identification. The latter Global Leadership Initiative on Sarcopenia (GLIS) initiative also adopted a new definition of muscle specific strength. Its inclusion in sarcopenia diagnostic constructs opens the possibility of its potential evaluation in sarcopenic obesity, also considering the emerging positive impact of obesity treatment and fat loss on muscle functional parameters. SUMMARY New consensus tools for sarcopenic obesity diagnosis are likely to improve awareness, understanding, identification and treatment of this under-recognized obesity phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Gortan Cappellari
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences - University of Trieste
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste
| | - Michela Zanetti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences - University of Trieste
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste
| | | | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences - University of Trieste
- Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste
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Li R, Chen X, Tang H, Luo S, Lian R, Zhang W, Zhang X, Hu X, Yang M. Sarcopenic obesity and falls in older adults: A validation study of ESPEN/EASO criteria and modifications in Western China communities. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2024; 127:105557. [PMID: 38964054 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2024.105557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The ESPEN and the EASO recently developed consensus criteria for sarcopenic obesity (SO), employing the skeletal muscle mass to weight (SMM/W) ratio. Emerging evidence suggests that adjusting skeletal muscle mass for body mass index (SMM/BMI) could enhance the predictive accuracy for health outcomes. We aimed to validate the ESPEN/EASO criteria and explore the potential benefits of the SMM/BMI adjustment in predicting falls among older adults in Western China. METHODS We conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional study and included community-dwelling older adults. The diagnosis of SO was determined using the standard ESPEN/EASO consensus criteria (SOESPEN) and a modified version adjusting SMM/BMI (SOESPEN-M). The associations of SOESPEN, SOESPEN-M, and their components with falls were analyzed. RESULTS Among the 1353 participants, the prevalence of SO was 13.2 % (SOESPEN) and 11.4 % (SOESPEN-M), which increased with age and higher BMI levels. Within participants with a normal BMI, 4.2 % and 6.2 % were found to have SOESPEN and SOESPEN-M, respectively. SMM/W and SMM/BMI negatively correlated with fall risk (p=0.042 and p=0.021, respectively). Upon adjusting for confounders, only SOESPEN was significantly associated with falls (odds ratios [OR] 1.61, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.08 to 2.40), whereas the association for SOESPEN-M did not achieve significance (OR 1.55, 95 % CI 0.99 to 2.43). CONCLUSIONS This research validated the ESPEN/EASO criteria (SOESPEN) and their modified version (SOESPEN-M) among community-dwelling older adults in Western China. The SMM/BMI adjustment appears to offer a lower estimate of SO prevalence, with only SOESPEN showing a significant association with falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjie Li
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Geriatrics, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huiyu Tang
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyue Luo
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongna Lian
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Medical School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Liu C, Liu T, Deng L, Zhang Q, Song M, Shi J, Liu C, Xie H, Chen Y, Lin S, Zheng X, Zhang H, Barazzoni R, Shi H. Sarcopenic Obesity and Outcomes for Patients With Cancer. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2417115. [PMID: 38874924 PMCID: PMC11179127 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.17115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) have recently proposed a consensus definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity (SO). Objective To implement the ESPEN-EASO diagnostic algorithm to investigate the prevalence of SO and its association with outcomes in patients with solid tumor cancers, with particular regard to associations among SO, overall survival (OS), and patient quality of life (QoL). Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study included patients diagnosed with solid tumor starting in May 7, 2013, with the last follow-up on June 30, 2022. Patients with solid tumors were categorized into SO and non-SO groups according to ESPEN-EASO criteria. The primary outcome was OS and the secondary outcomes included patient QoL and risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Data were analyzed from June to December 2023. Results A total of 6790 patients were included in the study (mean [SD] age, 59.64 [10.77] years; 3489 were female [51.4%]). The prevalence of SO was 4.36% (296 of 6790) in the whole cohort and 14.98% (296 of 1976) in the subgroup with obesity. SO prevalence increased with age. During a median (IQR) follow-up period of 6.83 (5.67-7.04) years, 2103 patients died. Cox regression analysis indicated that SO was independently associated with lower OS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.54; 95% CI, 1.23-1.92), which was observed in both men (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.09-2.10) and women (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.12-2.07). SO was also associated with poorer QoL and higher risk of ICU admission (odds ratio, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.06-5.29). Among the diagnostic components of SO, low hand grip strength (HGS) was the only SO component associated with poor OS (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.28). Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study of SO found that SO was significantly associated with lower OS, poorer QoL, and higher risk of ICU admission. Weak HGS, 1 of the diagnostic conditions, was the only component of SO associated with OS. The ESPEN-EASO algorithm appears to be an applicable tool to identify cancer-associated SO, which represents a major clinical complication and factor associated with risk for poor outcomes in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenan Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - Mengmeng Song
