1
|
Oliveira-Garcia E, Hamilton AJ. A pharmacological approach to investigating effector translocation in rice- Magnaporthe oryzae interactions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2350869. [PMID: 38722963 PMCID: PMC11085958 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2350869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens deliver effector proteins into living plant cells to suppress plant immunity and control plant processes that are needed for infection. During plant infection, the devastating rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, forms the specialized biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which is essential for effector translocation. Cytoplasmic effectors are first focally secreted into BICs, and subsequently packaged into dynamic membranous effector compartments (MECs), then translocated via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) into the host cytoplasm. This study demonstrates that clathrin-heavy chain inhibitors endosidin-9 (ES9) and endosidin-9-17 (ES9-17) blocked the internalization of the fluorescently labeled effectors Bas1 and Pwl2 in rice cells, leading to swollen BICs lacking MECs. In contrast, ES9-17 treatment had no impact on the localization pattern of the apoplastic effector Bas4. This study provides further evidence that cytoplasmic effector translocation occurs by CME in BICs, suggesting a potential role for M. oryzae effectors in co-opting plant endocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ely Oliveira-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Allison Jane Hamilton
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marcianò D, Kappel L, Ullah SF, Srivastava V. From glycans to green biotechnology: exploring cell wall dynamics and phytobiota impact in plant glycopathology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39004515 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2370341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous plant pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, pose significant threats to cultivated crops, impacting agricultural productivity, quality and sustainability. Traditionally, disease control heavily relied on fungicides, but concerns about their negative impacts motivated stakeholders and government agencies to seek alternative solutions. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been developed as promising alternatives to minimize fungicide use. However, BCAs often exhibit inconsistent performances, undermining their efficacy as plant protection alternatives. The eukaryotic cell wall of plants and filamentous pathogens contributes significantly to their interaction with the environment and competitors. This highly adaptable and modular carbohydrate armor serves as the primary interface for communication, and the intricate interplay within this compartment is often mediated by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) responsible for cell wall degradation and remodeling. These processes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of plant diseases and contribute significantly to establishing both beneficial and detrimental microbiota. This review explores the interplay between cell wall dynamics and glycan interactions in the phytobiome scenario, providing holistic insights for efficiently exploiting microbial traits potentially involved in plant disease mitigation. Within this framework, the incorporation of glycobiology-related functional traits into the resident phytobiome can significantly enhance the plant's resilience to biotic stresses. Therefore, in the rational engineering of future beneficial consortia, it is imperative to recognize and leverage the understanding of cell wall interactions and the role of the glycome as an essential tool for the effective management of plant diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Kappel
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sadia Fida Ullah
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee SY, Lee G, Han J, Ha SK, Lee CM, Kang K, Jin M, Suh JP, Jeung JU, Mo Y, Lee HS. GWAS analysis reveals the genetic basis of blast resistance associated with heading date in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1412614. [PMID: 38835858 PMCID: PMC11148375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1412614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast is a destructive fungal disease affecting rice plants at various growth stages, significantly threatening global yield stability. Development of resistant rice cultivars stands as a practical means of disease control. Generally, association mapping with a diversity panel powerfully identifies new alleles controlling trait of interest. On the other hand, utilization of a breeding panel has its advantage that can be directly applied in a breeding program. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for blast resistance using 296 commercial rice cultivars with low population structure but large phenotypic diversity. We attempt to answer the genetic basis behind rice blast resistance among early maturing cultivars by subdividing the population based on its Heading date 1 (Hd1) functionality. Subpopulation-specific GWAS using the mixed linear model (MLM) based on blast nursery screening conducted in three years revealed a total of 26 significant signals, including three nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes (Os06g0286500, Os06g0286700, and Os06g0287500) located at Piz locus on chromosome 6, and one at the Pi-ta locus (Os12g0281300) on chromosome 12. Haplotype analysis revealed blast resistance associated with Piz locus was exclusively specific to Type 14 hd1 among japonica rice. Our findings provide valuable insights for breeding blast resistant rice and highlight the applicability of our elite cultivar panel to detect superior alleles associated with important agronomic traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Young Lee
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gileung Lee
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheon Han
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Ha
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Min Lee
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongmin Kang
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Jin
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Pil Suh
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ung Jeung
- Department of Southern Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Mo
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Lee
- Crop Breeding Division, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li D, Song F, Mengiste T. Editorial: Molecular biology of plant-fungal interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1392149. [PMID: 38504904 PMCID: PMC10949945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1392149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Li
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengming Song
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oliveira-Garcia E, Yan X, Oses-Ruiz M, de Paula S, Talbot NJ. Effector-triggered susceptibility by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1007-1020. [PMID: 38073141 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast, the most destructive disease of cultivated rice world-wide, is caused by the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. To cause disease in plants, M. oryzae secretes a diverse range of effector proteins to suppress plant defense responses, modulate cellular processes, and support pathogen growth. Some effectors can be secreted by appressoria even before host penetration, while others accumulate in the apoplast, or enter living plant cells where they target specific plant subcellular compartments. During plant infection, the blast fungus induces the formation of a specialized plant structure known as the biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC), which appears to be crucial for effector delivery into plant cells. Here, we review recent advances in the cell biology of M. oryzae-host interactions and show how new breakthroughs in disease control have stemmed from an increased understanding of effector proteins of M. oryzae are deployed and delivered into plant cells to enable pathogen invasion and host susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ely Oliveira-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Miriam Oses-Ruiz
- IMAB, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Campus Arrosadia, 31006, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Samuel de Paula
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Nicholas J Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dang SZ, Zhang HJ, Li YZ. Germination and Invasion of Paraphoma radicina on Roots of a Susceptible and a Resistant Alfalfa Cultivar ( Medicago sativa). PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:102-110. [PMID: 37432065 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0437-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa Paraphoma root rot (APRR) (Paraphoma radicina) is a recently described alfalfa disease widely distributed in China, first reported in 2020. So far, the resistance levels of 30 alfalfa cultivars to APRR have been characterized; however, the resistance mechanisms among these cultivars remain unknown. In the present study, the alfalfa resistance mechanisms against APRR were investigated by studying the difference of P. radicina infecting susceptible (Gibraltar) and resistant (Magnum II) alfalfa cultivars under the light microscope and scanning electronic microscope. The conidial germination and germ tube growth in the root exudates of different resistant cultivars were also compared. The results revealed that conidial germination, germ tube development, and P. radicina penetration into root tissues of resistant plants were delayed. In susceptible and resistant cultivars, P. radicina infected roots by penetrating epidermal cells and the intercellular space between epidermal cells. During the infection process, germ tubes penetrated the root surface directly or formed appressoria. However, the penetration percentage on the susceptible cultivar was significantly higher than on the resistant cultivar, irrespective of the infection route. Moreover, disintegrated conidia and germ tubes were observed on resistant cultivar roots at 48 h postinoculation. The conidial germination and germ tube growth in root exudates of susceptible cultivars were significantly higher than in resistant cultivars. The current findings implied that the alfalfa resistance mechanism might be related to root exudates. These findings could provide insights into the alfalfa resistance mechanism following P. radicina infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhong Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; and Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Hai Juan Zhang
- Institute of Innovation Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Yan Zhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University; Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education; and Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Western China Grassland Industry, Lanzhou 730020, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kentjens W, Casonato S, Kaiser C. Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense): endophytes and Puccinia punctiformis. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:115-121. [PMID: 36710281 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Californian thistle (Cirisum arvense) is a troublesome weed in pastures and cropping systems. The fungal biocontrol agent Puccinia punctiformis, commonly referred to as thistle rust, performs inconsistently on C. arvense. Problems with P. punctiformis establishment and control of C. arvense may be attributable to differing plant endophytic populations in various environments. This article provides an overview of the relationships between endophytes and their host, but also between endophytes and pathogens with a focus on rust pathogens. This review provides insights into reasons why P. punctiformis performs inconsistently and identifies gaps in our knowledge. Filling these gaps may help to improve performance of this classical fungal biocontrol agent. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Kentjens
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Department of Pest-Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Seona Casonato
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Department of Pest-Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Clive Kaiser
