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Wang ZQ, Zhao J, Dong QY, Wang Y, Lu YL, Luo R, Yu H. Multi-locus molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals two new species of Amphichorda (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales). MycoKeys 2024; 106:287-301. [PMID: 38993356 PMCID: PMC11237567 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.106.117205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Amphichorda has been previously accepted as a member of the Cordycipitaceae and currently it is considered a member of the Bionectriaceae. The substrates of Amphichorda were complex and varied, being mainly animal faeces. This study reports two new species of Amphichorda from Yunnan Province in south-western China. Based on the five-gene (nrSSU, nrLSU, tef-1α, rpb1 and rpb2) sequence and ITS data phylogenetic analysis, two new species, namely A.excrementa and A.kunmingensis, are proposed and a detailed description of the new species is provided. Amphichordaexcrementa and A.kunmingensis were isolated from animal faeces in the park. The morphological characteristics of two novel species and seven known species in Amphichorda are also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qin Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Jing Zhao
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Quan-Ying Dong
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Yao Wang
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Ying-Ling Lu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Run Luo
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Hong Yu
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
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2
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Ledoux C, Bobée C, Cabet É, David P, Filaine F, Hachimi S, Lalanne C, Ruprich-Robert G, Herbert É, Chapeland-Leclerc F. Characterization of spatio-temporal dynamics of the constrained network of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina using a geomatics-based approach. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297816. [PMID: 38319941 PMCID: PMC10846696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
In their natural environment, fungi are subjected to a wide variety of environmental stresses which they must cope with by constantly adapting the architecture of their growing network. In this work, our objective was to finely characterize the thallus development of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina subjected to different constraints that are simple to implement in vitro and that can be considered as relevant environmental stresses, such as a nutrient-poor environment or non-optimal temperatures. At the Petri dish scale, the observations showed that the fungal thallus is differentially affected (thallus diameter, mycelium aspect) according to the stresses but these observations remain qualitative. At the hyphal scale, we showed that the extraction of the usual quantities (i.e. apex, node, length) does not allow to distinguish the different thallus under stress, these quantities being globally affected by the application of a stress in comparison with a thallus having grown under optimal conditions. Thanks to an original geomatics-based approach based on the use of automatized Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, we were able to produce maps and metrics characterizing the growth dynamics of the networks and then to highlight some very different dynamics of network densification according to the applied stresses. The fungal thallus is then considered as a map and we are no longer interested in the quantity of material (hyphae) produced but in the empty spaces between the hyphae, the intra-thallus surfaces. This study contributes to a better understanding of how filamentous fungi adapt the growth and densification of their network to potentially adverse environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ledoux
- CNRS, UMR 8236 – LIED, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cécilia Bobée
- CNRS, UMR 8236 – LIED, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Éva Cabet
- CNRS, UMR 8236 – LIED, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pascal David
- CNRS, UMR 8236 – LIED, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Éric Herbert
- CNRS, UMR 8236 – LIED, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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3
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Osman AH, Kotey FCN, Odoom A, Darkwah S, Yeboah RK, Dayie NTKD, Donkor ES. The Potential of Bacteriophage-Antibiotic Combination Therapy in Treating Infections with Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1329. [PMID: 37627749 PMCID: PMC10451467 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing threat of antibiotic resistance is a significant global health challenge that has intensified in recent years. The burden of antibiotic resistance on public health is augmented due to its multifaceted nature, as well as the slow-paced and limited development of new antibiotics. The threat posed by resistance is now existential in phage therapy, which had long been touted as a promising replacement for antibiotics. Consequently, it is imperative to explore the potential of combination therapies involving antibiotics and phages as a feasible alternative for treating infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Although either bacteriophage or antibiotics can potentially treat bacterial infections, they are each fraught with resistance. Combination therapies, however, yielded positive outcomes in most cases; nonetheless, a few combinations did not show any benefit. Combination therapies comprising the synergistic activity of phages and antibiotics and combinations of phages with other treatments such as probiotics hold promise in the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric S. Donkor
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle Bu, Accra P.O. Box KB 4236, Ghana; (A.-H.O.); (F.C.N.K.); (A.O.); (S.D.); (R.K.Y.); (N.T.K.D.D.)
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4
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Complementary Strategies to Unlock Biosynthesis Gene Clusters Encoding Secondary Metabolites in the Filamentous Fungus Podospora anserina. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010009. [PMID: 36675830 PMCID: PMC9864250 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coprophilous ascomycete Podospora anserina is known to have a high potential to synthesize a wide array of secondary metabolites (SMs). However, to date, the characterization of SMs in this species, as in other filamentous fungal species, is far less than expected by the functional prediction through genome mining, likely due to the inactivity of most SMs biosynthesis gene clusters (BGCs) under standard conditions. In this work, our main objective was to compare the global strategies usually used to deregulate SM gene clusters in P. anserina, including the variation of culture conditions and the modification of the chromatin state either by genetic manipulation or by chemical treatment, and to show the complementarity of the approaches between them. In this way, we showed that the metabolomics-driven comparative analysis unveils the unexpected diversity of metabolic changes in P. anserina and that the integrated strategies have a mutual complementary effect on the expression of the fungal metabolome. Then, our results demonstrate that metabolite production is significantly influenced by varied cultivation states and epigenetic modifications. We believe that the strategy described in this study will facilitate the discovery of fungal metabolites of interest and will improve the ability to prioritize the production of specific fungal SMs with an optimized treatment.
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Maldonado JE, Gaete A, Mandakovic D, Aguado-Norese C, Aguilar M, Gutiérrez RA, González M. Partners to survive: Hoffmannseggia doellii root-associated microbiome at the Atacama Desert. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:2126-2139. [PMID: 35274744 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of plant species adapted to extreme environmental conditions have become increasingly important. Hoffmannseggia doellii is a perennial herb endemic to the Chilean Atacama Desert that grows in the western Andes between 2800 and 3600 m above sea level. Its growing habitat is characterized by high radiation and low water and nutrient availability. Under these conditions, H. doellii can grow, reproduce, and develop an edible tuberous root. We characterized the H. doellii soil-associated microbiomes to understand the biotic factors that could influence their surprising ability to survive. We found an increased number of observed species and higher phylogenetic diversity of bacteria and fungi on H. doellii root soils compared with bare soil (BS) along different sites and to soil microbiomes of other plant species. Also, the H. doellii-associated microbiome had a higher incidence of overall positive interactions and fungal within-kingdom interactions than their corresponding BS network. These findings suggest a microbial diversity soil modulation mechanism that may be a characteristic of highly tolerant plants to diverse and extreme environments. Furthermore, since H. doellii is related to important cultivated crops, our results create an opportunity for future studies on climate change adaptation of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Maldonado
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, 8370415, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7500565, Chile
- Laboratorio de Multiómica Vegetal y Bioinformática, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, 9170022, Chile
| | - Alexis Gaete
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, 8370415, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 7830490, Chile
| | - Dinka Mandakovic
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology and Environment, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, 8580745, Chile
| | - Constanza Aguado-Norese
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, 8370415, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 7830490, Chile
| | - Melissa Aguilar
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, 8370415, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7500565, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, 8370415, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 7500565, Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Santiago, 8370415, Chile
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica, INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 7830490, Chile
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Abstract
AbstractAscomycetes belonging to the order Sordariales are a well-known reservoir of secondary metabolites with potential beneficial applications. Species of the Sordariales are ubiquitous, and they are commonly found in soils and in lignicolous, herbicolous, and coprophilous habitats. Some of their species have been used as model organisms in modern fungal biology or were found to be prolific producers of potentially useful secondary metabolites. However, the majority of sordarialean species are poorly studied. Traditionally, the classification of the Sordariales has been mainly based on morphology of the ascomata, ascospores, and asexual states, characters that have been demonstrated to be homoplastic by modern taxonomic studies based on multi-locus phylogeny. Herein, we summarize for the first time relevant information about the available knowledge on the secondary metabolites and the biological activities exerted by representatives of this fungal order, as well as a current outlook of the potential opportunities that the recent advances in omic tools could bring for the discovery of secondary metabolites in this order.
