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Nenciarini S, Renzi S, di Paola M, Meriggi N, Cavalieri D. The yeast-human coevolution: Fungal transition from passengers, colonizers, and invaders. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1639. [PMID: 38146626 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are the cause of more than a billion infections in humans every year, although their interactions with the host are still neglected compared to bacteria. Major systemic fungal infections are very unusual in the healthy population, due to the long history of coevolution with the human host. Humans are routinely exposed to environmental fungi and can host a commensal mycobiota, which is increasingly considered as a key player in health and disease. Here, we review the current knowledge on host-fungi coevolution and the factors that regulate their interaction. On one hand, fungi have learned to survive and inhabit the host organisms as a natural ecosystem, on the other hand, the host immune system finely tunes the response toward fungi. In turn, recognition of fungi as commensals or pathogens regulates the host immune balance in health and disease. In the human gut ecosystem, yeasts provide a fingerprint of the transient microbiota. Their status as passengers or colonizers is related to the integrity of the gut barrier and the risk of multiple disorders. Thus, the study of this less known component of the microbiota could unravel the rules of the transition from passengers to colonizers and invaders, as well as their dependence on the innate component of the host's immune response. This article is categorized under: Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors Immune System Diseases > Environmental Factors Infectious Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Renzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Loos D, Filho APDC, Dutilh BE, Barber AE, Panagiotou G. A global survey of host, aquatic, and soil microbiomes reveals shared abundance and genomic features between bacterial and fungal generalists. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114046. [PMID: 38581683 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental change, coupled with alteration in human lifestyles, is profoundly impacting the microbial communities critical to the health of the Earth and its inhabitants. To identify bacteria and fungi that are resistant and susceptible to habitat change, we analyze thousands of genera detected in 1,580 host, soil, and aquatic samples. This large-scale analysis identifies 48 bacterial and 4 fungal genera that are abundant across the three biomes, demonstrating fitness in diverse environmental conditions. Samples containing these generalists have significantly higher alpha diversity. These generalists play a significant role in shaping cross-kingdom community structure, boasting larger genomes with more secondary metabolism and antimicrobial resistance genes. Conversely, 30 bacterial and 19 fungal genera are only found in a single habitat, suggesting a limited ability to adapt to different and changing environments. These findings contribute to our understanding of microbial niche breadth and its consequences for global biodiversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Loos
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Ailton Pereira da Costa Filho
- Junior Research Group Fungal Informatics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Bas E Dutilh
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amelia E Barber
- Junior Research Group Fungal Informatics, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Department of Microbiome Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany; Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Xue YX, Huang LJ, Wang HY, Peng JJ, Jin MK, Hu SL, Li HB, Xue XM, Zhu YG. Interaction of tetracycline and copper co-intake in inducing antibiotic resistance genes and potential pathogens in mouse gut. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108594. [PMID: 38527398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of copper and tetracycline as growth promoters in the breeding industry poses a potential threat to environmental health. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, the potential adverse effects of copper and tetracycline on the gut microbiota remain unknown. Herein, mice were fed different concentrations of copper and/or tetracycline for 6 weeks to simulate real life-like exposure in the breeding industry. Following the exposure, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), potential pathogens, and other pathogenic factors were analyzed in mouse feces. The co-exposure of copper with tetracycline significantly increased the abundance of ARGs and enriched more potential pathogens in the gut of the co-treated mice. Copper and/or tetracycline exposure increased the abundance of bacteria carrying either ARGs, metal resistance genes, or virulence factors, contributing to the widespread dissemination of potentially harmful genes posing a severe risk to public health. Our study provides insights into the effects of copper and tetracycline exposure on the gut resistome and potential pathogens, and our findings can help reduce the risks associated with antibiotic resistance under the One Health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Juncao Science and Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li-Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Jing Peng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming-Kang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shi-Lin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xi-Mei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhang TY, Chen YQ, Tan JC, Zhou JA, Chen WN, Jiang T, Zha JY, Zeng XK, Li BW, Wei LQ, Zou Y, Zhang LY, Hong YM, Wang XL, Zhu RZ, Xu WX, Xi J, Wang QQ, Pan L, Zhang J, Luan Y, Zhu RX, Wang H, Chen C, Liu NN. Global fungal-host interactome mapping identifies host targets of candidalysin. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1757. [PMID: 38413612 PMCID: PMC10899660 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Candidalysin, a cytolytic peptide toxin secreted by the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, is critical for fungal pathogenesis. Yet, its intracellular targets have not been extensively mapped. Here, we performed a high-throughput enhanced yeast two-hybrid (HT-eY2H) screen to map the interactome of all eight Ece1 peptides with their direct human protein targets and identified a list of potential interacting proteins, some of which were shared between the peptides. CCNH, a regulatory subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex involved in DNA damage repair, was identified as one of the host targets of candidalysin. Mechanistic studies revealed that candidalysin triggers a significantly increased double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), as evidenced by the formation of γ-H2AX foci and colocalization of CCNH and γ-H2AX. Importantly, candidalysin binds directly to CCNH to activate CAK to inhibit DNA damage repair pathway. Loss of CCNH alleviates DSBs formation under candidalysin treatment. Depletion of candidalysin-encoding gene fails to induce DSBs and stimulates CCNH upregulation in a murine model of oropharyngeal candidiasis. Collectively, our study reveals that a secreted fungal toxin acts to hijack the canonical DNA damage repair pathway by targeting CCNH and to promote fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yao-Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing-Cong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jin-An Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wan-Ning Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jin-Yin Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiang-Kang Zeng