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Department of Pest-Management and Conservation, Lincoln University, Lincoln, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiao M, Chen D, Liu S, Chen A, Fang A, Tian B, Yu Y, Bi C, Kang Z, Yang Y. A chitin deacetylase PsCDA2 from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici confers disease pathogenicity by suppressing chitin-triggered immunity in wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1467-1479. [PMID: 37486146 PMCID: PMC10632782 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants have the ability to recognize the essential chitin molecule present in the fungal cell wall, which stimulates the immune response. Phytopathogenic fungi have developed various strategies to inhibit the chitin-triggered immune response. Here, we identified a chitin deacetylase of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), known as PsCDA2, that was induced during the initial invasion of wheat and acted as an inhibitor of plant cell death. Knockdown of PsCDA2 in wheat enhanced its resistance against Pst, highlighting the significance of PsCDA2 in the host-pathogen interaction. Moreover, PsCDA2 can protect Pst urediniospores from being damaged by host chitinase in vitro. PsCDA2 also suppressed the basal chitin-induced plant immune response, including the accumulation of callose and the expression of defence genes. Overall, our results demonstrate that Pst secretes PsCDA2 as a chitin deacetylase involved in establishing infection and modifying the acetyl group to prevent the breakdown of chitin in the cell wall by host endogenous chitinases. Our research unveils a mechanism by which the fungus suppresses plant immunity, further contributing to the understanding of wheat stripe rust control. This information could have significant implications for the development of suitable strategies for protecting crops against the devastating effects of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muye Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dezhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Saifei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Anle Chen
- Chongqing Academy of Agriculture SciencesChongqingChina
| | - Anfei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Binnian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Chaowei Bi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yuheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biosafety and Green Production of Upper Yangtze River (Ministry of Education), College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang P, Ma X, Liu L, Mao C, Hu Y, Yan B, Guo J, Liu X, Shi J, Lee GS, Pan X, Deng Y, Zhang Z, Kang Z, Qiao Y. MEDIATOR SUBUNIT 16 negatively regulates rice immunity by modulating PATHOGENESIS RELATED 3 activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1132-1150. [PMID: 36815292 PMCID: PMC10231465 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) are valuable genetic resources for unraveling plant defense responses including programmed cell death. Here, we identified a rice (Oryza sativa) LMM, spotted leaf 38 (spl38), and demonstrated that spl38 is essential for the formation of hypersensitive response-like lesions and innate immunity. Map-based cloning revealed that SPL38 encodes MEDIATOR SUBUNIT 16 (OsMED16). The spl38 mutant showed enhanced resistance to rice pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) and exhibited delayed flowering, while OsMED16-overexpressing plants showed increased rice susceptibility to M. oryzae. The OsMED16-edited rice lines were phenotypically similar to the spl38 mutant but were extremely weak, exhibited growth retardation, and eventually died. The C-terminus of OsMED16 showed interaction with the positive immune regulator PATHOGENESIS RELATED 3 (OsPR3), resulting in the competitive repression of its chitinase and chitin-binding activities. Furthermore, the ospr3 osmed16 double mutants did not exhibit the lesion mimic phenotype of the spl38 mutant. Strikingly, OsMED16 exhibited an opposite function in plant defense relative to that of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AtMED16, most likely because of 2 amino acid substitutions between the monocot and dicot MED16s tested. Collectively, our findings suggest that OsMED16 negatively regulates cell death and immunity in rice, probably via the OsPR3-mediated chitin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xiaoding Ma
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Chanjuan Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yongkang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Bingxiao Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinxia Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Gang-Seob Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Science, Jeon Ju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaowu Pan
- Hunan Rice Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yiwen Deng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huang J, Cook DE. The contribution of DNA repair pathways to genome editing and evolution in filamentous pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:fuac035. [PMID: 35810003 PMCID: PMC9779921 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks require repair or risk corrupting the language of life. To ensure genome integrity and viability, multiple DNA double-strand break repair pathways function in eukaryotes. Two such repair pathways, canonical non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination, have been extensively studied, while other pathways such as microhomology-mediated end joint and single-strand annealing, once thought to serve as back-ups, now appear to play a fundamental role in DNA repair. Here, we review the molecular details and hierarchy of these four DNA repair pathways, and where possible, a comparison for what is known between animal and fungal models. We address the factors contributing to break repair pathway choice, and aim to explore our understanding and knowledge gaps regarding mechanisms and regulation in filamentous pathogens. We additionally discuss how DNA double-strand break repair pathways influence genome engineering results, including unexpected mutation outcomes. Finally, we review the concept of biased genome evolution in filamentous pathogens, and provide a model, termed Biased Variation, that links DNA double-strand break repair pathways with properties of genome evolution. Despite our extensive knowledge for this universal process, there remain many unanswered questions, for which the answers may improve genome engineering and our understanding of genome evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - David E Cook
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, 1712 Claflin Road, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gong Z, Ning N, Li Z, Xie X, Wilson RA, Liu W. Two Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins, MoMas3 and MoMas5, are required for suppressing host innate immunity and promoting biotrophic growth in rice cells. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1290-1302. [PMID: 35526236 PMCID: PMC9366069 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the devastating rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, six Magnaporthe appressoria-specific (MAS) proteins are encoded by MoGAS1, MoGAS2 and MoMAS3-MoMAS6. MoGAS1 and MoGAS2 were previously characterized as M. oryzae virulence factors; however, the roles of the other four genes are unknown. Here, we found that, although the loss of any MAS gene did not affect appressorial formation or vegetative growth, ∆Momas3 and ∆Momas5 mutant strains (but not the others) were reduced in virulence on susceptible CO-39 rice seedlings. Focusing on ∆Momas3 and ∆Momas5 mutant strains, we found that they could penetrate host leaf surfaces and fill the first infected rice cell but did not spread readily to neighbouring cells, suggesting they were impaired for biotrophic growth. Live-cell imaging of fluorescently labelled MoMas3 and MoMas5 proteins showed that during biotrophy, MoMas3 localized to the apoplastic compartment formed between fungal invasive hyphae and the plant-derived extra-invasive hyphal membrane while MoMas5 localized to the appressoria and the penetration peg. The loss of either MoMAS3 or MoMAS5 resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected rice cells, resulting in the triggering of plant defences that inhibited mutant growth in planta. ∆Momas3 and ∆Momas5 biotrophic growth could be remediated by inhibiting host NADPH oxidases and suppressing ROS accumulation. Thus, MoMas3 and MoMas5 are novel virulence factors involved in suppressing host plant innate immunity to promote biotrophic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Na Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of AgricultureGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural MicrobiologyCollege of AgricultureGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Richard A. Wilson
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant ProtectionChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mapuranga J, Zhang N, Zhang L, Chang J, Yang W. Infection Strategies and Pathogenicity of Biotrophic Plant Fungal Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:799396. [PMID: 35722337 PMCID: PMC9201565 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.799396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biotrophic plant pathogenic fungi are widely distributed and are among the most damaging pathogenic organisms of agriculturally important crops responsible for significant losses in quality and yield. However, the pathogenesis of obligate parasitic pathogenic microorganisms is still under investigation because they cannot reproduce and complete their life cycle on an artificial medium. The successful lifestyle of biotrophic fungal pathogens depends on their ability to secrete effector proteins to manipulate or evade plant defense response. By integrating genomics, transcriptomics, and effectoromics, insights into how the adaptation of biotrophic plant fungal pathogens adapt to their host populations can be gained. Efficient tools to decipher the precise molecular mechanisms of rust–plant interactions, and standardized routines in genomics and functional pipelines have been established and will pave the way for comparative studies. Deciphering fungal pathogenesis not only allows us to better understand how fungal pathogens infect host plants but also provides valuable information for plant diseases control, including new strategies to prevent, delay, or inhibit fungal development. Our review provides a comprehensive overview of the efforts that have been made to decipher the effector proteins of biotrophic fungal pathogens and demonstrates how rapidly research in the field of obligate biotrophy has progressed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Emerging Roles of Motile Epidermal Chloroplasts in Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074043. [PMID: 35409402 PMCID: PMC8999904 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant epidermis contains atypical small chloroplasts. However, the physiological role of this organelle is unclear compared to that of large mesophyll chloroplasts, the well-known function of which is photosynthesis. Although knowledge of the involvement of chloroplasts in the plant immunity has been expanded to date, the differences between the epidermal and mesophyll chloroplasts are beyond the scope of this study. Given the role of the plant epidermis as a barrier to environmental stresses, including pathogen attacks, and the immune-related function of chloroplasts, plant defense research on epidermal chloroplasts is an emerging field. Recent studies have revealed the dynamic movements of epidermal chloroplasts in response to fungal and oomycete pathogens. Furthermore, epidermal chloroplast-associated proteins and cellular events that are tightly linked to epidermal resistance against pathogens have been reported. In this review, I have focused on the recent progress in epidermal chloroplast-mediated plant immunity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu DS, Outram MA, Crean E, Smith A, Sung YC, Darma R, Sun X, Ma L, Jones DA, Solomon PS, Williams SJ. Optimized Production of Disulfide-Bonded Fungal Effectors in Escherichia coli Using CyDisCo and FunCyDisCo Coexpression Approaches. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:109-118. [PMID: 34672679 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-21-0218-ta] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Effectors are a key part of the arsenal of plant-pathogenic fungi and promote pathogen virulence and disease. Effectors typically lack sequence similarity to proteins with known functional domains and motifs, limiting our ability to predict their functions and understand how they are recognized by plant hosts. As a result, cross-disciplinary approaches involving structural biology and protein biochemistry are often required to decipher and better characterize effector function. These approaches are reliant on high yields of relatively pure protein, which often requires protein production using a heterologous expression system. For some effectors, establishing an efficient production system can be difficult, particularly those that require multiple disulfide bonds to achieve their naturally folded structure. Here, we describe the use of a coexpression system within the heterologous host Escherichia coli, termed CyDisCo (cytoplasmic disulfide bond formation in E. coli) to produce disulfide bonded fungal effectors. We demonstrate that CyDisCo and a naturalized coexpression approach termed FunCyDisCo (Fungi CyDisCo) can significantly improve the production yields of numerous disulfide-bonded effectors from diverse fungal pathogens. The ability to produce large quantities of functional recombinant protein has facilitated functional studies and crystallization of several of these reported fungal effectors. We suggest this approach could be broadly useful in the investigation of the function and recognition of a broad range of disulfide bond-containing effectors.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Yu
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Megan A Outram
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Emma Crean
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Ashley Smith
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yi-Chang Sung
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Reynaldi Darma
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Xizhe Sun
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Lisong Ma
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - David A Jones