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Functional characterization of the GATA-type transcription factor PaNsdD in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina and its interplay with the sterigmatocystin pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0237821. [PMID: 35080910 PMCID: PMC8939327 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02378-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The model ascomycete Podospora anserina, distinguished by its strict sexual development, is a prolific but yet unexploited reservoir of natural products. The GATA-type transcription factor NsdD has been characterized by the role in balancing asexual and sexual reproduction and governing secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi. In the present study, we functionally investigated the NsdD ortholog PaNsdD in P. anserina. Compared to the wild-type strain, vegetative growth, ageing processes, sexual reproduction, stress tolerance, and interspecific confrontations in the mutant were drastically impaired, owing to the loss of function of PaNsdD. In addition, the production of 3-acetyl-4-methylpyrrole, a new metabolite identified in P. anserina in this study, was significantly inhibited in the ΔPaNsdD mutant. We also demonstrated the interplay of PaNsdD with the sterigmatocystin biosynthetic gene pathway, especially as the deletion of PaNsdD triggered the enhanced red-pink pigment biosynthesis that occurs only in the presence of the core polyketide synthase-encoding gene PaStcA of the sterigmatocystin pathway. Taken together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the global regulation mediated by PaNsdD in P. anserina, especially with regard to its unexpected involvement in the fungal ageing process and its interplay with the sterigmatocystin pathway. IMPORTANCE Fungal transcription factors play an essential role in coordinating multiple physiological processes. However, little is known about the functional characterization of transcription factors in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. In this study, a GATA-type regulator PaNsdD was investigated in P. anserina. The results showed that PaNsdD was a key factor that can control the fungal ageing process, vegetative growth, pigmentation, stress response, and interspecific confrontations and positively regulate the production of 3-acetyl-4-methylpyrrole. Meanwhile, a molecular interaction was implied between PaNsdD and the sterigmatocystin pathway. Overall, loss of function of PaNsdD seems to be highly disadvantageous for P. anserina, which relies on pure sexual reproduction in a limited life span. Therefore, PaNsdD is clearly indispensable for the survival and propagation of P. anserina in its complex ecological niches.
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8
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Ekanayake D, Perlatti B, Swenson DC, Põldmaa K, Bills GF, Gloer JB. Broomeanamides: Cyclic Octapeptides from an Isolate of the Fungicolous Ascomycete Sphaerostilbella broomeana from India. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2028-2034. [PMID: 34191504 PMCID: PMC8314271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genus Sphaerostilbella comprises fungi that colonize basidiomata of wood-inhabiting fungi, including important forest pathogens. Studies of fermentation cultures of an isolate (TFC201724) collected on the foothills of Himalayas, and closely related to S. broomeana isolates from Europe, led to the identification of a new cyclic octapeptide along with two closely related analogues (1-3) and four dioxopiperazines (4-7). The structure of the lead compound, broomeanamide A (1), was assigned mainly by analysis of 2D NMR and HRESIMS data. The structure consisted of one unit each of N-MeVal, Ala, N-MePhe, Pro, Val, and Ile and two N-MeLeu units. The amino acid sequence was determined on the basis of 2D NMR and HRESIMSMS data. NMR and HRMS data revealed that the other two new peptides have the same amino acid composition except that the Ile unit was replaced with Val in one instance (2) and the N-MeVal unit was replaced with Val in the other (3). The absolute configuration of 1 was assigned by analysis of the acid hydrolysate by application of Marfey's method using both C18 and C3 bonded-phase columns. Broomeanamide A (1) showed antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans, with MIC values of 8.0 and 64 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Perlatti
- Texas
Therapeutic Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, University of Texas Health Science
Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United
States
| | - Dale C. Swenson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kadri Põldmaa
- Department
of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gerald F. Bills
- Texas
Therapeutic Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, University of Texas Health Science
Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United
States
| | - James B. Gloer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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9
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Distinct Compartmentalization of Microbial Community and Potential Metabolic Function in the Fruiting Body of Tricholoma matsutake. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080586. [PMID: 34436125 PMCID: PMC8397075 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The uniquely compartmentalized fruiting body structure of the ectomycorrhizal fungus (EMF) Tricholoma matsutake, is a hotspot of microbial habitation and interaction. However, microbial diversity within this microniche structure of the EMF is rarely investigated. Furthermore, there is limited information concerning microbiomes associated with sporomes belonging to the ubiquitous fungal phylum Basidiomycota, particularly with respect to fungus-EMF interactions. In this study, we conducted high throughput sequencing, using ITS (fungal) and 16S rRNA (bacterial) marker genes to characterize and compare fruiting body microbiomes in the outer (pileipellis and stipitipellis) and inner layers (pileum context, stipe context, and lamellae) of the fruiting body of T. matsutake. Our results show the number of unique bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among the different compartments ranged from 410 to 499 and was more than double that of the shared/common OTUs (235). Micrococcales, Bacillales, Caulobacter, and Sphingomonas were the primary significant bacterial taxa within the different compartments of the dissected T. matsutake fruiting body. Non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance showed significant compartmental differences for both the bacterial and the fungal community structure within the T. matsutake fruiting body. The metabolic profiling revealed putative metabolisms (of amino acids, carbohydrates, and nucleotides) and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites to be highly enriched in outer layers; in the inner parts, the metabolisms of energy, cofactors, vitamins, and lipids were significantly higher. This study demonstrates for the first time the distinct compartmentalization of microbial communities and potential metabolic function profiles in the fruiting body of an economically important EMF T. matsutake.