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jinyu Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Hailun Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heyang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hanping Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Clinical Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Krznarić Ž, Vranešić Bender D, Blaž Kovač M, Cuerda C, van Ginkel-Res A, Hiesmayr M, Marinho A, Mendive J, Monteiro I, Pirlich M, Musić Milanović S, Kozjek NR, Schneider S, Chourdakis M, Barazzoni R. Clinical nutrition in primary care: ESPEN position paper. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1678-1683. [PMID: 38471980 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Primary care healthcare professionals (PCHPs) are pivotal in managing chronic diseases and present a unique opportunity for nutrition-related disease prevention. However, the active involvement of PCHPs in nutritional care is limited, influenced by factors like insufficient education, lack of resources, and time constraints. In this position paper The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) promotes the active engagement of PCHPs in nutritional care. We emphasize the importance of early detection of malnutrition by screening and diagnosis, particularly in all individuals presenting with risk factors such as older age, chronic disease, post-acute disease conditions and after hospitalization for any cause. ESPEN proposes a strategic roadmap to empower PCHPs in clinical nutrition, focusing on education, tools, and multidisciplinary collaboration. The aim is to integrate nutrition into medical curricula, provide simple screening tools for primary care, and establish referral pathways to address malnutrition systematically. In conclusion, we urge for collaboration with PCHP organizations to raise awareness, enhance nutrition skills, facilitate dietitian accessibility, establish multidisciplinary teams, and promote referral pathways, thereby addressing the underestimated clinical challenge of malnutrition in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Krznarić
- University of Zagreb, Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Darija Vranešić Bender
- University of Zagreb, Zagreb School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Milena Blaž Kovač
- Community Health Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Family Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Cristina Cuerda
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Nutrition Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annemieke van Ginkel-Res
- European Federation of Associations of Dietitians, Diëtheek The Netherlands, Organization of Primary Care Dietitians, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hiesmayr
- Center for Medical Data Science, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anibal Marinho
- Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Universitário de Santo António, Porto, Portugal
| | - Juan Mendive
- La Mina Primary Health Care Academic Centre, Catalan Health Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Monteiro
- Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal; 1H-TOXRUN - One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585 -116 Gandra, Portugal
| | | | - Sanja Musić Milanović
- University of Zagreb, Zagreb School of Medicine, Division for Health Promotion, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Stephane Schneider
- Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Archet University Hospital, Université Côte d'AZUR, Nice, France
| | - Michael Chourdakis
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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Cancello R, Brenna E, Soranna D, Zambon A, Villa V, Castelnuovo G, Donini LM, Busetto L, Capodaglio P, Brunani A. Sarcopenia Prevalence among Hospitalized Patients with Severe Obesity: An Observational Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2880. [PMID: 38792422 PMCID: PMC11122386 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is the combination of excess fat, skeletal muscle and muscular strength/function deficit. The ESPEN/EASO have proposed new diagnostic criteria, but the SO prevalence in patients with severe obesity remains to be established. The aim of this study was to establish the SO prevalence in a large cohort of inpatients with obesity, considering sex, age, BMI, type, and number of concomitant diseases. Methods: Patient data of both genders aged between 18 and 90 years with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m2 underwent hospital evaluation including bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and handgrip strength (HS). QoL scores were obtained by the Psychological General Well-Being Index questionnaire. The study was approved by the institutional Ethic Committee. Results: Among the 3858 patients, 444 (11.51%) exhibited a strength deficit, while 3847 (99.71%) had skeletal muscle mass deficit. The prevalence of SO was then 11.48%, with higher rates in women (12.39%), in individuals aged >70 years (27%), and in those reporting a 'poor' QoL (12.6%). No significant difference in SO prevalence was found when stratifying by BMI (30-40 kg/m2 vs. >40 kg/m2, p = 0.1710). In SO patients, osteoarticular diseases (57%), hypertension/heart failure (38%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (34%), and obstructive sleep apnea (32%) were the more frequent comorbidities. Conclusions: The application of ESPEN/EASO-SO criteria in a cohort of inpatients with severe obesity revealed 11.48% SO prevalence, which was associated with age (particularly > 70 years), gender (women), but not BMI, as determinants. Disease staging and QoL screening may improve the identification of SO high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Cancello
- Obesity Unit, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20121 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ettore Brenna
- Biostatistic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20121 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (D.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Davide Soranna
- Biostatistic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20121 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (D.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Antonella Zambon
- Biostatistic Unit, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20121 Milan, Italy; (E.B.); (D.S.); (A.Z.)
- Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Villa
- Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20824 Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy; (V.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20824 Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy; (V.V.); (G.C.)
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Paolo Capodaglio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
| | - Amelia Brunani
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Rehabilitation and Ergonomics, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 28824 Piancavallo-Verbania, Italy
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Prado CM, Batsis JA, Donini LM, Gonzalez MC, Siervo M. Sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a clinical overview. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:261-277. [PMID: 38321142 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity is characterized by a concurrent decline in muscle mass and function, along with increased adipose tissue. Sarcopenic obesity is a growing concern in older adults owing to significant health consequences, including implications for mortality, comorbidities and risk of developing geriatric syndromes. A 2022 consensus statement established a new definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity. The pathophysiology of this condition involves a complex interplay between muscle, adipose tissue, hormonal changes, inflammation, oxidative stress and lifestyle factors, among others. Sarcopenic obesity is treated with a range of management approaches, such as lifestyle interventions, exercise, nutrition and medical therapies. Emerging therapies that were developed for treating other conditions may be relevant to sarcopenic obesity, including novel pharmacological agents and personalized approaches such as precision medicine. In this Review, we synthesize the current knowledge of the clinical importance of sarcopenic obesity, its assessment and diagnosis, along with current and emerging management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - John A Batsis
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lorenzo M Donini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - M Cristina Gonzalez
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Food, Pelotas, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Dementia Centre of Excellence, enAble Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Benz E, Pinel A, Guillet C, Capel F, Pereira B, De Antonio M, Pouget M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Eglseer D, Topinkova E, Barazzoni R, Rivadeneira F, Ikram MA, Steur M, Voortman T, Schoufour JD, Weijs PJM, Boirie Y. Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and Mortality Among Older People. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e243604. [PMID: 38526491 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Sarcopenia and obesity are 2 global concerns associated with adverse health outcomes in older people. Evidence on the population-based prevalence of the combination of sarcopenia with obesity (sarcopenic obesity [SO]) and its association with mortality are still limited. Objective To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia and SO and their association with all-cause mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants This large-scale, population-based cohort study assessed participants from the Rotterdam Study from March 1, 2009, to June 1, 2014. Associations of sarcopenia and SO with all-cause mortality were studied using Kaplan-Meier curves, Cox proportional hazards regression, and accelerated failure time models fitted for sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Data analysis was performed from January 1 to April 1, 2023. Exposures The prevalence of sarcopenia and SO, measured based on handgrip strength and body composition (BC) (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) as recommended by current consensus criteria, with probable sarcopenia defined as having low handgrip strength and confirmed sarcopenia and SO defined as altered BC (high fat percentage and/or low appendicular skeletal muscle index) in addition to low handgrip strength. Main Outcome and Measure The primary outcome was all-cause mortality, collected using linked mortality data from general practitioners and the central municipal records, until October 2022. Results In the total population of 5888 participants (mean [SD] age, 69.5 [9.1] years; mean [SD] BMI, 27.5 [4.3]; 3343 [56.8%] female), 653 (11.1%; 95% CI, 10.3%-11.9%) had probable sarcopenia and 127 (2.2%; 95% CI, 1.8%-2.6%) had confirmed sarcopenia. Sarcopenic obesity with 1 altered component of BC was present in 295 participants (5.0%; 95% CI, 4.4%-5.6%) and with 2 altered components in 44 participants (0.8%; 95% CI, 0.6%-1.0%). An increased risk of all-cause mortality was observed in participants with probable sarcopenia (hazard ratio [HR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.14-1.47) and confirmed sarcopenia (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.53-2.43). Participants with SO plus 1 altered component of BC (HR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.60-2.33]) or 2 altered components of BC (HR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.97-4.11) had a higher risk of mortality than those without SO. Similar results for SO were obtained for participants with a BMI of 27 or greater. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, sarcopenia and SO were found to be prevalent phenotypes in older people and were associated with all-cause mortality. Additional alterations of BC amplified this risk independently of age, sex, and BMI. The use of low muscle strength as a first step of both diagnoses may allow for early identification of individuals at risk for premature mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Benz
- Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont Auvergne University, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Pinel
- Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont Auvergne University, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christelle Guillet
- Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont Auvergne University, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frederic Capel
- Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont Auvergne University, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Unit of Biostatistics, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie De Antonio
- Unit of Biostatistics, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Melanie Pouget
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Doris Eglseer
- Institute of Nursing Science, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Topinkova
- Department of Geriatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Technological and Translational Sciences, University of Trieste, Ospedale di Cattinara, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marinka Steur
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Trudy Voortman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Josje D Schoufour
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Centre of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Centre of Expertise Urban Vitality, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yves Boirie
- Human Nutrition Unit, Clermont Auvergne University, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Marini E, Sulis S, Vorobel'ová L, Stagi S. Specific bioelectrical vectors pattern in individuals with sarcopenic obesity. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:620-628. [PMID: 38306890 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic obesity is a common condition in the elderly associated with excessive adiposity and low muscle mass and strength. AIMS This study aims to establish a method for detecting bioelectrical characteristics in individuals with sarcopenic obesity through specific Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis (specific BIVA), while considering the characteristics of individuals with healthy, sarcopenic, and obese conditions. METHODS The sample was composed by 915 Italian adults over 50 years of age (men: 74.6 ± 8.8 y; women:76.3 ± 8.8 y) living in Sardinia (Italy). A dataset of 1590 US adults aged 21 - 49 years retrieved from the 2003 - 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was also considered in a final step of the study. Anthropometric (stature, weight, waist, arm, and calf circumferences) and whole-body bioelectrical variables were taken. In the Italian sample, bioelectrical impedance was applied to estimate the relative content of fat mass and skeletal muscle mass. Groups with healthy body composition (NS-NO), or consistent with sarcopenia (S), sarcopenic obesity (S-O), and obesity (O) were defined based on the cut-offs suggested by European expert guidelines (EWGSOP2 and ESPEN-EASO). Specific BIVA was applied to compare groups and to identify the area for sarcopenic obesity within young-adults tolerance ellipses. The position of the specific vector of US individuals with S-O, selected on the basis of DXA measurements, was also considered. RESULTS In both sexes of the Italian sample, the bioelectrical characteristics of the four groups were different (p < 0.001). The differences were mainly related to vector length, indicative of higher fat mass, which was longer in the O and S-O groups, and phase angle, a proxy of intracellular/extracellular water and muscle mass, lower in the sarcopenic groups. Bioelectrical vectors of the S-O group fell in the right quadrant, outside of the 95 % tolerance ellipses of young adults. The mean vector of the US sample with S-O fell in the same area. Within the S-O area, women had similar bioelectrical values, while men showed phase angle variability, which was related to the severity of the condition. CONCLUSIONS Specific BIVA detects body composition peculiarities of individuals with sarcopenic obesity, thus allowing their diagnosis when associated with low handgrip strength values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Simona Sulis
- Department of Anthropology, Comenius University, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Vorobel'ová
- Department of Anthropology, Comenius University, 84104, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Stagi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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Polyzos SA, Mantzoros CS. Sarcopenia: still in relative definition-penia and severe treatment-penia. Metabolism 2024; 150:155717. [PMID: 37923006 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Chen M, Cao Y, Ji G, Zhang L. Lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and sarcopenia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1217249. [PMID: 37424859 PMCID: PMC10327437 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1217249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world. The risk factor for NAFLD is often considered to be obesity, but it can also occur in people with lean type, which is defined as lean NAFLD. Lean NAFLD is commonly associated with sarcopenia, a progressive loss of muscle quantity and quality. The pathological features of lean NAFLD such as visceral obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic inflammation are inducers of sarcopenia, whereas loss of muscle mass and function further exacerbates ectopic fat accumulation and lean NAFLD. Therefore, we discussed the association of sarcopenia and lean NAFLD, summarized the underlying pathological mechanisms, and proposed potential strategies to reduce the risks of lean NAFLD and sarcopenia in this review.
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