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Oberti H, Spangenberg G, Cogan N, Reyno R, Feijoo M, Murchio S, Dalla-Rizza M. Genome-wide analysis of Claviceps paspali: insights into the secretome of the main species causing ergot disease in Paspalum spp. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:766. [PMID: 34702162 PMCID: PMC8549174 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phytopatogen Claviceps paspali is the causal agent of Ergot disease in Paspalum spp., which includes highly productive forage grasses such as P. dilatatum. This disease impacts dairy and beef production by affecting seed quality and producing mycotoxins that can affect performance in feeding animals. The molecular basis of pathogenicity of C. paspali remains unknown, which makes it more difficult to find solutions for this problem. Secreted proteins are related to fungi virulence and can manipulate plant immunity acting on different subcellular localizations. Therefore, identifying and characterizing secreted proteins in phytopathogenic fungi will provide a better understanding of how they overcome host defense and cause disease. The aim of this work is to analyze the whole genome sequences of three C. paspali isolates to obtain a comparative genome characterization based on possible secreted proteins and pathogenicity factors present in their genome. In planta RNA-seq analysis at an early stage of the interaction of C. paspali with P. dilatatum stigmas was also conducted in order to determine possible secreted proteins expressed in the infection process. RESULTS C. paspali isolates had compact genomes and secretome which accounted for 4.6-4.9% of the predicted proteomes. More than 50% of the predicted secretome had no homology to known proteins. RNA-Seq revealed that three protein-coding genes predicted as secreted have mayor expression changes during 1 dpi vs 4 dpi. Also, three of the first 10 highly expressed genes in both time points were predicted as effector-like. CAZyme-like proteins were found in the predicted secretome and the most abundant family could be associated to pectine degradation. Based on this, pectine could be a main component affected by the cell wall degrading enzymes of C. paspali. CONCLUSIONS Based on predictions from DNA sequence and RNA-seq, unique probable secreted proteins and probable pathogenicity factors were identified in C. paspali isolates. This information opens new avenues in the study of the biology of this fungus and how it modulates the interaction with its host. Knowledge of the diversity of the secretome and putative pathogenicity genes should facilitate future research in disease management of Claviceps spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Oberti
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). Unidad de Biotecnología. Estación Experimental INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 km, 10, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - G Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - N Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - R Reyno
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). Programa Pasturas y Forrajes. Estación Experimental INIA Tacuarembó, Ruta 5 km, 386, Tacuarembó, Uruguay
| | - M Feijoo
- Centro Universitario Regional del Este (CURE), Polo de Desarrollo Universitario: Patogenicidad, toxicidad y genética en los ecosistemas pastoriles de la región Este de Uruguay, Ruta 8 km, 281, Treinta y Tres, Uruguay
| | - S Murchio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). Unidad de Biotecnología. Estación Experimental INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 km, 10, Canelones, Uruguay
| | - M Dalla-Rizza
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). Unidad de Biotecnología. Estación Experimental INIA Las Brujas, Ruta 48 km, 10, Canelones, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Petre B, Contreras MP, Bozkurt TO, Schattat MH, Sklenar J, Schornack S, Abd-El-Haliem A, Castells-Graells R, Lozano-Durán R, Dagdas YF, Menke FLH, Jones AME, Vossen JH, Robatzek S, Kamoun S, Win J. Host-interactor screens of Phytophthora infestans RXLR proteins reveal vesicle trafficking as a major effector-targeted process. THE PLANT CELL 2021. [PMID: 33677602 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.24.308585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens modulate plant cell structure and function by secreting effectors into host tissues. Effectors typically function by associating with host molecules and modulating their activities. This study aimed to identify the host processes targeted by the RXLR class of host-translocated effectors of the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. To this end, we performed an in planta protein-protein interaction screen by transiently expressing P. infestans RXLR effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves followed by coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This screen generated an effector-host protein interactome matrix of 59 P. infestans RXLR effectors x 586 N. benthamiana proteins. Classification of the host interactors into putative functional categories revealed over 35 biological processes possibly targeted by P. infestans. We further characterized the PexRD12/31 family of RXLR-WY effectors, which associate and colocalize with components of the vesicle trafficking machinery. One member of this family, PexRD31, increased the number of FYVE positive vesicles in N. benthamiana cells. FYVE positive vesicles also accumulated in leaf cells near P. infestans hyphae, indicating that the pathogen may enhance endosomal trafficking during infection. This interactome dataset will serve as a useful resource for functional studies of P. infestans effectors and of effector-targeted host processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin H Schattat
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Roger Castells-Graells
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Petre B, Contreras MP, Bozkurt TO, Schattat MH, Sklenar J, Schornack S, Abd-El-Haliem A, Castells-Graells R, Lozano-Durán R, Dagdas YF, Menke FLH, Jones AME, Vossen JH, Robatzek S, Kamoun S, Win J. Host-interactor screens of Phytophthora infestans RXLR proteins reveal vesicle trafficking as a major effector-targeted process. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:1447-1471. [PMID: 33677602 PMCID: PMC8254500 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens modulate plant cell structure and function by secreting effectors into host tissues. Effectors typically function by associating with host molecules and modulating their activities. This study aimed to identify the host processes targeted by the RXLR class of host-translocated effectors of the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. To this end, we performed an in planta protein-protein interaction screen by transiently expressing P. infestans RXLR effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves followed by coimmunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This screen generated an effector-host protein interactome matrix of 59 P. infestans RXLR effectors x 586 N. benthamiana proteins. Classification of the host interactors into putative functional categories revealed over 35 biological processes possibly targeted by P. infestans. We further characterized the PexRD12/31 family of RXLR-WY effectors, which associate and colocalize with components of the vesicle trafficking machinery. One member of this family, PexRD31, increased the number of FYVE positive vesicles in N. benthamiana cells. FYVE positive vesicles also accumulated in leaf cells near P. infestans hyphae, indicating that the pathogen may enhance endosomal trafficking during infection. This interactome dataset will serve as a useful resource for functional studies of P. infestans effectors and of effector-targeted host processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Mauricio P Contreras
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin H Schattat
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Roger Castells-Graells
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yasin F Dagdas
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alexandra M E Jones
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu Y, Tong Z, Zhang X, Zhang X, Luo Z, Shao W, Li L, Ma Q, Zheng X, Fang W. Plant volatile organic compound (E)-2-hexenal facilitates Botrytis cinerea infection of fruits by inducing sulfate assimilation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:432-446. [PMID: 33792940 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigation into plant-fungal pathogen interactions is one of the most interesting fields in plant sciences. However, the roles of plant volatile organic compounds in the arms race are still largely unknown. Based on precise quantification of plant volatiles, we discovered that the plant volatile organic compound (E)-2-hexenal, at concentrations that were similar to or lower than those in tissues of strawberry and tomato fruits, upregulates sulfate assimilation in spores and hyphae of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. This upregulation is independent of the types of sulfur sources in the plant and can be achieved in the presence of inorganic sulfate and organic sulfur sources. Using the fungal deletion mutants, we further found that sulfate assimilation is involved in the infection of tomato and strawberry fruits by B. cinerea, and that the severity of the disease is proportional to the sulfate content in the fruits. Both before and during the infection, (E)-2-hexenal induced utilisation of plant sulfate by B. cinerea facilitates its pathogenesis through enhancing its tolerance to oxidative stress. This work provides novel insights into the role of plant volatiles in plant-fungal pathogen interaction and highlights the importance of sulfur levels in the host in the prevention of grey mould disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqun Xu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zhichao Tong
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Wenyong Shao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Quan Ma
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Weiguo Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection, Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tini F, Beccari G, Marconi G, Porceddu A, Sulyok M, Gardiner DM, Albertini E, Covarelli L. Identification of Putative Virulence Genes by DNA Methylation Studies in the Cereal Pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051192. [PMID: 34068122 PMCID: PMC8152758 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation mediates organisms’ adaptations to environmental changes in a wide range of species. We investigated if a such a strategy is also adopted by Fusarium graminearum in regulating virulence toward its natural hosts. A virulent strain of this fungus was consecutively sub-cultured for 50 times (once a week) on potato dextrose agar. To assess the effect of subculturing on virulence, wheat seedlings and heads (cv. A416) were inoculated with subcultures (SC) 1, 23, and 50. SC50 was also used to re-infect (three times) wheat heads (SC50×3) to restore virulence. In vitro conidia production, colonies growth and secondary metabolites production were also determined for SC1, SC23, SC50, and SC50×3. Seedling stem base and head assays revealed a virulence decline of all subcultures, whereas virulence was restored in SC50×3. The same trend was observed in conidia production. The DNA isolated from SC50 and SC50×3 was subject to a methylation content-sensitive enzyme and double-digest, restriction-site-associated DNA technique (ddRAD-MCSeEd). DNA methylation analysis indicated 1024 genes, whose methylation levels changed in response to the inoculation on a healthy host after subculturing. Several of these genes are already known to be involved in virulence by functional analysis. These results demonstrate that the physiological shifts following sub-culturing have an impact on genomic DNA methylation levels and suggest that the ddRAD-MCSeEd approach can be an important tool for detecting genes potentially related to fungal virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Gianpiero Marconi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Porceddu
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Viale Italia, 39a, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Micheal Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse, 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Agriculture and Food, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia;
| | - Emidio Albertini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (F.T.); (G.B.); (E.A.); (L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