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Hwang SH, Yang Y, Jeong Y, Kim Y. Ovalicin attenuates atopic dermatitis symptoms by inhibiting IL-31 signaling and intracellular calcium influx. J Biomed Res 2021; 35:448-458. [PMID: 34497158 PMCID: PMC8637656 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.35.20210012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disorder difficult to be treated with medication. This study investigated the potential of ovalicin extracted from Cordyceps militaris for the treatment of AD using in vitro and in vivo models. We found that, in canine macrophage cell line DH82, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) upregulated the expression of genes associated with inflammation and pruritic responses through activating calcium and interleukin-31 (IL-31) signaling, and the upregulation could be suppressed by ovalicin, with an effect significantly stronger than dexamethasone. Ovalicin also reduced the expression of IL-31 downstream genes, including JAK2 (Janus kinase 2), TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1), and HRH2 (histamine receptor H2). Ovalicin significantly alleviated the allergic symptoms in the AD mouse model. Histologically, the number of macrophages and mast cells infiltrated in the dermis was significantly reduced by ovalicin treatment. In the skin tissue of AD mice, reduction of IL-31 receptor was observed in the ovalicin treated group compared to the group without ovalicin treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the anti-atopic mechanism of ovalicin, which could be an alternative to steroidal drugs commonly used for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyun Hwang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,The Brain Korea 21 Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeseul Yang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,The Brain Korea 21 Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeji Jeong
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,The Brain Korea 21 Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Perlatti B, Lan N, Xiang M, Earp CE, Spraker JE, Harvey CJB, Nichols CB, Alspaugh JA, Gloer JB, Bills GF. Anti-cryptococcal activity of preussolides A and B, phosphoethanolamine-substituted 24-membered macrolides, and leptosin C from coprophilous isolates of Preussia typharum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:6152282. [PMID: 33640980 PMCID: PMC8788809 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is a serious human pathogen with limited options for treatment. We have interrogated extracts from fungal fermentations to find Cryptococcus-inhibiting natural products using assays for growth inhibition and differential thermosensitivity. Extracts from fermentations of four fungal strains from wild and domestic animal dung from Arkansas and West Virginia, USA were identified as Preussia typharum. The extracts exhibited two antifungal regions. Purification of one region yielded new 24-carbon macrolides incorporating both a phosphoethanolamine unit and a bridging tetrahydrofuran ring. The structures of these metabolites were established mainly by analysis of high-resolution mass spectrometry and 2D NMR data. Relative configurations were assigned using NOESY data, and the structure assignments were supported by NMR comparison with similar compounds. These new metabolites are designated preussolides A and B. The second active region was caused by the cytotoxin, leptosin C. Genome sequencing of the four strains revealed biosynthetic gene clusters consistent with those known to encode phosphoethanolamine-bearing polyketide macrolides and the biosynthesis of dimeric epipolythiodioxopiperazines. All three compounds showed moderate to potent and selective antifungal activity toward the pathogenic yeast C. neoformans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Perlatti
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Nan Lan
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cody E Earp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | | - Connie B Nichols
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - J Andrew Alspaugh
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77054, USA
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12
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Liang M, Li W, Qi L, Chen G, Cai L, Yin WB. Establishment of a Genetic Transformation System in Guanophilic Fungus Amphichorda guana. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020138. [PMID: 33672933 PMCID: PMC7918455 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi from unique environments exhibit special physiological characters and plenty of bioactive natural products. However, the recalcitrant genetics or poor transformation efficiencies prevent scientists from systematically studying molecular biological mechanisms and exploiting their metabolites. In this study, we targeted a guanophilic fungus Amphichorda guana LC5815 and developed a genetic transformation system. We firstly established an efficient protoplast preparing method by conditional optimization of sporulation and protoplast regeneration. The regeneration rate of the protoplast is up to about 34.6% with 0.8 M sucrose as the osmotic pressure stabilizer. To develop the genetic transformation, we used the polyethylene glycol-mediated protoplast transformation, and the testing gene AG04914 encoding a major facilitator superfamily transporter was deleted in strain LC5815, which proves the feasibility of this genetic manipulation system. Furthermore, a uridine/uracil auxotrophic strain was created by using a positive screening protocol with 5-fluoroorotic acid as a selective reagent. Finally, the genetic transformation system was successfully established in the guanophilic fungus strain LC5815, which lays the foundation for the molecular genetics research and will facilitate the exploitation of bioactive secondary metabolites in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liang
- Henan Academy of Science Institute of Biology, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (M.L.); (L.Q.); (G.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (W.L.); (L.C.)
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (W.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Landa Qi
- Henan Academy of Science Institute of Biology, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (M.L.); (L.Q.); (G.C.)
| | - Guocan Chen
- Henan Academy of Science Institute of Biology, Zhengzhou 450008, China; (M.L.); (L.Q.); (G.C.)
| | - Lei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (W.L.); (L.C.)
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology and CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (W.L.); (L.C.)
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6480-6170
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Triastuti A, Haddad M, Barakat F, Mejia K, Rabouille G, Fabre N, Amasifuen C, Jargeat P, Vansteelandt M. Dynamics of Chemical Diversity during Co-Cultures: An Integrative Time-Scale Metabolomics Study of Fungal Endophytes Cophinforma mamane and Fusarium solani. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2000672. [PMID: 33289281 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient metabolomic study of Cophinforma mamane and Fusarium solani co-cultivation in time-series based analysis was developed to study metabolome variations during their fungal interactions. The fungal metabolomes were studied through the integration of four metabolomic tools: MS-DIAL, a chromatographic deconvolution of liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS); MS-FINDER, a structure-elucidation program with a wide range metabolome database; GNPS, an effective method to organize MS/MS fragmentation spectra, and MetaboAnalyst, a comprehensive web application for metabolomic data analysis and interpretation. Co-cultures of C. mamane and F. solani induced different patterns of metabolite production over 10 days of incubation and induced production of five de novo compounds not occurring in monocultures. These results emphasize that co-culture in time-frame analysis is an interesting method to unravel hidden metabolome in the investigation of fungal chemodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asih Triastuti
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, 55584, Indonesia
| | - Mohamed Haddad
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Fatima Barakat
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Kember Mejia
- Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana, Avenida Abelardo Quiñonez Km. 4.5, Iquitos, 1600, Peru
| | - Gabriel Rabouille
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Fabre
- UMR 152 Pharma Dev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Carlos Amasifuen
- Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental [FICIAM], Escuela de Ingeniería Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza [UNTRM, Chachapoyas, 01001, Peru
| | - Patricia Jargeat
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique UMR 5174, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, 31062, Toulouse, France
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14
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Bioprospecting for Biomolecules from Different Fungal Communities: An Introduction. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85603-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Qiu W, Su H, Yan L, Ji K, Liu Q, Jian H. Organic Fertilization Assembles Fungal Communities of Wheat Rhizosphere Soil and Suppresses the Population Growth of Heterodera avenae in the Field. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1225. [PMID: 32849758 PMCID: PMC7429443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode, CCN) infects wheat and other cereal crops and causes severe losses in their yield. Research has shown that CCN infestations can be mitigated by organic fertilization in wheat fields, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are still largely unknown. In this study, the relationships among CCN, soil properties, and soil fungal communities with organic fertilizer (OF) or chemical fertilizer (CF) and without fertilizer (CK), were investigated for two years in a wheat field in Henan province, China. Our results showed that the concentrations of soil total N, total P, available P, available K, and organic matter were all promoted by the OF treatment at the jointing stage of wheat, coinciding with the peak in egg hatching and penetration of wheat root by CCNs. Soil total N correlated positively (R2 = 0.759, p < 0.05) with wheat yields but negatively (R2 = 0.663, p < 0.01) with Pf/Pi (index of cyst nematode reproduction), implying the regulated soil property contributes to suppressing CCN in the OF treatment. Furthermore, fungal community α-diversity (Shannon and Simpson) and β-diversity (PCoA) of rhizosphere soil was improved under the organic fertilizer treatment. The fungal genera negatively associated with the Pf/Pi of CCN were highly enriched, which included Mortierella and Chaetomium, two taxa already reported as being nematophagous fungi in many other studies. These two genera were heavily surrounded by much more related fungal genera in the constructs co-occurrence network. These results suggested that the OF treatment shifted soil fungal community functioning towards the suppression of CCN. Taken together, the suppressed cyst nematode reproduction with the assembly of fungal communities in the rhizosphere led to greater wheat yields under organic fertilization. These findings provide an in-depth understanding of the benefits provided by organic fertilization for developing sustainable agriculture.