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lu-Qi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yun Zou
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Lu-Yao Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yue-Mei Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Run-Ze Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wan-Xing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qin-Qin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Lei Pan
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Rui-Xin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Changbin Chen
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Pathogenic Fungal Infection & Host Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Ning-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Naik B, Sasikumar J, B V, Das SP. Fungal coexistence in the skin mycobiome: a study involving Malassezia, Candida, and Rhodotorula. AMB Express 2024; 14:26. [PMID: 38376644 PMCID: PMC10879058 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence of fungal coexistence in humans points towards fungal adaptation to the host environment, like the skin. The human commensal Malassezia has evolved, especially residing in sebum-rich areas of the mammalian body where it can get the necessary nutrition for its survival. This fungus is primarily responsible for skin diseases like Pityriasis versicolor (PV), characterized by hypo or hyperpigmented skin discoloration and erythematous macules. In this manuscript, we report a 19-year-old healthy female who presented with a one-year history of reddish, hypopigmented, asymptomatic lesions over the chest and a raised erythematous lesion over the face. Upon clinical observation, the patient displayed multiple erythematous macules and erythematous papules over the bilateral malar area of the face, along with multiple hypopigmented scaly macules present on the chest and back. Based on the above clinical findings, a diagnosis of PV and Acne vulgaris (AV) was made. Interestingly, the patient was immunocompetent and didn't have any comorbidities. Upon isolation of skin scrapings and post-culturing, we found the existence of three fungal genera in the same region of the patient's body. We further went on to confirm the identity of the particular species and found it to represent Malassezia, Rhodotorula, and Candida. We report how Malassezia, the predominant microbial resident skin fungus, coexists with other fungal members of the skin mycobiome. This study on an applied aspect of microbiology also shows how important it is to identify the fungal organism associated with skin infections so that appropriate therapeutics can be advised to avoid cases of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Naik
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sasikumar
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Vishal B
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy (DVL), Yenepoya Medical College Hospital (YMCH), Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Das
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
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Alkhars N, Al Jallad N, Wu TT, Xiao J. Multilocus sequence typing of Candida albicans oral isolates reveals high genetic relatedness of mother-child dyads in early life. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290938. [PMID: 38232064 PMCID: PMC10793898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a pathogenic fungus recently recognized for its role in severe early childhood caries development (S-ECC). C. albicans oral colonization begins at birth, but the extent of the mother's involvement in yeast transmission to their children is unclear, therefore, this study used a prospective mother-infant cohort to investigate the maternal contribution of C. albicans oral colonization in early life. Oral samples were collected from 160 mother-child dyads during pregnancy and from birth to two years of life. We used whole-genome sequencing to obtain the genetic information of C. albicans isolates and examined the genetic relatedness of C. albicans between mothers and their children using Multilocus Sequence Typing. Multivariate statistical methods were used to identify factors associated with C. albicans' acquisition (horizontal and vertical transmissions). Overall, 227 C. albicans oral isolates were obtained from 93 (58.1%) of mother-child pairs. eBURST analysis revealed 16 clonal complexes, and UPGMA analysis identified 6 clades, with clade 1 being the most populated 124 isolates (54.6%). Significantly, 94% of mothers and children with oral C. albicans had highly genetically related strains, highlighting a strong maternal influence on children's C. albicans acquisition. Although factors such as race, ethnicity, delivery method, and feeding behaviors did not show a significant association with C. albicans vertical transmission, the mother's oral hygiene status reflected by plaque index (PI) emerged as a significant factor; Mothers with higher dental plaque accumulation (PI >=2) had a significantly increased risk of vertically transmitting C. albicans to their infants [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 8.02 (1.21, 53.24), p=0.03]. Furthermore, Black infants and those who attended daycare had an elevated risk of acquiring C. albicans through horizontal transmission (p <0.01). These findings highlight the substantial role of maternal transmission in the oral acquisition of C. albicans during early life. Incorporating screening for maternal fungal oral carriage and implementing oral health education programs during the perinatal stage may prove valuable in preventing fungal transmission in early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naemah Alkhars
- Department of General Dental Practice, College of Dentistry, Health Science Center, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
- Translational Biomedical Science Program, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Nisreen Al Jallad
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Tong Tong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Świtała J, Sycińska-Dziarnowska M, Spagnuolo G, Woźniak K, Mańkowska K, Szyszka-Sommerfeld L. Oral Microbiota in Children with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5867. [PMID: 37762808 PMCID: PMC10531729 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12185867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleft in the lip and/or palate (CLP) is a congenital facial deformity that significantly impacts the oral cavity's structure and function. This malformation can affect the oral microbiota. The objective of this systematic review was to examine and consolidate the current scientific evidence on the oral microflora in children with CLP. METHODS The search strategy included the PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases. The inclusion criteria were studies assessing oral microbiota in children with CLP. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. RESULTS The search strategy identified 422 potential articles. Twelve papers met the inclusion criteria. High heterogeneity was observed in methodologies, sample sites, and patient characteristics. Eight studies assessed the levels of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in saliva, with some reporting significantly higher levels in the cleft group compared to controls, while others found no differences. One study reported a significantly higher colonization rate of Candida species in patients with cleft lip and/or palate. CONCLUSION The results of the available studies are unclear. Further research is needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the oral microbiota and potential implications for oral health management in this population. The review was not registered Registration Statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Świtała
- Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.S.-D.); (K.W.); (L.S.-S.)
| | - Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska
- Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.S.-D.); (K.W.); (L.S.-S.)
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.S.-D.); (K.W.); (L.S.-S.)
| | - Katarzyna Mańkowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld
- Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70111 Szczecin, Poland; (M.S.-D.); (K.W.); (L.S.-S.)
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Garcia-Bonete MJ, Rajan A, Suriano F, Layunta E. The Underrated Gut Microbiota Helminths, Bacteriophages, Fungi, and Archaea. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1765. [PMID: 37629622 PMCID: PMC10455619 DOI: 10.3390/life13081765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiota inhabits the gastrointestinal tract, providing essential capacities to the host. The microbiota is a crucial factor in intestinal health and regulates intestinal physiology. However, microbiota disturbances, named dysbiosis, can disrupt intestinal homeostasis, leading to the development of diseases. Classically, the microbiota has been referred to as bacteria, though other organisms form this complex group, including viruses, archaea, and eukaryotes such as fungi and protozoa. This review aims to clarify the role of helminths, bacteriophages, fungi, and archaea in intestinal homeostasis and diseases, their interaction with bacteria, and their use as therapeutic targets in intestinal maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Garcia-Bonete
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anandi Rajan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Suriano
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elena Layunta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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González-Orozco BD, Kosmerl E, Jiménez-Flores R, Alvarez VB. Enhanced probiotic potential of Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens OSU-BDGOA1 through co-culture with Kluyveromyces marxianus bdgo-ym6. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236634. [PMID: 37601389 PMCID: PMC10434783 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Due to the increasing consumer demand for the development and improvement of functional foods containing probiotics, new probiotic candidates need to be explored as well as novel means to enhance their beneficial effects. Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens OSU-BDGOA1 is a strain isolated from kefir grains that has demonstrated probiotic traits. This species is the main inhabitant of kefir grains and is responsible for the production of an exopolysaccharide (EPS) whit vast technological applications and potential bioactivities. Research has shown that interkingdom interactions of yeast and lactic acid bacteria can enhance metabolic activities and promote resistance to environmental stressors. Methods Comparative genomic analyses were performed to distinguish OSU-BDGOA1 from other strains of the same species, and the genome was mined to provide molecular evidence for relevant probiotic properties. We further assessed the cumulative effect on the probiotic properties of OSU-BDGOA1 and Kluyveromyces marxianus bdgo-ym6 yeast co-culture compared to monocultures. Results Survival during simulated digestion assessed by the INFOGEST digestion model showed higher survival of OSU-BDGOA1 and bdgo-ym6 in co-culture. The adhesion to intestinal cells assessed with the Caco-2 intestinal cell model revealed enhanced adhesion of OSU-BDGOA1 in co-culture. The observed increase in survival during digestion could be associated with the increased production of EPS during the late exponential and early stationary phases of co-culture that, by enhancing co-aggregation between the yeast and the bacterium, protects the microorganisms from severe gastrointestinal conditions as observed by SEM images. Immune modulation and barrier function for recovery and prevention of flagellin-mediated inflammation by Salmonella Typhimurium heat-killed cells (HKSC) in Caco-2 cells were also measured. OSU-BDGOA1 in mono- and co-culture regulated inflammation through downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and increased membrane barrier integrity assessed by TEER, FD4 permeability, and expression of tight junctions. Discussion The results of the study warrant further research into the application of co-cultures of yeast and LAB in functional probiotic products and the potential to increase EPS production by co-culture strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valente B. Alvarez
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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10
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Li F, Gao Y, Cheng W, Su X, Yang R. Gut fungal mycobiome: A significant factor of tumor occurrence and development. Cancer Lett 2023; 569:216302. [PMID: 37451425 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, archaea and protozoa coexists within the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as that fungi are detectable in all intestinal and colon segments in almost all healthy adults. Although fungi can cause infectious diseases, they are also related to gut and systemic homeostasis. Importantly, through transformation of different forms such as from yeast to hyphae, interaction among gut microbiota such as fungal and bacterial interaction, host factors such as immune and host derived factors, and fungus genetic and epigenetic factors, fungi can be transformed from commensal into pathogenic lifestyles. Recent studies have shown that fungi play a significant role in the occurrence and development of tumors such as colorectal cancer. Indeed, evidences have shown that multiple species of different fungi exist in different tumors. Studies have also demonstrated that fungi are related to the occurrence and development of tumors, and also survival of patients. Here we summarize recent advances in the transformation of fungi from commensal into pathogenic lifestyles, and the effects of gut pathogenic fungi on the occurrence and development of tumors such as colorectal and pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Li