The chitin deacetylase PoCda7 is involved in the pathogenicity of Pyricularia oryzae. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126749. [PMID: 33744788 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall plays an essential role in maintaining cellular integrity and facing complex and changing environmental conditions. Whether a fungus successfully invades a host depends on whether it evades the plant's innate immune system, which recognizes the conserved components of the fungal cell wall, such as chitin. Fungi developed infection-related changes in cell wall composition in co-evolution with nature to solve this problem. One of the changes is the deacetylation of chitin by chitin deacetylase (CDA) to produce a polysaccharide that influences the infection of pathogenic fungi. The present study revealed the functions of PoCda7, a chitin deacetylase in Pyricularia oryzae. Phenotype analysis revealed that the knockout mutant of ΔPocda7 had no significant effect on fungal morphogenic development, including conidiation, germination, appressorial formation and cell wall of conidium and hyphae but was sensitive to reactive oxygen species. Glycerols are necessary to generate sufficient turgor in appressoria for invading the host surface. As a result of the decreased appressorium turgor pressure and decreased appressorium-mediated invasion, the fungal virulence of ΔPocda7 was significantly reduced in host plants. PoCda7 inhibited the cell death of leaves in Nicotiana benthamiana. Additionally, the expression of PoCDA7 was repressed in the early stage of infection. Subcellular localization experiments showed that PoCda7 was localized in the cell wall, and its fluorescence transferred to the EIHM and BIC when the rice blast fungus infected the rice leaf sheath, which was referred to as a candidate apoplastic effector in P. oryzae.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhang W, Huang J, Cook DE. Histone modification dynamics at H3K27 are associated with altered transcription of in planta induced genes in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009376. [PMID: 33534835 PMCID: PMC7886369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional dynamic in response to environmental and developmental cues are fundamental to biology, yet many mechanistic aspects are poorly understood. One such example is fungal plant pathogens, which use secreted proteins and small molecules, termed effectors, to suppress host immunity and promote colonization. Effectors are highly expressed in planta but remain transcriptionally repressed ex planta, but our mechanistic understanding of these transcriptional dynamics remains limited. We tested the hypothesis that repressive histone modification at H3-Lys27 underlies transcriptional silencing ex planta, and that exchange for an active chemical modification contributes to transcription of in planta induced genes. Using genetics, chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing and RNA-sequencing, we determined that H3K27me3 provides significant local transcriptional repression. We detail how regions that lose H3K27me3 gain H3K27ac, and these changes are associated with increased transcription. Importantly, we observed that many in planta induced genes were marked by H3K27me3 during axenic growth, and detail how altered H3K27 modification influences transcription. ChIP-qPCR during in planta growth suggests that H3K27 modifications are generally stable, but can undergo dynamics at specific genomic locations. Our results support the hypothesis that dynamic histone modifications at H3K27 contributes to fungal genome regulation and specifically contributes to regulation of genes important during host infection. Fungal pathogens of crops and humans pose annual threats to our food and health. There are many steps to the host infection process, during which fungal pathogens display unique growth, and use specific genes to cause disease. Despite this knowledge, many aspects of how pathogens regulate their genome to enact this process remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate how chemical modification of lysine residues on the histone H3, which helps organize and control DNA usage, play an important regulatory role in the model fungal pathogen causing rice blast disease. Our analysis shows a significant association between genes important for host infection and H3 lysine 27 methylation. We show that by experimentally changing histone modifications, many fungal genes normally used during plant infection are turned on outside of the host. Furthermore, we detail how histone modifications can change naturally in the fungus during plant infection. These findings help broaden our knowledge of genome regulation for these pathogens, and advances the goal of a more comprehensive understanding of the infection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jun Huang
- Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David E. Cook
- Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Pharmacological approaches have made a tremendous impact on the field of microbial secretion systems. This protocol describes the inhibition of Golgi-dependent secretion in Magnaporthe oryzae though brefeldin A (BFA) treatment. State-of-the-art live-cell imaging allows tracking secreted proteins in their secretion pathways. Here we applied this protocol for defining the secretion systems of two fluorescently labeled effectors, Bas4 (apoplastic) and Pwl2 (cytoplasmic). Secretion of Bas4 is clearly inhibited by brefeldin A (BFA), indicating its Golgi-dependent secretion pathway. By contrast, secretion of Pwl2 is BFA insensitive and follows a nonconventional secretion pathway that is Snare and Exocyst dependent. The protocol is suitable to other plant-microbial systems and in vitro secreted microbial proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ely Oliveira-Garcia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Barbara Valent
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
This introductory chapter describes the life cycle of Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast disease. During plant infection, M. oryzae forms a specialized infection structure called an appressorium, which generates enormous turgor, applied as a mechanical force to breach the rice cuticle. Appressoria form in response to physical cues from the hydrophobic rice leaf cuticle and nutrient availability. The signaling pathways involved in perception of surface signals are described and the mechanism by which appressoria function is also introduced. Re-polarization of the appressorium requires a septin complex to organize a toroidal F-actin network at the base of the cell. Septin aggregation requires a turgor-dependent sensor kinase, Sln1, necessary for re-polarization of the appressorium and development of a rigid penetration hypha to rupture the leaf cuticle. Once inside the plant, the fungus undergoes secretion of a large set of effector proteins, many of which are directed into plant cells using a specific secretory pathway. Here they suppress plant immunity, but can also be perceived by rice immune receptors, triggering resistances. M. oryzae then manipulates pit field sites, containing plasmodesmata, to facilitate rapid spread from cell to cell in plant tissue, leading to disease symptom development.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ludwig N, Reissmann S, Schipper K, Gonzalez C, Assmann D, Glatter T, Moretti M, Ma LS, Rexer KH, Snetselaar K, Kahmann R. A cell surface-exposed protein complex with an essential virulence function in Ustilago maydis. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:722-730. [PMID: 33941900 PMCID: PMC8159752 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00896-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi colonizing living plant tissue secrete a cocktail of effector proteins to suppress plant immunity and reprogramme host cells. Although many of these effectors function inside host cells, delivery systems used by pathogenic bacteria to translocate effectors into host cells have not been detected in fungi. Here, we show that five unrelated effectors and two membrane proteins from Ustilago maydis, a biotrophic fungus causing smut disease in corn, form a stable protein complex. All seven genes appear co-regulated and are only expressed during colonization. Single mutants arrest in the epidermal layer, fail to suppress host defence responses and fail to induce non-host resistance, two reactions that likely depend on translocated effectors. The complex is anchored in the fungal membrane, protrudes into host cells and likely contacts channel-forming plant plasma membrane proteins. Constitutive expression of all seven complex members resulted in a surface-exposed form in cultured U. maydis cells. As orthologues of the complex-forming proteins are conserved in smut fungi, the complex may become an interesting fungicide target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ludwig
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Reissmann
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schipper
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany ,grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Present Address: Institut für Mikrobiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carla Gonzalez
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Assmann
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Timo Glatter
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marino Moretti
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany ,grid.28665.3f0000 0001 2287 1366Present Address: Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Karl-Heinz Rexer
- grid.10253.350000 0004 1936 9756Department of Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karen Snetselaar
- grid.262952.80000 0001 0699 5924Department of Biology, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Regine Kahmann
- grid.419554.80000 0004 0491 8361Department of Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Plaza V, Silva-Moreno E, Castillo L. Breakpoint: Cell Wall and Glycoproteins and their Crucial Role in the Phytopathogenic Fungi Infection. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:227-244. [PMID: 31490745 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190906165111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall that surrounds fungal cells is essential for their survival, provides protection against physical and chemical stresses, and plays relevant roles during infection. In general, the fungal cell wall is composed of an outer layer of glycoprotein and an inner skeletal layer of β-glucans or α- glucans and chitin. Chitin synthase genes have been shown to be important for septum formation, cell division and virulence. In the same way, chitin can act as a potent elicitor to activate defense response in several plant species; however, the fungi can convert chitin to chitosan during plant infection to evade plant defense mechanisms. Moreover, α-1,3-Glucan, a non-degradable polysaccharide in plants, represents a key feature in fungal cell walls formed in plants and plays a protective role for this fungus against plant lytic enzymes. A similar case is with β-1,3- and β-1,6-glucan which are essential for infection, structure rigidity and pathogenicity during fungal infection. Cell wall glycoproteins are also vital to fungi. They have been associated with conidial separation, the increase of chitin in conidial cell walls, germination, appressorium formation, as well as osmotic and cell wall stress and virulence; however, the specific roles of glycoproteins in filamentous fungi remain unknown. Fungi that can respond to environmental stimuli distinguish these signals and relay them through intracellular signaling pathways to change the cell wall composition. They play a crucial role in appressorium formation and penetration, and release cell wall degrading enzymes, which determine the outcome of the interaction with the host. In this review, we highlight the interaction of phypatophogen cell wall and signaling pathways with its host and their contribution to fungal pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Plaza
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Evelyn Silva-Moreno
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Luis Castillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cook DE, Kramer HM, Torres DE, Seidl MF, Thomma BPHJ. A unique chromatin profile defines adaptive genomic regions in a fungal plant pathogen. eLife 2020; 9:e62208. [PMID: 33337321 PMCID: PMC7781603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomes store information at scales beyond the linear nucleotide sequence, which impacts genome function at the level of an individual, while influences on populations and long-term genome function remains unclear. Here, we addressed how physical and chemical DNA characteristics influence genome evolution in the plant pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae. We identified incomplete DNA methylation of repetitive elements, associated with specific genomic compartments originally defined as Lineage-Specific (LS) regions that contain genes involved in host adaptation. Further chromatin characterization revealed associations with features such as H3 Lys-27 methylated histones (H3K27me3) and accessible DNA. Machine learning trained on chromatin data identified twice as much LS DNA as previously recognized, which was validated through orthogonal analysis, and we propose to refer to this DNA as adaptive genomic regions. Our results provide evidence that specific chromatin profiles define adaptive genomic regions, and highlight how different epigenetic factors contribute to the organization of these regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Cook
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State UniversityManhattanUnited States
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - H Martin Kramer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - David E Torres