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Cushnie TPT, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JLA, Law S, Clow SM. Bioprospecting for Antibacterial Drugs: a Multidisciplinary Perspective on Natural Product Source Material, Bioassay Selection and Avoidable Pitfalls. Pharm Res 2020; 37:125. [PMID: 32529587 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bioprospecting is the exploration, extraction and screening of biological material and sometimes indigenous knowledge to discover and develop new drugs and other products. Most antibiotics in current clinical use (eg. β-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides) were discovered using this approach, and there are strong arguments to reprioritize bioprospecting over other strategies in the search for new antibacterial drugs. Academic institutions should be well positioned to lead the early stages of these efforts given their many thousands of locations globally and because they are not constrained by the same commercial considerations as industry. University groups can lack the full complement of knowledge and skills needed though (eg. how to tailor screening strategy to biological source material). In this article, we review three key aspects of the bioprospecting literature (source material and in vitro antibacterial and toxicity testing) and present an integrated multidisciplinary perspective on (a) source material selection, (b) legal, taxonomic and other issues related to source material, (c) cultivation methods, (d) bioassay selection, (e) technical standards available, (f) extract/compound dissolution, (g) use of minimum inhibitory concentration and selectivity index values to identify progressible extracts and compounds, and (h) avoidable pitfalls. The review closes with recommendations for future study design and information on subsequent steps in the bioprospecting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Tim Cushnie
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269 Nakornsawan Road, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand.
| | - Benjamart Cushnie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Thailand
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Winita Fowsantear
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269 Nakornsawan Road, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Sutthiwan Thammawat
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, 269 Nakornsawan Road, Mahasarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | | | - Samantha Law
- National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria (NCIMB) Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Simon M Clow
- PMI BioPharma Solutions LLC, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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17
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Miranda V, Sede S, Aranda-Rickert A, Rothen C, Scervino JM, Barros J, Fracchia S. Taxonomy, life cycle and endophytism of coprophilous fungi from an underground desert rodent. FUNGAL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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18
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Simões Calaça FJ, Xavier-Santos S, Abdel-Azeem AM. Recent Advances on Occurrence of Genus Chaetomium on Dung. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31612-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Andersen B, Phippen C, Frisvad JC, Emery S, Eustace RA. Fungal and chemical diversity in hay and wrapped haylage for equine feed. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:159-172. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Shen L, Porée FH, Gaslonde T, Lalucque H, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G. Functional characterization of the sterigmatocystin secondary metabolite gene cluster in the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina: involvement in oxidative stress response, sexual development, pigmentation and interspecific competitions. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3011-3026. [PMID: 31136075 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are known as prolific untapped reservoirs of diverse secondary metabolites, where genes required for their synthesis are organized in clusters. The bioactive properties of these compounds are closely related to their functions in fungal biology, which are not well understood. In this study, we focused on the Podospora anserina gene cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of sterigmatocystin (ST). Deletion of the PaStcA gene encoding the polyketide synthase and overexpression (OE) of the PaAflR gene encoding the ST-specific transcription factor in P. anserina were performed. We showed that growth of PaStcAΔ was inhibited in the presence of methylglyoxal, while OE-PaAflR showed a little inhibition, indicating that ST production may enhance oxidative stress tolerance in P. anserina. We also showed that the OE-PaAflR strain displayed an overpigmented thallus mediated by the melanin pathway. Overexpression of PaAflR also led to sterility. Interspecific confrontation assays showed that ST-overexpressed strains produced a high level of peroxides and possessed a higher competitiveness against other fungi. Comparative metabolite profiling demonstrated that PaStcAΔ strain was unable to produce ST, while OE-PaAflR displayed a ST overproduction. This study contributes to a better understanding of ST in P. anserina, especially with regard to its involvement in fungal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shen
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 8236, 75205, Paris, France
| | - François-Hugues Porée
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, UMR CNRS CITCOM 8038, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Gaslonde
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, UMR CNRS CITCOM 8038, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Lalucque
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, UMR 8236, 75205, Paris, France
| | - Florence Chapeland-Leclerc
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 8236, 75205, Paris, France
| | - Gwenaël Ruprich-Robert
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), Université de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, UMR 8236, 75205, Paris, France
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21
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Stöckli M, Morinaka BI, Lackner G, Kombrink A, Sieber R, Margot C, Stanley CE, deMello AJ, Piel J, Künzler M. Bacteria‐induced production of the antibacterial sesquiterpene lagopodin B in
Coprinopsis cinerea. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:605-619. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Stöckli
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 ZürichCH‐8093Switzerland
| | - Brandon I. Morinaka
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 ZürichCH‐8093Switzerland
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 ZürichCH‐8093Switzerland
| | - Anja Kombrink
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 ZürichCH‐8093Switzerland
| | - Ramon Sieber
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 ZürichCH‐8093Switzerland
| | - Céline Margot
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 ZürichCH‐8093Switzerland
| | - Claire E. Stanley
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1 Zürich CH‐8093Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 1 Zürich CH‐8093Switzerland
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 ZürichCH‐8093Switzerland
| | - Markus Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology ETH Zurich Vladimir‐Prelog‐Weg 4 ZürichCH‐8093Switzerland
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22
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Dischler NM, Xu L, Li Y, Nichols CB, Alspaugh JA, Bills GF, Gloer JB. Wortmannin and Wortmannine Analogues from an Undescribed Niesslia sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:532-538. [PMID: 30844268 PMCID: PMC6818414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the course of our studies of coprophilous fungi as sources of antifungal agents, a strain of an undescribed species in the genus Niesslia (TTI-0426) was isolated from horse dung collected in Texas. An extract from fermentation cultures of this strain afforded two new antifungal wortmannin derivatives, wortmannins C and D (1 and 2), as well as four additional new related compounds, wortmannines B1-B4 (3-6), containing an unusual ring system. The structures of these metabolites were established mainly by analysis of HRESIMS and 2D NMR data. Relative configurations were assigned using NOESY data, and the structure assignments were supported by NMR comparison with similar compounds. Wortmannins C and D showed activity against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans in disk assays, but low MIC potency observed for 1 was suggested to be due in part to efflux processes on the basis of assay results for a Schizosaccharomyces pombe efflux mutant in comparison to wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Dischler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Lijian Xu
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine , University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , Texas 77054 , United States
| | - Yan Li
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine , University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , Texas 77054 , United States
| | - Connie B Nichols
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - J Andrew Alspaugh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine , Duke University Medical Center , Durham , North Carolina 27710 , United States
| | - Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine , University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston , Texas 77054 , United States
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
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23
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Lagarde A, Jargeat P, Roy M, Girardot M, Imbert C, Millot M, Mambu L. Fungal communities associated with Evernia prunastri, Ramalina fastigiata and Pleurosticta acetabulum: Three epiphytic lichens potentially active against Candida biofilms. Microbiol Res 2018; 211:1-12. [PMID: 29705201 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fungal communities associated to three epiphytic lichens active against Candida, were investigated using culture-based methods We hypothetized that associated fungi would contribute to lichens activities. The ability of specific fungi to grow inside or outside lichens was investigated. To detect biogenesis pathways involved in the production of secondary metabolites, genes coding for nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase I (PKS I) were screened by PCR from fungal DNA extracts. Both endo and epilichenic communities were isolated from two fructicose (Evernia prunastri and Ramalina fastigiata) and one foliose (Pleurosticta acetabulum) lichens. A total of 86 endolichenic and 114 epilichenic isolates were obtained, corresponding to 18 and 24 phylogenetic groups respectively suggesting a wide diversity of fungi. The communities and the species richness were distinct between the three lichens which hosted potentially new fungal species. Additionally, the endo- and epilichenic communities differed in their composition: Sordariomycetes were particularly abundant among endolichenic fungi and Dothideomycetes among epilichenic fungi. Only a few fungi colonized both habitats, such as S. fimicola, Cladosporium sp1 and Botrytis cinerea. Interestingly, Nemania serpens (with several genotypes) was the most abundant endolichenic fungus (53% of isolates) and was shared by the three lichens. Finally, 12 out of 36 phylogenetic groups revealed the presence of genes coding for nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPs) and polyketide synthase I (PKS I). This study shows that common lichens are reservoirs of diverse fungal communities, which could potentially contribute to global activity of the lichen and, therefore, deserve to be isolated for further chemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Lagarde
- EA 1069 Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Patricia Jargeat
- UMR5174 UPS-CNRS-IRD Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, EDB, Université Toulouse, 3, Bât 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Mélanie Roy
- UMR5174 UPS-CNRS-IRD Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, EDB, Université Toulouse, 3, Bât 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Girardot
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, F-86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Christine Imbert
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Microbiologie de l'Eau, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, F-86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Marion Millot
- EA 1069 Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Lengo Mambu
- EA 1069 Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Limoges, 2 rue du Dr Marcland, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.
