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Manjarrés-López DP, Montemurro N, Ulrich N, Ebert RU, Jahnke A, Pérez S. Assessment, distribution, and ecological risk of contaminants of emerging concern in a surface water-sediment-fish system impacted by wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173358. [PMID: 38768727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The presence of contaminants of emerging concern in aquatic ecosystems represents an ever-increasing environmental problem. Aquatic biota is exposed to these contaminants, which can be absorbed and distributed to their organs. This study focused on the assessment, distribution, and ecological risk of 32 CECs in a Spanish river impacted by effluents from a wastewater treatment plant, analyzing the organs and plasma of common carp. Environmental concentrations in water and sediment were examined at sites upstream and downstream of the wastewater treatment plant. The two downstream sites showed 15 times higher total concentrations (12.4 μg L-1 and 30.1 μg L-1) than the two upstream sites (2.08 μg L-1 and 1.66 μg L-1). Half of the CECs were detected in fish organs, with amantadine having the highest concentrations in the kidney (158 ng g-1 w.w.) and liver (93 ng g-1 w.w.), followed by terbutryn, diazepam, and bisphenol F in the brain (50.2, 3.82 and 1.18 ng g-1 w.w.). The experimental bioaccumulation factors per organ were compared with the bioconcentration factors predicted by a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, obtaining differences of one to two logarithmic units for most compounds. Risk quotients indicated a low risk for 38 % of the contaminants. However, caffeine and terbutryn showed an elevated risk for fish. The mixed risk quotient revealed a medium risk for most of the samples in the three environmental compartments: surface water, sediment, and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Manjarrés-López
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf-Uwe Ebert
- Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Department of Exposure Science, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Manjarrés-López DP, Vitale D, Callejas-Martos S, Usuriaga M, Picó Y, Pérez S, Montemurro N. An effective method for the simultaneous extraction of 173 contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater invasive species and its application. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:7085-7101. [PMID: 37776351 PMCID: PMC10684701 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
A robust and efficient extraction method was developed to detect a broad range of pollutants of emerging interest in three freshwater invasive species: American red crab (Prokambarus clarkii), Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), and pumpkinseed fish (Lepomis gibbosus). One native species, "petxinot" clam (Anodonta cygnea), was also evaluated. Invasive species are often more resistant to contamination and could be used in biomonitoring studies to assess the effect of contaminants of emerging concern on aquatic ecosystems while preserving potentially threatened native species. So far, most extraction methods developed for this purpose have focused on analyzing fish and generally focus on a limited number of compounds, especially analyzing compounds from the same family. In this sense, we set out to optimize a method that would allow the simultaneous extraction of 87 PhACs, 11 flame retardants, 21 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, and 54 pesticides. The optimized method is based on ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. Two tests were performed during method development, one to choose the extraction solvent with the best recovery efficiencies and one to select the best clean-up. The analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method obtained recoveries between 40 and 120% and relative standard deviations of less than 25% for 85% of the analytes in the four validated matrices. Limits of quantification between 0.01 ng g-1 and 22 ng g-1 were obtained. Application of the method on real samples from the Albufera Natural Park of Valencia (Spain) confirmed the presence of contaminants of emerging concern in all samples, such as acetaminophen, hydrochlorothiazide, tramadol, PFOS, carbendazim, and fenthion. PFAS were the group of compounds with the highest mean concentrations. C. fluminea was the species with the highest detection frequency, and P. clarkii had the highest average concentrations, so its use is prioritized for biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Manjarrés-López
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dyana Vitale
- Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) (CSIC-UV-GV), University of Valencia, Road CV-315 Km 10.7, Moncada, 46113, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Callejas-Martos
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Usuriaga
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Desertification Research Centre (CIDE) (CSIC-UV-GV), University of Valencia, Road CV-315 Km 10.7, Moncada, 46113, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- Environmental and Water Chemistry for Human Health (ONHEALTH) Group, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Duarte IA, Reis-Santos P, Fick J, Cabral HN, Duarte B, Fonseca VF. Neuroactive pharmaceuticals in estuaries: Occurrence and tissue-specific bioaccumulation in multiple fish species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120531. [PMID: 36397612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of surface waters by pharmaceuticals is an emerging problem globally. This is because the increased access and use of pharmaceuticals by a growing world population lead to environmental contamination, threatening non-target species in their natural environment. Of particular concern are neuroactive pharmaceuticals, which are known to bioaccumulate in fish and impact a variety of individual processes such as fish reproduction or behaviour, which can have ecological impacts and compromise fish populations. In this work, we investigate the occurrence and bioaccumulation of 33 neuroactive pharmaceuticals in brain, muscle and liver tissues of multiple fish species collected in four different estuaries (Douro, Tejo, Sado and Mira). In total, 28 neuroactive pharmaceuticals were detected in water and 13 in fish tissues, with individual pharmaceuticals reaching maximum concentrations of 1590 ng/L and 207 ng/g ww, respectively. The neuroactive pharmaceuticals with the highest levels and highest frequency of detection in the water samples were psychostimulants, antidepressants, opioids and anxiolytics, whereas in fish tissues, antiepileptics, psychostimulants, anxiolytics and antidepressants showed highest concentrations. Bioaccumulation was ubiquitous, occurring in all seven estuarine and marine fish species. Notably, neuroactive compounds were detected in every water and fish brain samples, and in 95% of fish liver and muscle tissues. Despite variations in pharmaceutical occurrence among estuaries, bioaccumulation patterns were consistent among estuarine systems, with generally higher bioaccumulation in fish brain followed by liver and muscle. Moreover, no link between bioaccumulation and compounds' lipophilicity, species habitat use patterns or trophic levels was observed. Overall, this work highlights the occurrence of a highly diverse suite of neuroactive pharmaceuticals and their pervasiveness in waters and fish from estuarine systems with contrasting hydromorphology and urban development and emphasizes the urgent need for toxicity assessment of these compounds in natural ecosystems, linked to internalized body concentration in non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Patrick Reis-Santos