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS)CologneGermany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Iberahim NA, Sood N, Pradhan PK, van den Boom J, van West P, Trusch F. The chaperone Lhs1 contributes to the virulence of the fish-pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces invadans. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:1024-1031. [PMID: 33213782 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oomycetes are fungal-like eukaryotes and many of them are pathogens that threaten natural ecosystems and cause huge financial losses for the aqua- and agriculture industry. Amongst them, Aphanomyces invadans causes Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) in fish which can be responsible for up to 100% mortality in aquaculture. As other eukaryotic pathogens, in order to establish and promote an infection, A. invadans secretes proteins, which are predicted to overcome host defence mechanisms and interfere with other processes inside the host. We investigated the role of Lhs1 which is part of an ER-resident complex that generally promotes the translocation of proteins from the cytoplasm into the ER for further processing and secretion. Interestingly, proteomic studies reveal that only a subset of virulence factors are affected by the silencing of AiLhs1 in A. invadans indicating various secretion pathways for different proteins. Importantly, changes in the secretome upon silencing of AiLhs1 significantly reduces the virulence of A. invadans in the infection model Galleriamellonella. Furthermore, we show that AiLhs1 is important for the production of zoospores and their cluster formation. This renders proteins required for protein ER translocation as interesting targets for the potential development of alternative disease control strategies in agri- and aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Aqilah Iberahim
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom; International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development (ICARD), University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom; Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Malaysia
| | - Neeraj Sood
- Fish Health Management Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, 226002, Lucknow, India
| | - Pravata Kumar Pradhan
- Fish Health Management Division, National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, 226002, Lucknow, India
| | - Johannes van den Boom
- Molecular Biology I, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Pieter van West
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom; International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development (ICARD), University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Franziska Trusch
- Aberdeen Oomycete Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, United Kingdom; International Centre for Aquaculture Research and Development (ICARD), University of Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Volante A, Tondelli A, Desiderio F, Abbruscato P, Menin B, Biselli C, Casella L, Singh N, McCouch SR, Tharreau D, Zampieri E, Cattivelli L, Valè G. Genome wide association studies for japonica rice resistance to blast in field and controlled conditions. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 13:71. [PMID: 33030605 PMCID: PMC7544789 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-020-00431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice blast, caused by the fungus Pyricularia oryzae, represents the most damaging fungal disease of rice worldwide. Utilization of rice resistant cultivars represents a practical way to control the disease. Most of the rice varieties cultivated in Europe and several other temperate regions are severely depleted of blast resistance genes, making the identification of resistant sources in genetic background adapted to temperate environments a priority. Given these assumptions, a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) for rice blast resistance was undertaken using a panel of 311 temperate/tropical japonica and indica accessions adapted to temperate conditions and genotyped with 37,423 SNP markers. The panel was evaluated for blast resistance in field, under the pressure of the natural blast population, and in growth chamber, using a mixture of three different fungal strains. RESULTS The parallel screening identified 11 accessions showing high levels of resistance in the two conditions, representing potential donors of resistance sources harbored in rice genotypes adapted to temperate conditions. A general higher resistance level was observed in tropical japonica and indica with respect to temperate japonica varieties. The GWAS identified 14 Marker-Traits Associations (MTAs), 8 of which discovered under field conditions and 6 under growth chamber screening. Three MTAs were identified in both conditions; five MTAs were specifically detected under field conditions while three for the growth chamber inoculation. Comparative analysis of physical/genetic positions of the MTAs showed that most of them were positionally-related with cloned or mapped blast resistance genes or with candidate genes whose functions were compatible for conferring pathogen resistance. However, for three MTAs, indicated as BRF10, BRF11-2 and BRGC11-3, no obvious candidate genes or positional relationships with blast resistance QTLs were identified, raising the possibility that they represent new sources of blast resistance. CONCLUSIONS We identified 14 MTAs for blast resistance using both field and growth chamber screenings. A total of 11 accessions showing high levels of resistance in both conditions were discovered. Combinations of loci conferring blast resistance were identified in rice accessions adapted to temperate conditions, thus allowing the genetic dissection of affordable resistances present in the panel. The obtained information will provide useful bases for both resistance breeding and further characterization of the highlighted resistance loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Volante
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, s.s. 11 to Torino, km 2.5, 13100, Vercelli, Italy.
- Present Address: CREA Research Centre for Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Corso Inglesi 508, 18038, Sanremo, IM, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Tondelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, PC, Italy
| | - Francesca Desiderio
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, PC, Italy
| | - Pamela Abbruscato
- PTP Science Park, Rice Genomics Unit, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Barbara Menin
- PTP Science Park, Rice Genomics Unit, via Einstein, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Centre for Sustainable Future Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, 10144, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Biselli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, PC, Italy
| | - Laura Casella
- SA.PI.SE. Coop. Agricola, via G. Mameli 7, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
| | - Namrata Singh
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding and Genetics section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Susan R McCouch
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding and Genetics section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14850, USA
| | - Didier Tharreau
- UMR BGPI, CIRAD, TA A54/K, F 34398, Montpellier, France
- BGPI, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisa Zampieri
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, s.s. 11 to Torino, km 2.5, 13100, Vercelli, Italy
- Present Address: Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattivelli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Genomics and Bioinformatics, via S. Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, PC, Italy
| | - Giampiero Valè
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics-Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, s.s. 11 to Torino, km 2.5, 13100, Vercelli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Complesso Universitario S. Giuseppe, University of Piemonte Orientale, Piazza S. Eusebio 5, 13100, Vercelli, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xiong F, Wang Y, Lu Q, Hao X, Fang W, Yang Y, Zhu X, Wang X. Lifestyle Characteristics and Gene Expression Analysis of Colletotrichum camelliae Isolated from Tea Plant [ Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] Based on Transcriptome. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050782. [PMID: 32443615 PMCID: PMC7278179 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum camelliae is one of the most serious pathogens causing anthracnose in tea plants, but the interactive relationship between C. camelliae and tea plants has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated the gene expression changes in five different growth stages of C. camelliae based on transcriptome analysis to explain the lifestyle characteristics during the infection. On the basis of gene ontology (GO) enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparisons of germ tube (GT)/conidium (Con), appressoria (App)/Con, and cellophane infectious hyphae (CIH)/Con groups, the cellular process in the biological process category and intracellular, intracellular part, cell, and cell part in the cellular component category were significantly enriched. Hydrolase activity, catalytic activity, and molecular_function in the molecular function category were particularly enriched in the infection leaves (IL)/Con group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that the DEGs were enriched in the genetic information processing pathway (ribosome) at the GT stage and the metabolism pathway (metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of secondary metabolism) in the rest of the stages. Interestingly, the genes associated with melanin biosynthesis and carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys), which are vital for penetration and cell wall degradation, were significantly upregulated at the App, CIH and IL stages. Subcellular localization results further showed that the selected non-annotated secreted proteins based on transcriptome data were majorly located in the cytoplasm and nucleus, predicted as new candidate effectors. The results of this study may establish a foundation and provide innovative ideas for subsequent research on C. camelliae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuchun Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Qinhua Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Wanping Fang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
| | - Yajun Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xujun Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No.1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (F.X.); (W.F.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.); Fax: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.)
| | - Xinchao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; National Center for Tea Improvement; Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Hangzhou, 310008, China; (Y.W.); (Q.L.); (X.H.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.); Fax: +86-25-84395182 (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang N, Yang J, Fang A, Wang J, Li D, Li Y, Wang S, Cui F, Yu J, Liu Y, Peng Y, Sun W. The essential effector SCRE1 in Ustilaginoidea virens suppresses rice immunity via a small peptide region. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:445-459. [PMID: 32087618 PMCID: PMC7060142 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungal pathogen Ustilaginoidea virens causes rice false smut, a newly emerging plant disease that has become epidemic worldwide in recent years. The U. virens genome encodes many putative effector proteins that, based on the study of other pathosystems, could play an essential role in fungal virulence. However, few studies have been reported on virulence functions of individual U. virens effectors. Here, we report our identification and characterization of the secreted cysteine-rich protein SCRE1, which is an essential virulence effector in U. virens. When SCRE1 was heterologously expressed in Magnaporthe oryzae, the protein was secreted and translocated into plant cells during infection. SCRE1 suppresses the immunity-associated hypersensitive response in the nonhost plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Induced expression of SCRE1 in rice also inhibits pattern-triggered immunity and enhances disease susceptibility to rice bacterial and fungal pathogens. The immunosuppressive activity is localized to a small peptide region that contains an important 'cysteine-proline-alanine-arginine-serine' motif. Furthermore, the scre1 knockout mutant generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is attenuated in U. virens virulence to rice, which is greatly complemented by the full-length SCRE1 gene. Collectively, this study indicates that the effector SCRE1 is able to inhibit host immunity and is required for full virulence of U. virens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Anfei Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiyang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Dayong Li
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China
| | - Yuejiao Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Shanzhi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Fuhao Cui
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, Jiangsu210014China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant ProtectionJiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, Jiangsu210014China
| | - You‐Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Wenxian Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