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25
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Pertile G, Panek J, Oszust K, Siczek A, Frąc M. Intraspecific functional and genetic diversity of Petriella setifera. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4420. [PMID: 29507826 PMCID: PMC5834937 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was an analysis of the intraspecific genetic and functional diversity of the new isolated fungal strains of P. setifera. This is the first report concerning the genetic and metabolic diversity of Petriella setifera strains isolated from industrial compost and the first description of a protocol for AFLP fingerprinting analysis optimised for these fungal species. The results showed a significant degree of variability among the isolates, which was demonstrated by the clearly subdivision of all the isolates into two clusters with 51% and 62% similarity, respectively. For the metabolic diversity, the BIOLOG system was used and this analysis revealed clearly different patterns of carbon substrates utilization between the isolates resulting in a clear separation of the five isolates into three clusters with 0%, 42% and 54% of similarity, respectively. These results suggest that genetic diversity does not always match the level of functional diversity, which may be useful in discovering the importance of this fungus to ecosystem functioning. The results indicated that P. setifera strains were able to degrade substrates produced in the degradation of hemicellulose (D-Arabinose, L-Arabinose, D-Glucuronic Acid, Xylitol, γ-Amino-Butyric Acid, D-Mannose, D-Xylose and L-Rhamnose), cellulose (α-D-Glucose and D-Cellobiose) and the synthesis of lignin (Quinic Acid) at a high level, showing their importance in ecosystem services as a decomposer of carbon compounds and as organisms, which make a significant contribution to carbon cycling in the ecosystem.The results showed for the first time that the use of molecular biology techniques (such as AFLP and BIOLOG analyses) may allow for the identification of intraspecific diversity of as yet poorly investigated fungal species with favourable consequences for our understanding their ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Pertile
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Polska
| | - Jacek Panek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Polska
| | - Karolina Oszust
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Polska
| | - Anna Siczek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Polska
| | - Magdalena Frąc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Polska
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26
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Reynolds HT, Vijayakumar V, Gluck-Thaler E, Korotkin HB, Matheny PB, Slot JC. Horizontal gene cluster transfer increased hallucinogenic mushroom diversity. Evol Lett 2018; 2:88-101. [PMID: 30283667 PMCID: PMC6121855 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are a heterogeneous class of chemicals that often mediate interactions between species. The tryptophan‐derived secondary metabolite, psilocin, is a serotonin receptor agonist that induces altered states of consciousness. A phylogenetically disjunct group of mushroom‐forming fungi in the Agaricales produce the psilocin prodrug, psilocybin. Spotty phylogenetic distributions of fungal compounds are sometimes explained by horizontal transfer of metabolic gene clusters among unrelated fungi with overlapping niches. We report the discovery of a psilocybin gene cluster in three hallucinogenic mushroom genomes, and evidence for its horizontal transfer between fungal lineages. Patterns of gene distribution and transmission suggest that synthesis of psilocybin may have provided a fitness advantage in the dung and late wood‐decay fungal niches, which may serve as reservoirs of fungal indole‐based metabolites that alter behavior of mycophagous and wood‐eating invertebrates. These hallucinogenic mushroom genomes will serve as models in neurochemical ecology, advancing the (bio)prospecting and synthetic biology of novel neuropharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah T Reynolds
- Department of Plant Pathology The Ohio State University 2021 Coffey Road Columbus Ohio 43210.,Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Western Connecticut State University 181 White St. Danbury Connecticut 06810-6826
| | - Vinod Vijayakumar
- Department of Plant Pathology The Ohio State University 2021 Coffey Road Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Emile Gluck-Thaler
- Department of Plant Pathology The Ohio State University 2021 Coffey Road Columbus Ohio 43210
| | - Hailee Brynn Korotkin
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee 334 Hesler Biology Building Knoxville Tennessee 37996-1610
| | - Patrick Brandon Matheny
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Tennessee 334 Hesler Biology Building Knoxville Tennessee 37996-1610
| | - Jason C Slot
- Department of Plant Pathology The Ohio State University 2021 Coffey Road Columbus Ohio 43210
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27
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Xu L, Li Y, Biggins JB, Bowman BR, Verdine GL, Gloer JB, Alspaugh JA, Bills GF. Identification of cyclosporin C from Amphichorda felina using a Cryptococcus neoformans differential temperature sensitivity assay. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:2337-2350. [PMID: 29396588 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We used a temperature differential assay with the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans as a simple screening platform to detect small molecules with antifungal activity in natural product extracts. By screening of a collection extracts from two different strains of the coprophilous fungus, Amphichorda felina, we detected strong, temperature-dependent antifungal activity using a two-plate agar zone of inhibition assay at 25 and 37 °C. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the crude extract followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) identified cyclosporin C (CsC) as the main component of the crude extract responsible for growth inhibition of C. neoformans at 37 °C. The presence of CsC was confirmed by comparison with a commercial standard. We sequenced the genome of A. felina to identify and annotate the CsC biosynthetic gene cluster. The only previously characterized gene cluster for the biosynthesis of similar compounds is that of the related immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine A (CsA). The CsA and CsC gene clusters share a high degree of synteny and sequence similarity. Amino acid changes in the adenylation domain of the CsC nonribosomal peptide synthase's sixth module may be responsible for the substitution of L-threonine compared to L-α-aminobutyric acid in the CsA peptide core. This screening strategy promises to yield additional antifungal natural products with a focused spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Xu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, 3SCR6.4676, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- College of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, 150080, China
| | - Yan Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, 3SCR6.4676, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - John B Biggins
- LifeMine Therapeutics, 430 E. 29th Street, Suite 830, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Brian R Bowman
- LifeMine Therapeutics, 430 E. 29th Street, Suite 830, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Gregory L Verdine
- LifeMine Therapeutics, 430 E. 29th Street, Suite 830, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - J Andrew Alspaugh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1881 East Road, 3SCR6.4676, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
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Wepking C, Avera B, Badgley B, Barrett JE, Franklin J, Knowlton KF, Ray PP, Smitherman C, Strickland MS. Exposure to dairy manure leads to greater antibiotic resistance and increased mass-specific respiration in soil microbial communities. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2016.2233. [PMID: 28356447 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensifying livestock production to meet the demands of a growing global population coincides with increases in both the administration of veterinary antibiotics and manure inputs to soils. These trends have the potential to increase antibiotic resistance in soil microbial communities. The effect of maintaining increased antibiotic resistance on soil microbial communities and the ecosystem processes they regulate is unknown. We compare soil microbial communities from paired reference and dairy manure-exposed sites across the USA. Given that manure exposure has been shown to elicit increased antibiotic resistance in soil microbial communities, we expect that manure-exposed sites will exhibit (i) compositionally different soil microbial communities, with shifts toward taxa known to exhibit resistance; (ii) greater abundance of antibiotic resistance genes; and (iii) corresponding maintenance of antibiotic resistance would lead to decreased microbial efficiency. We found that bacterial and fungal communities differed between reference and manure-exposed sites. Additionally, the β-lactam resistance gene ampC was 5.2-fold greater under manure exposure, potentially due to the use of cephalosporin antibiotics in dairy herds. Finally, ampC abundance was positively correlated with indicators of microbial stress, and microbial mass-specific respiration, which increased 2.1-fold under manure exposure. These findings demonstrate that the maintenance of antibiotic resistance associated with manure inputs alters soil microbial communities and ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Wepking
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bethany Avera
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Brian Badgley
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John E Barrett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Josh Franklin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.,Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | | | - Partha P Ray
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Early Gate, Reading RG6 6AR, UK
| | - Crystal Smitherman
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Abstract
Metabolic gene clusters (MGCs) have provided some of the earliest glimpses at the biochemical machinery of yeast and filamentous fungi. MGCs encode diverse genetic mechanisms for nutrient acquisition and the synthesis/degradation of essential and adaptive metabolites. Beyond encoding the enzymes performing these discrete anabolic or catabolic processes, MGCs may encode a range of mechanisms that enable their persistence as genetic consortia; these include enzymatic mechanisms to protect their host fungi from their inherent toxicities, and integrated regulatory machinery. This modular, self-contained nature of MGCs contributes to the metabolic and ecological adaptability of fungi. The phylogenetic and ecological patterns of MGC distribution reflect the broad diversity of fungal life cycles and nutritional modes. While the origins of most gene clusters are enigmatic, MGCs are thought to be born into a genome through gene duplication, relocation, or horizontal transfer, and analyzing the death and decay of gene clusters provides clues about the mechanisms selecting for their assembly. Gene clustering may provide inherent fitness advantages through metabolic efficiency and specialization, but experimental evidence for this is currently limited. The identification and characterization of gene clusters will continue to be powerful tools for elucidating fungal metabolism as well as understanding the physiology and ecology of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Slot
