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Alves AA, Franco FC, Godoy FR, Aguiar Ramos JS, Nunes HF, Soares TN, de Melo E Silva D. The importance of understanding the distribution of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes and haplotypes in a region with intense agriculture activity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02815. [PMID: 31872100 PMCID: PMC6911878 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil is one of the largest pesticide consumers in the world, mainly due to its intense agricultural activity. The State of Goias, situated in Central Brazil, is a region recognized as an essential producer of soy, corn, beans, sorghum, sugar cane, and cotton. In this study, we evaluated 602 unrelated individuals, distributed in central and southern regions in Goias, presenting combined frequencies (haplotypes) of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes. In all municipalities, the frequency of the GSTT1 null genotype was 38.2% and of the GSTM1 null genotype was 50.3%. Goiania, the capital of Goias, presented the highest frequencies of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes, probably due to a founder effect of non-representative colonizing ancestors. So, the ancestral population adapted to the environment, with the frequencies observed in Goiania. However, nowadays, as there is excessive use of pesticides, the community becomes susceptible to the harmful effects of xenobiotics exposure, mainly due to the high frequency of GSTT1 and GSTM1 null genotypes. As in Goias, the consumption of pesticides has shown considerable growth, haplotypes with null alleles are of high risk for the population. Our results indicated that it is essential to understand the frequencies of the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes for the monitoring of risk groups, like farmers, who have contact with pesticides, directly or indirectly, as well as assisting in the development of preventive medicine practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Arruda Alves
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Craveiro Franco
- Laboratório de Virologia Animal, Instituto de Patologia Tropical, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Ribeiro Godoy
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil.,Escola de Ciências Biológicas e Agrárias, Campus II, Núcleo de Pesquisas Replicon, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Jheneffer Sonara Aguiar Ramos
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Hugo Freire Nunes
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Thannya Nascimento Soares
- Laboratório de Genética e Biodiversidade, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular. Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
| | - Daniela de Melo E Silva
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil.,Laboratório de Genética e Biodiversidade, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular. Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
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