- College of Plant ProtectionJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchun130118China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li Y, Liu X, Liu M, Wang Y, Zou Y, You Y, Yang L, Hu J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Wang P, Zhang Z. Magnaporthe oryzae Auxiliary Activity Protein MoAa91 Functions as Chitin-Binding Protein To Induce Appressorium Formation on Artificial Inductive Surfaces and Suppress Plant Immunity. mBio 2020; 11:e03304-19. [PMID: 32209696 PMCID: PMC7157532 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03304-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The appressoria that are generated by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae in response to surface cues are important for successful colonization. Previous work showed that regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) and RGS-like proteins play critical roles in appressorium formation. However, the mechanisms by which these proteins orchestrate surface recognition for appressorium induction remain unclear. Here, we performed comparative transcriptomic studies of ΔMorgs mutant and wild-type strains and found that M. oryzae Aa91 (MoAa91), a homolog of the auxiliary activity family 9 protein (Aa9), was required for surface recognition of M. oryzae We found that MoAA91 was regulated by the MoMsn2 transcription factor and that its disruption resulted in defects in both appressorium formation on the artificial inductive surface and full virulence of the pathogen. We further showed that MoAa91 was secreted into the apoplast space and was capable of competing with the immune receptor chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor (CEBiP) for chitin binding, thereby suppressing chitin-induced plant immune responses. In summary, we have found that MoAa91 is a novel signaling molecule regulated by RGS and RGS-like proteins and that MoAa91 not only governs appressorium development and virulence but also functions as an effector to suppress host immunity.IMPORTANCE The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae generates infection structure appressoria in response to surface cues largely due to functions of signaling molecules, including G-proteins, regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, cAMP signaling, and TOR signaling pathways. M. oryzae encodes eight RGS and RGS-like proteins (MoRgs1 to MoRgs8), and MoRgs1, MoRgs3, MoRgs4, and MoRgs7 were found to be particularly important in appressorium development. To explore the mechanisms by which these proteins regulate appressorium development, we have performed a comparative in planta transcriptomic study and identified an auxiliary activity family 9 protein (Aa9) homolog that we named MoAa91. We showed that MoAa91 was secreted from appressoria and that the recombinant MoAa91 could compete with a chitin elicitor-binding protein precursor (CEBiP) for chitin binding, thereby suppressing chitin-induced plant immunity. By identifying MoAa91 as a novel signaling molecule functioning in appressorium development and an effector in suppressing host immunity, our studies revealed a novel mechanism by which RGS and RGS-like proteins regulate pathogen-host interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yibin Zou
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yimei You
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiexiong Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu C, Xing J, Cai X, Hendy A, He W, Yang J, Huang J, Peng YL, Ryder L, Chen XL. GPI7-mediated glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring regulates appressorial penetration and immune evasion during infection of Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:2581-2595. [PMID: 32064718 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchoring plays key roles in many biological processes by targeting proteins to the cell wall; however, its roles are largely unknown in plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we reveal the roles of the GPI anchoring in Magnaporthe oryzae during plant infection. The GPI-anchored proteins were found to highly accumulate in appressoria and invasive hyphae. Disruption of GPI7, a GPI anchor-pathway gene, led to a significant reduction in virulence. The Δgpi7 mutant showed significant defects in penetration and invasive growth. This mutant also displayed defects of the cell wall architecture, suggesting GPI7 is required for cell wall biogenesis. Removal of GPI-anchored proteins in the wild-type strain by hydrofluoric acid (HF) pyridine treatment exposed both the chitin and β-1,3-glucans to the host immune system. Exposure of the chitin and β-1,3-glucans was also observed in the Δgpi7 mutant, indicating GPI-anchored proteins are required for immune evasion. The GPI anchoring can regulate subcellular localization of the Gel proteins in the cell wall for appressorial penetration and abundance of which for invasive growth. Our results indicate the GPI anchoring facilitates the penetration of M. oryzae into host cells by affecting the cell wall integrity and the evasion of host immune recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Cai
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ahmed Hendy
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhui He
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junbing Huang
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lauren Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Xiao-Lin Chen
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
The Pattern and Function of DNA Methylation in Fungal Plant Pathogens. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020227. [PMID: 32046339 PMCID: PMC7074731 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully infect plants and trigger disease, fungal plant pathogens use various strategies that are dependent on characteristics of their biology and genomes. Although pathogenic fungi are different from animals and plants in the genomic heritability, sequence feature, and epigenetic modification, an increasing number of phytopathogenic fungi have been demonstrated to share DNA methyltransferases (MTases) responsible for DNA methylation with animals and plants. Fungal plant pathogens predominantly possess four types of DNA MTase homologs, including DIM-2, DNMT1, DNMT5, and RID. Numerous studies have indicated that DNA methylation in phytopathogenic fungi mainly distributes in transposable elements (TEs), gene promoter regions, and the repetitive DNA sequences. As an important and heritable epigenetic modification, DNA methylation is associated with silencing of gene expression and transposon, and it is responsible for a wide range of biological phenomena in fungi. This review highlights the relevant reports and insights into the important roles of DNA methylation in the modulation of development, pathogenicity, and secondary metabolism of fungal plant pathogens. Recent evidences prove that there are massive links between DNA and histone methylation in fungi, and they commonly regulate fungal development and mycotoxin biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Yang Y, Fang A, Yu Y, Bi C, Zhou C. Integrated transcriptomic and secretomic approaches reveal critical pathogenicity factors in Pseudofabraea citricarpa inciting citrus target spot. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1260-1273. [PMID: 31162831 PMCID: PMC6801157 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Target spot is a newly emerging citrus disease caused by Pseudofabraea citricarpa. Outbreaks of this disease result in massive economic losses to citrus production. Here, an integrated study involving comparative transcriptomic and secretomic analyses was conducted to determine the critical pathogenicity factors of P. citricarpa involved in the induction of citrus target spot. A total of 701 transcripts and their cognate proteins were quantified and integrated. Among these transcripts and proteins, 99 exhibited the same expression patterns. Our quantitative integrated multi-omic data highlight several potentially pivotal pathogenicity factors, including 16 unigenes that were annotated as plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes, 13 unigenes homologous to virulence factors from various fungi, and one unigene described as a small cysteine-rich secreted protein, were screened and analysed. The screening of differentially expressed genes that encode secondary metabolism core enzymes implicated terpene metabolism in the pathogenicity of P. citricarpa. Overall, results indicated that plant cell wall degradation, plant-pathogen protein/polyribonucleotide interaction, and terpene biosynthesis have critical roles in the pathogenicity of P. citricarpa. This work demonstrated that integrated omic approaches enable the identification of pathogenicity/virulence factors and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of fungi. These insights would aid the development of effective disease management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Anfei Fang
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Yang Yu
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Chaowei Bi
- College of Plant ProtectionSouthwest UniversityChongqing400715China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- Citrus Research InstituteSouthwest UniversityChongqing400712China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Eisermann I, Weihmann F, Krijger JJ, Kröling C, Hause G, Menzel M, Pienkny S, Kiesow A, Deising HB, Wirsel SGR. Two genes in a pathogenicity gene cluster encoding secreted proteins are required for appressorial penetration and infection of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4773-4791. [PMID: 31599055 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To avoid pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition, the hemibiotrophic maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola secretes proteins mediating the establishment of biotrophy. Targeted deletion of 26 individual candidate genes and seven gene clusters comprising 32 genes of C. graminicola identified a pathogenicity cluster (CLU5) of five co-linear genes, all of which, with the exception of CLU5b, encode secreted proteins. Targeted deletion of all genes of CLU5 revealed that CLU5a and CLU5d are required for full appressorial penetration competence, with virulence deficiencies independent of the host genotype and organ inoculated. Cytorrhysis experiments and microscopy showed that Δclu5a mutants form pressurized appressoria, but they are hampered in forming penetration pores and fail to differentiate a penetration peg. Whereas Δclu5d mutants elicited WT-like papillae, albeit at increased frequencies, papillae induced by Δclu5a mutants were much smaller than those elicited by the WT. Synteny of CLU5 is not only conserved in Colletotrichum spp. but also in additional species of Sordariomycetes including insect pathogens and saprophytes suggesting importance of CLU5 for fungal biology. Since CLU5a and CLU5d also occur in non-pathogenic fungi and since they are expressed prior to plant invasion and even in vegetative hyphae, the encoded proteins probably do not act primarily as effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eisermann
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fabian Weihmann
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jorrit-Jan Krijger
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Kröling
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie, Abteilung Obst-, Gemüse- und Weinbau, August-Böckstiegel-Str. 1, D-01326, Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biozentrum der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Menzel
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Mikrostruktur von Werkstoffen und Systemen, Biologische und makromolekulare Materialien, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Silke Pienkny
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andreas Kiesow
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Mikrostruktur von Werkstoffen und Systemen, Biologische und makromolekulare Materialien, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger B Deising
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan G R Wirsel
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Active Fungal Communities in Asymptomatic Eucalyptus grandis Stems Differ between a Susceptible and Resistant Clone. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100375. [PMID: 31547186 PMCID: PMC6843230 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent a common and diverse part of the microbial communities that associate with plants. They also commonly colonise various plant parts asymptomatically. The molecular mechanisms of these interactions are, however, poorly understood. In this study we use transcriptomic data from Eucalyptus grandis, to demonstrate that RNA-seq data are a neglected source of information to study fungal–host interactions, by exploring the fungal transcripts they inevitably contain. We identified fungal transcripts from E. grandis data based on their sequence dissimilarity to the E. grandis genome and predicted biological functions. Taxonomic classifications identified, amongst other fungi, many well-known pathogenic fungal taxa in the asymptomatic tissue of E. grandis. The comparison of a clone of E. grandis resistant to Chrysoporthe austroafricana with a susceptible clone revealed a significant difference in the number of fungal transcripts, while the number of fungal taxa was not substantially affected. Classifications of transcripts based on their respective biological functions showed that the fungal communities of the two E. grandis clones associate with fundamental biological processes, with some notable differences. To shield the greater host defence machinery in the resistant E. grandis clone, fungi produce more secondary metabolites, whereas the environment for fungi associated with the susceptible E. grandis clone is more conducive for building fungal cellular structures and biomass growth. Secreted proteins included carbohydrate active enzymes that potentially are involved in fungal–plant and fungal–microbe interactions. While plant transcriptome datasets cannot replace the need for designed experiments to probe plant–microbe interactions at a molecular level, they clearly hold potential to add to the understanding of the diversity of plant–microbe interactions.