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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30
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Rangarajan S, Verekar S, Deshmukh SK, Bellare JR, Balakrishnan A, Sharma S, Vidya R, Chimote G. Evaluation of anti‐bacterial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised by coprophilous fungus PM0651419. IET Nanobiotechnol 2017; 12:106-115. [PMCID: PMC8676313 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The study explored biological synthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the less explored non‐pathogenic coprophilous fungus, sterile mycelium, PM0651419 and evaluates the antimicrobial efficacy of biosynthesised AgNPs when impregnated in wound fabrics and in combination with six antimicrobial agents. AgNPs alone proved to be potent antibacterial agents and in combination they enhanced the antibacterial activity and spectrum of antibacterials used in the study against a microbiologically diverse battery of Gram positive, Gram negative and multidrug‐resistant bacteria. AgNPs impregnated on the wound dressings established their antibacterial activity by significantly reducing the bacterial load of pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis e stablishing potential as effective antimicrobial wound dressings for treatment of polymicrobial wound infections. This study presents the first report on the potential of biosynthesis of AgNPs from the under explored class of coprophilous fungi. Their promise to be used in wound dressings and as potent antibacterials alone and in combination is evaluated
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Rangarajan
- Pharmacology GroupPiramal Life Sciences LtdMumbai400063India
- School of Bio Sciences and TechnologyVIT UniversityVellore632014India
| | - Shilpa Verekar
- Natural Products GroupPiramal Life Sciences LtdMumbai400063India
| | | | | | | | - Somesh Sharma
- NCE DivisionPiramal Life SciencesMumbaiMaharashtraIndia
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31
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Gonzalez-Menendez V, Martin J, Siles JA, Gonzalez-Tejero MR, Reyes F, Platas G, Tormo JR, Genilloud O. Biodiversity and chemotaxonomy of Preussia isolates from the Iberian Peninsula. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jayanetti DR, Li Y, Bartholomeusz GA, Bills GF, Gloer JB. Benzophenone and Fimetarone Derivatives from the Coprophilous Fungus Delitschia confertaspora. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:707-712. [PMID: 28128947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the genome-sequenced, flutimide-producing coprophilous fungus Delitschia confertaspora (ATCC 74209), originally obtained from a sample of rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) dung collected in Namibia, led to the discovery of three new highly aromatic natural products named delicoferones A-B (1-2) and fimetarone B (3). The new benzophenone derivatives 1 and 2 have a somewhat unusual skeleton that incorporates three aromatic rings linked via two ketone carbonyl groups, while 3 contains a spiro[chroman-3,7'-isochromene]-4,6'(8'H) skeleton reported only once previously. The structures of these compounds were assigned mainly by analysis of 2D NMR and HRESITOFMS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinith R Jayanetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Yan Li
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Geoffrey A Bartholomeusz
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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33
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Regulatory cascade and biological activity of Beauveria bassiana oosporein that limits bacterial growth after host death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E1578-E1586. [PMID: 28193896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616543114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulatory network and biological functions of the fungal secondary metabolite oosporein have remained obscure. Beauveria bassiana has evolved the ability to parasitize insects and outcompete microbial challengers for assimilation of host nutrients. A novel zinc finger transcription factor, BbSmr1 (B. bassiana secondary metabolite regulator 1), was identified in a screen for oosporein overproduction. Deletion of Bbsmr1 resulted in up-regulation of the oosporein biosynthetic gene cluster (OpS genes) and constitutive oosporein production. Oosporein production was abolished in double mutants of Bbsmr1 and a second transcription factor, OpS3, within the oosporein gene cluster (ΔBbsmr1ΔOpS3), indicating that BbSmr1 acts as a negative regulator of OpS3 expression. Real-time quantitative PCR and a GFP promoter fusion construct of OpS1, the oosporein polyketide synthase, indicated that OpS1 is expressed mainly in insect cadavers at 24-48 h after death. Bacterial colony analysis in B. bassiana-infected insect hosts revealed increasing counts until host death, with a dramatic decrease (∼90%) after death that correlated with oosporein production. In vitro studies verified the inhibitory activity of oosporein against bacteria derived from insect cadavers. These results suggest that oosporein acts as an antimicrobial compound to limit microbial competition on B. bassiana-killed hosts, allowing the fungus to maximally use host nutrients to grow and sporulate on infected cadavers.
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34
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Cimmino A, Sarrocco S, Masi M, Diquattro S, Evidente M, Vannacci G, Evidente A. Fusaproliferin, Terpestacin and Their Derivatives Display Variable Allelopathic Activity Against Some Ascomycetous Fungi. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1593-1600. [PMID: 27448697 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herbivorous mammal dung supports a large variety of fimicolous fungi able to produce different bioactive secondary metabolites to compete with other organisms. Recently, the organic extracts of the Solid State Fermentation (SSF) cultures of Cleistothelebolus nipigonensis and Neogymnomyces virgineus, showing strong antifungal activity, were preliminarily investigated. This manuscript reports the isolation of the main metabolites identified, using spectroscopic and optical methods, as fusaproliferin (1) and terpestacin (2). Furthermore, some key hemisynthetic derivatives were prepared and their antifungal activity was tested against the same fungi previously reported to be affected by the organic extracts obtained from SSF. These metabolites and their derivatives resulted able to reduce the growth of Alternaria brassicicola, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium graminearum in a variable extent strongly dependent from chemical modifications and test fungi. The hydroxy enolic group at C(17) appeared to be a structural feature important to impart activity. This study represents the first report of these secondary metabolites produced by C. nipigonensis and N. virgineus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, IT-80126, Napoli
| | - Sabrina Sarrocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, IT-56124, Pisa
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, IT-80126, Napoli
| | - Stefania Diquattro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, IT-56124, Pisa
| | - Marco Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, IT-80126, Napoli
| | - Giovanni Vannacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-ambientali, Università di Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, IT-56124, Pisa
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia 4, IT-80126, Napoli
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35
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Li Y, Yue Q, Krausert NM, An Z, Gloer JB, Bills GF. Emestrins: Anti-Cryptococcus Epipolythiodioxopiperazines from Podospora australis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2357-63. [PMID: 27557418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Eleven emestrin-type epipolythiodioxopiperazines, including four new compounds, emestrins H-K (1-4), were isolated from the crude extracts of two strains of the coprophilous fungus Podospora australis. The structures of 1-4 were established primarily by analysis of NMR data, and the absolute configuration of C-6 in 1 was independently assigned using the modified Mosher method. Four of the known emestrins obtained (emestrins C-E and MPC1001C) were found to selectively inhibit the growth of Cryptococcus neoformans. These results also represent the first report of chemistry from any strain of P. australis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Qun Yue
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Nicole M Krausert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - James B Gloer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutic Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, Texas 77054, United States
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36
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New sections in Penicillium containing novel species producing patulin, pyripyropens or other bioactive compounds. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2016; 36:299-314. [PMID: 27616794 PMCID: PMC4988373 DOI: 10.3767/003158516x692040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Subgenera and sections have traditionally been used in Penicillium classifications. In the past, this sectional classification was based on macro- and microscopic characters, and occasionally supplemented with physiological and/or extrolite data. Currently, 25 sections are accepted, largely based on phylogenetic data. Certain sections of subgenus Penicillium were never studied in detail using a multigene sequence approach combined with phenotypic, ecological and extrolite data. Based on a combined partial β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) multigene sequence dataset, we introduce two new sections (Osmophila and Robsamsonia) in subgenus Penicillium and synonymize section Digitata with section Penicillium. The phylogeny correlates well with phenotypic, physiological and ecological data, and some extrolites were diagnostic for certain Penicillium sections. Furthermore, four new species belonging to the newly introduced sections are described using a polyphasic approach, including BenA, CaM and RPB2 sequences, macro- and micromorphological data and extrolite profiles. The new section Robsamsonia and the new species Penicillium robsamsonii and Penicillium samsonianum were introduced to celebrate Dr. Robert A. Samson's 70th birthday.