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Bernardo Duarte
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanessa F Fonseca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre / ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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Development of a USE/d-SPE and targeted DIA-Orbitrap-MS acquisition methodology for the analysis of wastewater-derived organic pollutants in fish tissues and body fluids. MethodsX 2022; 9:101705. [PMID: 35518922 PMCID: PMC9062737 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) are partially removed during wastewater treatment and end up in the receiving waters. As a result, aquatic biota is continuously exposed to a wide range of potentially hazardous contaminants such as PhACs. Therefore, fish could be a good bio indicator to give a direct measure of the occurrence of PhACs in the aquatic environment. In this study, a robust analytical method has been optimized and validated for the determination of 81 organic compounds, mainly PhACs, in seven wild fish tissue types (liver, muscle, pancreas, kidney, skin, heart, and brain) and two body fluids (plasma and bile). Solid samples extraction was performed combining a procedure based on bead beating tissue homogenization plus ultrasound extraction followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (dSPE) clean-up using zirconia and C18 sorbents for solid matrices, whereas bile and plasma were diluted. The key aspects of this method are: • The method facilitated the simultaneous extraction of 81 PhACs of a wide range of polarity (logP from -4.9 to 5.6) in tissues with variable lipid content. • The validation was performed using Cyprinus carpio at 20 ng g−1 and 200 ng g−1 for solid tissues, 50 ng mL−1 and 500 ng mL−1 for plasma, and 100 ng mL−1 and 1000 ng mL−1 for bile. Analyte detection was performed in LC-HRMS Q-Exactive Orbitrap system with full scan and targeted data-independent acquisition (DIA) mode for high-confidence and sensitive quantitation in either (+) or (-) ESI mode. • The majority of compounds presented recoveries between 40% and 70% and relative standard deviations (RSD) below 30%.
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Moscoso-Pérez C, FernándezGonzález V, Prada-Rodríguez D, López-Mahía P. Development and validation of a multi-pollutant method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, synthetic musk compounds and plasticizers in atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5). TALANTA OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Kalogeropoulou AG, Kosma CI, Albanis TA. Simultaneous determination of pharmaceuticals and metabolites in fish tissue by QuEChERS extraction and UHPLC Q/Orbitrap MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7129-7140. [PMID: 34599396 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the occurrence, fate, and adverse effects of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic organisms have become a noteworthy issue. In the present study, a rapid and sensitive multiresidue analytical method was developed for the determination of 18 parent PhACs and 5 metabolites in sea bream (Sparus aurata), by combining a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) procedure with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS). The method development involved optimization of extraction solvent, extraction salts, clean-up sorbents, and amount of sample evaluation, while identification on Orbitrap MS was based on accurate mass and further confirmation with MS/MS fragmentation. The developed method was validated, and linearity was higher than 0.99. Recoveries in all cases ranged between 62 and 107% (at 10, 50, and 100 ng g-1), while intra-day and inter-day precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, RSD, was lower than 4% and 7%, respectively. In addition, limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged between 0.5 and 19 ng g-1. The compounds presented a low matrix effect, between - 13 and 4%, while the expanded uncertainty U% estimated at the three spiking levels 10, 50, and 100 ng g-1 was found below 49% in all cases. Finally, the validated method was applied to sea bream samples from an aquaculture farm located in the Mediterranean Sea, with one positive finding for the antibiotic trimethoprim at a concentration of 26 ng g-1, presenting negligible human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina I Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Triantafyllos A Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.,University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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Labad F, Montemurro N, Berisha S, Thomaidis NS, Pérez S. One-step extraction and analysis of 45 contaminants of emerging concern using QuEChERS methodology and HR-MS in radish leaves and roots. MethodsX 2021; 8:101308. [PMID: 34434828 PMCID: PMC8374258 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2021.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The scarcity of freshwater has led to a considerable increase of the reuse of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation of field crops [1,2]. This practice potentially exposes agricultural produce to a large variety of xenobiotic compounds including contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) which have been widely recognized to be present in wastewater [3]. Common approaches for the extraction of CECs from crops rely on solid-liquid extraction [4], assisted solvent extraction [5], ultra-sound solvent extraction [6] and recently QuEChERS (QUick, Easy, CHeap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) [[7], [8]–9]. Here, eight QuEChERS-based methodologies were compared for their suitability to determine 45 CECs in roots and leaves of soil-grown radish. The key points of the method development were:The development of two single-step analytical methods specific for radish root and leaves, after testing eight different approaches using QuEChERS extraction for the quantitation of 45 CECs. The analytical methodology selected requires minimal time and solvent, making it cost-effective. Methods validation were performed at five concentrations levels (2, 5, 10, 50 and 200 ng g−1), with low limits of quantification between 0.01 and 0.32 ng g−1. The two optimized methodologies may be applied to identify large number of compounds of different families in radish crop. However, validation will be needed to quantify compounds different from the target compounds of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Labad
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Berisha
- Deptartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 157 84, Greece
| | - N S Thomaidis
- Deptartment of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou 157 84, Greece
| | - S Pérez
- ENFOCHEM Deptartment of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26 08034, Barcelona, Spain
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