Collapse
|
37
|
Li C, Wang D, Peng S, Chen Y, Su P, Chen J, Zheng L, Tan X, Liu J, Xiao Y, Kang H, Zhang D, Wang GL, Liu Y. Genome-wide association mapping of resistance against rice blast strains in South China and identification of a new Pik allele. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 12:47. [PMID: 31309315 PMCID: PMC6629727 DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective management of rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, requires an understanding of the genetic architecture of the resistance to the disease in rice. Rice resistance varies with M. oryzae strains, and many quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting rice blast resistance have been mapped using different strains of M. oryzae from different areas. However, little is known about the genetic architecture of rice resistance against the M. oryzae population in Hunan Province, which is a main rice production area in South China. RESULTS In this study, we used three isolates from Hunan Province and the rice diversity panel 1 to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of blast resistance in rice. A total of 56 QTLs were identified. One of the QTLs is localized with the resistance gene Pik locus which confers resistance to all three isolates. Genomic sequence analysis of the resistant cultivars led to the identification of a new Pik allele, which we named Pikx. Yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays between AvrPiks and Pikx confirmed that Pikx is a new allele at the Pik locus. CONCLUSIONS Our GWAS has identified many new blast resistance QTLs. The identified new Pik allele Pikx will be useful for breeding cultivars with high resistance to blast in Hunan and other South China provinces. Further research on the relationship between AvrPiks and Pikx will provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of rice resistance to M. oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Shasha Peng
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Pin Su
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Xinqiu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jinling Liu
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yinghui Xiao
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Houxiang Kang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Deyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China and College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice and Institute of Plant Protection, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liang X, Rollins JA. Mechanisms of Broad Host Range Necrotrophic Pathogenesis in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:1128-1140. [PMID: 30048598 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-18-0197-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Among necrotrophic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is remarkable for its extremely broad host range and for its aggressive host tissue colonization. With full genome sequencing, transcriptomic analyses and the increasing pace of functional gene characterization, the factors underlying the basis of this broad host range necrotrophic pathogenesis are now being elucidated at a greater pace. Among these, genes have been characterized that are required for infection via compound appressoria in addition to genes associated with colonization that regulate oxalic acid (OA) production and OA catabolism. Moreover, virulence-related secretory proteins have been identified, among which are candidates for manipulating host activities apoplastically and cytoplasmically. Coupled with these mechanistic studies, cytological observations of the colonization process have blurred the heretofore clear-cut biotroph versus necrotroph boundary. In this review, we reexamine the cytology of S. sclerotiorum infection and put more recent molecular and genomic data into the context of this cytology. We propose a two-phase infection model in which the pathogen first evades, counteracts and subverts host basal defense reactions prior to killing and degrading host cells. Spatially, the pathogen may achieve this via the production of compatibility factors/effectors in compound appressoria, bulbous subcuticular hyphae, and primary invasive hyphae. By examining the nuances of this interaction, we hope to illuminate new classes of factors as targets to improve our understanding of broad host range necrotrophic pathogens and provide the basis for understanding corresponding host resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liang
- First author: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University; and second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110680, Gainesville 32611-0680
| | - Jeffrey A Rollins
- First author: State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University; and second author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110680, Gainesville 32611-0680
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
He Q, Naqvi S, McLellan H, Boevink PC, Champouret N, Hein I, Birch PRJ. Plant pathogen effector utilizes host susceptibility factor NRL1 to degrade the immune regulator SWAP70. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7834-E7843. [PMID: 30049706 PMCID: PMC6099861 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808585115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogens deliver effectors into plant cells to suppress immunity. Whereas many effectors inactivate positive immune regulators, other effectors associate with negative regulators of immunity: so-called susceptibility (S) factors. Little is known about how pathogens exploit S factors to suppress immunity. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi02860 interacts with host protein NRL1, which is an S factor whose activity suppresses INF1-triggered cell death (ICD) and is required for late blight disease. We show that NRL1 interacts in yeast and in planta with a guanine nucleotide exchange factor called SWAP70. SWAP70 associates with endosomes and is a positive regulator of immunity. Virus-induced gene silencing of SWAP70 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhances P. infestans colonization and compromises ICD. In contrast, transient overexpression of SWAP70 reduces P. infestans infection and accelerates ICD. Expression of Pi02860 and NRL1, singly or in combination, results in proteasome-mediated degradation of SWAP70. Degradation of SWAP70 is prevented by silencing NRL1, or by mutation of Pi02860 to abolish its interaction with NRL1. NRL1 is a BTB-domain protein predicted to form the substrate adaptor component of a CULLIN3 ubiquitin E3 ligase. A dimerization-deficient mutant, NRL1NQ, fails to interact with SWAP70 but maintains its interaction with Pi02860. NRL1NQ acts as a dominant-negative mutant, preventing SWAP70 degradation in the presence of effector Pi02860, and reducing P. infestans infection. Critically, Pi02860 enhances the association between NRL1 and SWAP70 to promote proteasome-mediated degradation of the latter and, thus, suppress immunity. Preventing degradation of SWAP70 represents a strategy to combat late blight disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Shaista Naqvi
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ingo Hein
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, James Hutton Institute, University of Dundee, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom;
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, DD2 5DA Dundee, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li H, Huang J, Lu F, Liu Y, Song Y, Sun Y, Zhong J, Huang H, Wang Y, Li S, Lifshitz Y, Lee ST, Kang Z. Impacts of Carbon Dots on Rice Plants: Boosting the Growth and Improving the Disease Resistance. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:663-672. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fang Lu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yong Wang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shuiming Li
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yeshayahu Lifshitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
The needle and the damage done. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:860-861. [PMID: 30046168 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
42
|
Zhang X, Farah N, Rolston L, Ericsson DJ, Catanzariti A, Bernoux M, Ve T, Bendak K, Chen C, Mackay JP, Lawrence GJ, Hardham A, Ellis JG, Williams SJ, Dodds PN, Jones DA, Kobe B. Crystal structure of the Melampsora lini effector AvrP reveals insights into a possible nuclear function and recognition by the flax disease resistance protein P. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1196-1209. [PMID: 28817232 PMCID: PMC6638141 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effector protein AvrP is secreted by the flax rust fungal pathogen (Melampsora lini) and recognized specifically by the flax (Linum usitatissimum) P disease resistance protein, leading to effector-triggered immunity. To investigate the biological function of this effector and the mechanisms of specific recognition by the P resistance protein, we determined the crystal structure of AvrP. The structure reveals an elongated zinc-finger-like structure with a novel interleaved zinc-binding topology. The residues responsible for zinc binding are conserved in AvrP effector variants and mutations of these motifs result in a loss of P-mediated recognition. The first zinc-coordinating region of the structure displays a positively charged surface and shows some limited similarities to nucleic acid-binding and chromatin-associated proteins. We show that the majority of the AvrP protein accumulates in the plant nucleus when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana cells, suggesting a nuclear pathogenic function. Polymorphic residues in AvrP and its allelic variants map to the protein surface and could be associated with differences in recognition specificity. Several point mutations of residues on the non-conserved surface patch result in a loss of recognition by P, suggesting that these residues are required for recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Nadya Farah
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Laura Rolston
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Daniel J. Ericsson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, Macromolecular crystallographyClaytonVictoria 3168Australia
| | - Ann‐Maree Catanzariti
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Maud Bernoux
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Thomas Ve
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith UniversitySouthportQueensland 4222Australia
| | - Katerina Bendak
- School of Molecular BioscienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South Wales 2006Australia
| | - Chunhong Chen
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Molecular BioscienceUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South Wales 2006Australia
| | - Gregory J. Lawrence
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Adrienne Hardham
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Jeffrey G. Ellis
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Simon J. Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture and FoodCanberraAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant SciencesResearch School of Biology, Australian National University, ActonAustralian Capital Territory 2601Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesAustralian Infectious Diseases Research Centre and Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueensland 4072Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Amaro TMMM, Thilliez GJA, Mcleod RA, Huitema E. Random mutagenesis screen shows that Phytophthora capsici CRN83_152-mediated cell death is not required for its virulence function(s). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1114-1126. [PMID: 28779542 PMCID: PMC5947615 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing availability of plant pathogen genomes, secreted proteins that aid infection (effectors) have emerged as key factors that help to govern plant-microbe interactions. The conserved CRN (CRinkling and Necrosis) effector family was first described in oomycetes by their capacity to induce host cell death. Despite recent advances towards the elucidation of CRN virulence functions, the relevance of CRN-induced cell death remains unclear. In planta over-expression of PcCRN83_152, a CRN effector from Phytophthora capsici, causes host cell death and boosts P. capsici virulence. We used these features to ask whether PcCRN83_152-induced cell death is linked to its virulence function. By randomly mutating this effector, we generated PcCRN83_152 variants with no cell death (NCD) phenotypes, which were subsequently tested for activity towards enhanced virulence. We showed that a subset of PcCRN83_152 NCD variants retained their ability to boost P. capsici virulence. Moreover, NCD variants were shown to have a suppressive effect on PcCRN83_152-mediated cell death. Our work shows that PcCRN83_152-induced cell death and virulence function can be separated. Moreover, if these findings hold true for other cell death-inducing CRN effectors, this work, in turn, will provide a framework for studies aimed at unveiling the virulence functions of these effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago M. M. M. Amaro
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI), InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector Consortium, JHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
| | - Gaëtan J. A. Thilliez
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI), InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector Consortium, JHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
| | - Rory A. Mcleod
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI), InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector Consortium, JHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
| | - Edgar Huitema
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life SciencesUniversity of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute (JHI), InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