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37
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Lamacchia M, Dyrka W, Breton A, Saupe SJ, Paoletti M. Overlapping Podospora anserina Transcriptional Responses to Bacterial and Fungal Non Self Indicate a Multilayered Innate Immune Response. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:471. [PMID: 27148175 PMCID: PMC4835503 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition and response to non self is essential to development and survival of all organisms. It can occur between individuals of the same species or between different organisms. Fungi are established models for conspecific non self recognition in the form of vegetative incompatibility (VI), a genetically controlled process initiating a programmed cell death (PCD) leading to the rejection of a fusion cell between genetically different isolates of the same species. In Podospora anserina VI is controlled by members of the hnwd gene family encoding for proteins analogous to NOD Like Receptors (NLR) immune receptors in eukaryotes. It was hypothesized that the hnwd controlled VI reaction was derived from the fungal innate immune response. Here we analyze the P. anserina transcriptional responses to two bacterial species, Serratia fonticola to which P. anserina survives and S. marcescens to which P. anserina succumbs, and compare these to the transcriptional response induced under VI conditions. Transcriptional responses to both bacteria largely overlap, however the number of genes regulated and magnitude of regulation is more important when P. anserina survives. Transcriptional responses to bacteria also overlap with the VI reaction for both up or down regulated gene sets. Genes up regulated tend to be clustered in the genome, and display limited phylogenetic distribution. In all three responses we observed genes related to autophagy to be up-regulated. Autophagy contributes to the fungal survival in all three conditions. Genes encoding for secondary metabolites and histidine kinase signaling are also up regulated in all three conditions. Transcriptional responses also display differences. Genes involved in response to oxidative stress, or encoding small secreted proteins are essentially expressed in response to bacteria, while genes encoding NLR proteins are expressed during VI. Most functions encoded in response to bacteria favor survival of the fungus while most functions up regulated during VI would lead to cell death. These differences are discussed in the frame of a multilayered response to non self in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lamacchia
- Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - Witold Dyrka
- Equipe MAGNOME, INRIA, Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueTalence, France; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of TechnologyWroclaw, Poland
| | - Annick Breton
- Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - Sven J Saupe
- Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie et Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France
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38
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Sarrocco S. Dung-inhabiting fungi: a potential reservoir of novel secondary metabolites for the control of plant pathogens. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:643-652. [PMID: 26662623 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Coprophilous fungi are a large group of saprotrophic fungi mostly found in herbivore dung. The number of these fungi undergoing investigation is continually increasing, and new species and genera continue to be described. Dung-inhabiting fungi play an important ecological role in decomposing and recycling nutrients from animal dung. They produce a large array of bioactive secondary metabolites and have a potent enzymatic arsenal able to utilise even complex molecules. Bioactive secondary metabolites are actively involved in interaction with and defence against other organisms whose growth can be inhibited, resulting in an enhanced ecological fitness of producer strains. Currently, these antibiotics and bioactive secondary metabolites are of interest in medicine in particular, while very little information is available concerning their potential use in agriculture. This review introduces the ecology of dung-inhabiting fungi, with particular emphasis on the production of antibiotic compounds as a means to compete with other microorganisms. Owing to the fast pace of technological progress, new approaches to predicting the biosynthesis of bioactive metabolites are proposed. Coprophilous fungi should be considered as elite candidate organisms for the discovery of novel antifungal compounds, above all in view of their exploitation for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sarrocco
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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39
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Exploitation of Fungal Biodiversity for Discovery of Novel Antibiotics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 398:303-338. [PMID: 27422786 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fungi were among the first sources for antibiotics. The discovery and development of the penicillin-type and cephalosporin-type β-lactams and their synthetic versions were transformative in emergence of the modern pharmaceutical industry. They remain some of the most important antibiotics, even 70 years after their discovery. Meanwhile, thousands of fungal metabolites have been discovered, yet these metabolites have only contributed a few additional compounds that have entered clinical development. Substantial expansion in fungal biodiversity assessment along with the availability of modern "-OMICS" technology and revolutionary developments in fungal biotechnology have been made in the last 15 years subsequent to the exit of most of the big Pharma companies from the field of novel antibiotics discovery. Therefore, the timing seems opportune to revisit these fascinating chemically rich organisms as a reservoir of small-molecule templates for lead discovery. This review will describe ongoing interdisciplinary scenarios in which specialists in fungal biology collaborate with chemists, pharmacologists and biochemical and process engineers in order to reveal and make new antibiotics. The utility of a pre-selection process based on phylogenetic data and distribution of secondary metabolite encoding gene cluster will be highlighted. Examples of novel bioactive metabolites from fungi derived from special ecological groups and new phylogenetic lineages will also be discussed.
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40
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41
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Mioso R, Toledo Marante FJ, Herrera Bravo de Laguna I. The Chemical Diversity of the Ascomycete Fungus Paecilomyces variotii. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:781-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Hitting the sweet spot-glycans as targets of fungal defense effector proteins. Molecules 2015; 20:8144-67. [PMID: 25955890 PMCID: PMC6272156 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20058144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms which rely solely on innate defense systems must combat a large number of antagonists with a comparably low number of defense effector molecules. As one solution of this problem, these organisms have evolved effector molecules targeting epitopes that are conserved between different antagonists of a specific taxon or, if possible, even of different taxa. In order to restrict the activity of the defense effector molecules to physiologically relevant taxa, these target epitopes should, on the other hand, be taxon-specific and easily accessible. Glycans fulfill all these requirements and are therefore a preferred target of defense effector molecules, in particular defense proteins. Here, we review this defense strategy using the example of the defense system of multicellular (filamentous) fungi against microbial competitors and animal predators.