- Dundee Effector Consortium, JHI, InvergowrieDundee DD2 5DAUK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang L, Huang X, He C, Zhang QY, Zou X, Duan K, Gao Q. Novel Fungal Pathogenicity and Leaf Defense Strategies Are Revealed by Simultaneous Transcriptome Analysis of Colletotrichum fructicola and Strawberry Infected by This Fungus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:434. [PMID: 29922301 PMCID: PMC5996897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum fructicola, which is part of the C. gloeosporioides species complex, can cause anthracnose diseases in strawberries worldwide. However, the molecular interactions between C. fructicola and strawberry are largely unknown. A deep RNA-sequencing approach was applied to gain insights into the pathogenicity mechanisms of C. fructicola and the defense response of strawberry plants at different stages of infection. The transcriptome data showed stage-specific transcription accompanied by a step-by-step strawberry defense response and the evasion of this defense system by fungus. Fungal genes involved in plant cell wall degradation, secondary metabolism, and detoxification were up-regulated at different stage of infection. Most importantly, C. fructicola infection was accompanied by a large number of highly expressed effectors. Four new identified effectors function in the suppression of Bax-mediated programmed cell death. Strawberry utilizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity to prevent C. fructicola invasion, followed by the initiation of downstream innate immunity. The up-regulation of genes related to salicylic acid provided evidence that salicylic acid signaling may serve as the core defense signaling mechanism, while jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways were largely inhibited by C. fructicola. The necrotrophic stage displayed a significant up-regulation of genes involved in reactive oxygen species activation. Collectively, the transcriptomic data of both C. fructicola and strawberry shows that even though plants build a multilayered defense against infection, C. fructicola employs a series of escape or antagonizing mechanisms to successfully infect host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyong He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Food Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghua Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Shen Q, Liu Y, Naqvi NI. Fungal effectors at the crossroads of phytohormone signaling. Curr Opin Microbiol 2018; 46:1-6. [PMID: 29452844 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormone networks are crucial for maintaining the delicate balance between growth and biotic stress responses in plants. Jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, ethylene, and the associated signaling crosstalk are important for pathogen defense; whereas gibberellin and cytokinin function in growth and development in plants. Plant pathogenic fungi have evolved remarkable strategies to manipulate and/or hijack such phytohormone signaling cascades for their own benefit, thus leading to susceptibility and disease in host plants. Interestingly, these hormones are also targeted by fungal endosymbionts and mutualists during beneficial interactions with plants. We highlight current advances in our understanding of the role of fungal effectors in such antagonistic manipulation of phytohormones during pathogenic as well as symbiotic association with plant hosts. In addition to the aforementioned effector-based control, certain phytohormone mimics have recently emerged as a powerful molecular language in fungal manipulation of defense responses and innate immunity in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yingyao Liu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Naweed I Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shi X, Long Y, He F, Zhang C, Wang R, Zhang T, Wu W, Hao Z, Wang Y, Wang GL, Ning Y. The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae suppresses innate immunity by modulating a host potassium channel. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006878. [PMID: 29385213 PMCID: PMC5809103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium (K+) is required by plants for growth and development, and also contributes to immunity against pathogens. However, it has not been established whether pathogens modulate host K+ signaling pathways to enhance virulence and subvert host immunity. Here, we show that the effector protein AvrPiz-t from the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae targets a K+ channel to subvert plant immunity. AvrPiz-t interacts with the rice plasma-membrane-localized K+ channel protein OsAKT1 and specifically suppresses the OsAKT1-mediated K+ currents. Genetic and phenotypic analyses show that loss of OsAKT1 leads to decreased K+ content and reduced resistance against M. oryzae. Strikingly, AvrPiz-t interferes with the association of OsAKT1 with its upstream regulator, the cytoplasmic kinase OsCIPK23, which also plays a positive role in K+ absorption and resistance to M. oryzae. Furthermore, we show a direct correlation between blast disease resistance and external K+ status in rice plants. Together, our data present a novel mechanism by which a pathogen suppresses plant host immunity by modulating a host K+ channel. Plant nutritional status can greatly influence plant immunity in response to pathogen invasion. Rice blast, a devastating rice disease caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, causes a significant reduction in yield and affects food security. In this study, we demonstrate that the M. oryzae secreted protein AvrPiz-t interacts with rice OsAKT1, a potassium (K+) channel protein, and suppresses OsAKT1-mediated inward K+ currents, possibly by competing with the OsAKT1 upstream regulator, OsCIPK23. We also show that both OsAKT1 and OsCIPK23 are required for K+ uptake and resistance against M. oryzae infection in rice. This study provides new insights into the molecular basis of pathogen-mediated perturbation of a plant nutrition pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyun Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (GLW); (YN)
| | - Guo-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YW); (GLW); (YN)
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (YW); (GLW); (YN)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Broberg M, Doonan J, Mundt F, Denman S, McDonald JE. Integrated multi-omic analysis of host-microbiota interactions in acute oak decline. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:21. [PMID: 29378627 PMCID: PMC5789699 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0408-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Britain's native oak species are currently under threat from acute oak decline (AOD), a decline-disease where stem bleeds overlying necrotic lesions in the inner bark and larval galleries of the bark-boring beetle, Agrilus biguttatus, represent the primary symptoms. It is known that complex interactions between the plant host and its microbiome, i.e. the holobiont, significantly influence the health status of the plant. In AOD, necrotic lesions are caused by a microbiome shift to a pathobiome consisting predominantly of Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecans, Rahnella victoriana and potentially other bacteria. However, the specific mechanistic processes of the microbiota causing tissue necrosis, and the host response, have not been established and represent a barrier to understanding and managing this decline. RESULTS We profiled the metagenome, metatranscriptome and metaproteome of inner bark tissue from AOD symptomatic and non-symptomatic trees to characterise microbiota-host interactions. Active bacterial virulence factors such as plant cell wall-degrading enzymes, reactive oxygen species defence and flagella in AOD lesions, along with host defence responses including reactive oxygen species, cell wall modification and defence regulators were identified. B. goodwinii dominated the lesion microbiome, with significant expression of virulence factors such as the phytopathogen effector avrE. A smaller proportion of microbiome activity was attributed to G. quercinecans and R. victoriana. In addition, we describe for the first time the potential role of two previously uncharacterised Gram-positive bacteria predicted from metagenomic binning and identified as active in the AOD lesion metatranscriptome and metaproteome, implicating them in lesion formation. CONCLUSIONS This multi-omic study provides novel functional insights into microbiota-host interactions in AOD, a complex arboreal decline disease where polymicrobial-host interactions result in lesion formation on tree stems. We present the first descriptions of holobiont function in oak health and disease, specifically, the relative lesion activity of B. goodwinii, G. quercinecans, Rahnella victoriana and other bacteria. Thus, the research presented here provides evidence of some of the mechanisms used by members of the lesion microbiome and a template for future multi-omic research into holobiont characterisation, plant polymicrobial diseases and pathogen defence in trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Broberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Memorial Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Almas Alle 8, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - James Doonan
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Memorial Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Filip Mundt
- Broad Institute, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sandra Denman
- Forest Research, Centre for Forestry and Climate Change, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey, GU10 4LH, UK
| | - James E McDonald
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Memorial Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Yu Y, Hube B, Kämper J, Meyer V, Krappmann S. When green and red mycology meet: Impressions from an interdisciplinary forum on virulence mechanisms of phyto- and human-pathogenic fungi. Virulence 2017; 8:1435-1444. [PMID: 28723316 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1356502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a constant threat to plants and humans, but detailed knowledge about pathogenesis, immunity, or virulence is rather scarce. Due to the fact that a certain overlap in the armoury of infection exists between plant- and human-pathogenic fungi, an interdisciplinary forum was held in October 2016 at the Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene in Erlangen under the organisational umbrella from two special interest groups of German microbial societies. Scientific exchange and intense discussion of this timely topic was fostered by bringing together renowned experts in their respective fields to present their thoughts and recent findings in the course of a plenary lecture and six themed sessions, accompanied by oral and poster contributions of young researchers. By targeting the topic of fungal virulence mechanisms from various angles and in the context of plant and human hosts, some common grounds and exciting perspectives could be deduced during this vibrant scientific event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Yu
- a Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Bavaria , Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- b Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms , Hans Knöll Institute , Jena , Thuringia , Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- c Department of Genetics , Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Karlsruhe , Baden-Wuerttemberg , Germany
| | - Vera Meyer
- d Institute of Biotechnology , Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Sven Krappmann
- a Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen , Bavaria , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sornkom W, Miki S, Takeuchi S, Abe A, Asano K, Sone T. Fluorescent reporter analysis revealed the timing and localization of AVR-Pia expression, an avirulence effector of Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1138-1149. [PMID: 27528510 PMCID: PMC6638300 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to facilitate infection, the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes an abundance of proteins, including avirulence effectors, to diminish its host's defences. Avirulence effectors are recognized by host resistance proteins and trigger the host's hypersensitive response, which is a rapid and effective form of innate plant immunity. An understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of such interactions is crucial for the development of strategies to control disease. However, the expression and secretion of certain effector proteins, such as AVR-Pia, have yet to be reported. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that AVR-Pia was only expressed during infection. Fluorescently labelled AVR-Pia indicated that AVR-Pia expression was induced during appressorial differentiation in the cells of both rice and onion, as well as in a penetration-deficient (Δpls1) mutant capable of developing melanized appressoria, but unable to penetrate host cells, suggesting that AVR-Pia expression is independent of fungal penetration. Using live-cell imaging, we also documented the co-localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled AVR-Pia and monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP)-labelled PWL2, which indicates that AVR-Pia accumulates in biotrophic interfacial complexes before being delivered to the plant cytosol. Together, these results suggest that AVR-Pia is a cytoplasmic effector that is expressed at the onset of appressorial differentiation and is translocated to the biotrophic interfacial complex, and then into the host's cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Worawan Sornkom
- Graduation School of AgricultureHokkaido University, Kita‐9, Nishi‐9Kita‐kuSapporo060‐8589Japan
| | - Shinsuke Miki
- Graduation School of AgricultureHokkaido University, Kita‐9, Nishi‐9Kita‐kuSapporo060‐8589Japan
| | - Saori Takeuchi
- Graduation School of AgricultureHokkaido University, Kita‐9, Nishi‐9Kita‐kuSapporo060‐8589Japan
| | - Ayumi Abe
- Graduation School of AgricultureHokkaido University, Kita‐9, Nishi‐9Kita‐kuSapporo060‐8589Japan
| | - Kozo Asano
- Graduation School of AgricultureHokkaido University, Kita‐9, Nishi‐9Kita‐kuSapporo060‐8589Japan
| | - Teruo Sone
- Graduation School of AgricultureHokkaido University, Kita‐9, Nishi‐9Kita‐kuSapporo060‐8589Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The interactions between fungi and plants encompass a spectrum of ecologies ranging from saprotrophy (growth on dead plant material) through pathogenesis (growth of the fungus accompanied by disease on the plant) to symbiosis (growth of the fungus with growth enhancement of the plant). We consider pathogenesis in this article and the key roles played by a range of pathogen-encoded molecules that have collectively become known as effectors.
Collapse
|