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43
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Hartmann M, Frey B, Mayer J, Mäder P, Widmer F. Distinct soil microbial diversity under long-term organic and conventional farming. THE ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:1177-94. [PMID: 25350160 PMCID: PMC4409162 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-input agricultural systems aim at reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in order to improve sustainable production and ecosystem health. Despite the integral role of the soil microbiome in agricultural production, we still have a limited understanding of the complex response of microbial diversity to organic and conventional farming. Here we report on the structural response of the soil microbiome to more than two decades of different agricultural management in a long-term field experiment using a high-throughput pyrosequencing approach of bacterial and fungal ribosomal markers. Organic farming increased richness, decreased evenness, reduced dispersion and shifted the structure of the soil microbiota when compared with conventionally managed soils under exclusively mineral fertilization. This effect was largely attributed to the use and quality of organic fertilizers, as differences became smaller when conventionally managed soils under an integrated fertilization scheme were examined. The impact of the plant protection regime, characterized by moderate and targeted application of pesticides, was of subordinate importance. Systems not receiving manure harboured a dispersed and functionally versatile community characterized by presumably oligotrophic organisms adapted to nutrient-limited environments. Systems receiving organic fertilizer were characterized by specific microbial guilds known to be involved in degradation of complex organic compounds such as manure and compost. The throughput and resolution of the sequencing approach permitted to detect specific structural shifts at the level of individual microbial taxa that harbours a novel potential for managing the soil environment by means of promoting beneficial and suppressing detrimental organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hartmann
- Molecular Ecology, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Beat Frey
- Forest Soils and Biogeochemistry, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Mayer
- Nutrient Flows, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paul Mäder
- Department of Soil Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Franco Widmer
- Molecular Ecology, Institute for Sustainability Sciences, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
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44
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Jayanetti D, Yue Q, Bills GF, Gloer JB. Hypocoprins A-C: new sesquiterpenoids from the coprophilous fungus Hypocopra rostrata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:396-401. [PMID: 25549014 PMCID: PMC4380195 DOI: 10.1021/np5007718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the coprophilous fungus Hypocopra rostrata (TTI-0009, NRRL 66178) isolated from a sample of horse dung collected in Texas led to the isolation of three new sesquiterpenoids that we named hypocoprins A-C (1-3), together with the known fungal metabolite helvolic acid. The new metabolites have a distinctive ring system consisting of fused cyclopropane and cyclodecene units not previously reported from a fungal source. Compounds 1 and 3 moderately inhibited growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The structures of these metabolites were assigned mainly by analysis of 2D NMR and HRESITOFMS data. Relative and absolute configurations were assigned by interpretation of NMR J-values and NOESY data and by application of Mosher's method. These results represent the first report of chemistry from any strain of the genus Hypocopra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinith
R. Jayanetti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Qun Yue
- Texas
Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston, 1881
East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Gerald F. Bills
- Texas
Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular
Medicine, University of Texas Health Science
Center at Houston, 1881
East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - James B. Gloer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Del Valle P, Figueroa M, Mata R. Phytotoxic eremophilane sesquiterpenes from the coprophilous fungus Penicillium sp. G1-a14. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:339-342. [PMID: 25603174 DOI: 10.1021/np5009224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-directed fractionation of an extract from the grain-based culture of the coprophilous fungus Penicillium sp. G1-a14 led to the isolation of a new eremophilane-type sesquiterpene, 3R,6R-dihydroxy-9,7(11)-dien-8-oxoeremophilane (1), along with three known analogues, namely, isopetasol (2), sporogen AO-1 (3), and dihydrosporogen AO-1 (4). The structure of 1 was elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Assignment of absolute configuration at the stereogenic centers of 1 was achieved using ECD spectroscopy combined with time-dependent density functional theory calculations. Sporogen AO-1 (3) and dihydrosporogen AO-1 (4) caused significant inhibition of radicle growth against Amaranthus hypochondriacus (IC50 = 0.17 mM for both compounds) and Echinochloa crus-galli (IC50 = 0.17 and 0.30 mM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Del Valle
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , México DF 04510, México
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Chooi YH, Solomon PS. A chemical ecogenomics approach to understand the roles of secondary metabolites in fungal cereal pathogens. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:640. [PMID: 25477876 PMCID: PMC4237128 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SMs) are known to play important roles in the virulence and lifestyle of fungal plant pathogens. The increasing availability of fungal pathogen genome sequences and next-generation genomic tools have allowed us to survey the SM gene cluster inventory in individual fungi. Thus, there is immense opportunity for SM discovery in these plant pathogens. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics have been employed to obtain insights on the genetic features that enable fungal pathogens to adapt in individual ecological niches and to adopt the different pathogenic lifestyles. Here, we will discuss how we can use these tools to search for ecologically important SM gene clusters in fungi, using cereal pathogens as models. This ecological genomics approach, combined with genome mining and chemical ecology tools, is likely to advance our understanding of the natural functions of SMs and accelerate bioactive molecule discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit-Heng Chooi
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Stanley CE, Stöckli M, van Swaay D, Sabotič J, Kallio PT, Künzler M, deMello AJ, Aebi M. Probing bacterial–fungal interactions at the single cell level. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:935-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00154k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Overy DP, Bayman P, Kerr RG, Bills GF. An assessment of natural product discovery from marine ( sensu strictu) and marine-derived fungi. Mycology 2014; 5:145-167. [PMID: 25379338 PMCID: PMC4205923 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2014.931308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural products community has been investigating secondary metabolites from marine fungi for several decades, but when one attempts to search for validated reports of new natural products from marine fungi, one encounters a literature saturated with reports from ‘marine-derived’ fungi. Of the 1000+ metabolites that have been characterized to date, only approximately 80 of these have been isolated from species from exclusively marine lineages. These metabolites are summarized here along with the lifestyle and habitats of their producing organisms. Furthermore, we address some of the reasons for the apparent disconnect between the stated objectives of discovering new chemistry from marine organisms and the apparent neglect of the truly exceptional obligate marine fungi. We also offer suggestions on how to reinvigorate enthusiasm for marine natural products discovery from fungi from exclusive marine lineages and highlight the need for critically assessing the role of apparently terrestrial fungi in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Overy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Ave., Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , Canada C1A 4P3 ; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Ave., Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , Canada C1A 4P3 ; Nautilus Biosciences Canada, Duffy Research Center, University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Ave., Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Paul Bayman
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras , P. O. Box 23360, San Juan 00931 , Puerto Rico
| | - Russell G Kerr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Ave., Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , Canada C1A 4P3 ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Ave., Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , Canada C1A 4P3 ; Nautilus Biosciences Canada, Duffy Research Center, University of Prince Edward Island , 550 University Ave., Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Gerald F Bills
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center , 1881 East Rd., Houston , TX 77054 , USA
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Genilloud O. The re-emerging role of microbial natural products in antibiotic discovery. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2014; 106:173-88. [PMID: 24923558 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-014-0204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
New classes of antibacterial compounds are urgently needed to respond to the high frequency of occurrence of resistances to all major classes of known antibiotics. Microbial natural products have been for decades one of the most successful sources of drugs to treat infectious diseases but today, the emerging unmet clinical need poses completely new challenges to the discovery of novel candidates with the desired properties to be developed as antibiotics. While natural products discovery programs have been gradually abandoned by the big pharma, smaller biotechnology companies and research organizations are taking over the lead in the discovery of novel antibacterials. Recent years have seen new approaches and technologies being developed and integrated in a multidisciplinary effort to further exploit microbial resources and their biosynthetic potential as an untapped source of novel molecules. New strategies to isolate novel species thought to be uncultivable, and synthetic biology approaches ranging from genome mining of microbial strains for cryptic biosynthetic pathways to their heterologous expression have been emerging in combination with high throughput sequencing platforms, integrated bioinformatic analysis, and on-site analytical detection and dereplication tools for novel compounds. These different innovative approaches are defining a completely new framework that is setting the bases for the future discovery of novel chemical scaffolds that should foster a renewed interest in the identification of novel classes of natural product antibiotics from the microbial world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Genilloud
- Fundación MEDINA, Avda Conocimiento 3, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, 18016, Granada, Spain,
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