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yunhuan Gao
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenyue Cheng
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaomin Su
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rongcun Yang
- Translational Medicine Institute, Affiliated Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Immunology, Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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11
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Brzezińska-Zając A, Sycińska-Dziarnowska M, Spagnuolo G, Szyszka-Sommerfeld L, Woźniak K. Candida Species in Children Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment with Removable Appliances: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20064824. [PMID: 36981732 PMCID: PMC10049279 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of orthodontic treatment with removable appliances on the growth of Candida spp. in children undergoing orthodontic treatment. The study included 60 patients of equal numbers as to gender from the orthodontics department of the Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland. All patients were aged 6-12 years and were qualified for orthodontic treatment with removable appliances. The following examinations were performed on the day of treatment initiation (T1) and 6 months after the start of treatment (T2); a collection of oral swabs for culture on Sabouraud's medium and the identification of fungal colonies using the VITEK®2 YST. At T1, 42 (70%) subjects, were free of Candida, while after 6 months of treatment, the number decreased to 25 (41.67%). Two types of fungi, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, predominated in the test performed at T1. The study at T2 showed that C. albicans most frequently colonized the oral cavity in 23 children (38.33%). Three new strains C. dubliniensis, C. kefyr, and C. krusei were identified at T2. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between the culture results and the age of the patient at T2. Patients older than 9 years had significantly more positive tests. Orthodontic treatment with removable appliances contributes to increased oral colonization by Candida spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Brzezińska-Zając
- Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld
- Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Department of Orthodontics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Al. Powst. Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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12
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Azevedo MJ, Araujo R, Campos J, Campos C, Ferreira AF, Falcão-Pires I, Ramalho C, Zaura E, Pinto E, Sampaio-Maia B. Vertical Transmission and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Yeast Isolates from the Oral Cavity, Gut, and Breastmilk of Mother-Child Pairs in Early Life. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021449. [PMID: 36674962 PMCID: PMC9867488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast acquisition begins at birth; however, the contribution of the mother on yeast transmission to the offspring and associated resistance is yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to explore the vertical transmission of yeasts and their antifungal susceptibility profile in early life. Oral, fecal, and breastmilk samples were collected from 73 mother-child pairs four to twelve weeks after delivery and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. The isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The vertical transmission was studied by microsatellite genotyping. Antifungal susceptibility was determined for fluconazole, voriconazole, miconazole, anidulafungin, and nystatin by broth microdilution assay, following CLSI-M60 guidelines. A total of 129 isolates were identified from 53% mother-child pairs. We verified the vertical transmission of Candida albicans (n = three mother-child pairs) and Candida parapsilosis (n = one mother-child pair) strains, including an antifungal resistant strain transmitted from breastmilk to the gut of a child. Most isolates were susceptible to the tested antifungals, with the exception of four C. albicans isolates and one R. mucilaginosa isolate. The vertical transmission of yeasts happens in early life. This is the first work that demonstrated the role of the mother as a source of transmission of antifungal-resistant yeasts to the child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Azevedo
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Araujo
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Campos
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Campos
- Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto Francisco Gentil, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Inês Falcão-Pires
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Ramalho
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, 4150-177 Porto, Portugal
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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13
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Sun Z, Ge X, Qiu B, Xiang Z, Jiang C, Wu J, Li Y. Vulvovaginal candidiasis and vaginal microflora interaction: Microflora changes and probiotic therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1123026. [PMID: 36816582 PMCID: PMC9936092 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1123026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaginal microbiome is mutually beneficial to the host and has a significant impact on health and disease. Candida species, including Candida albicans, are part of the mucosal flora of most healthy women. Under suitable conditions, they can live in the vulvovaginal mucosa, resulting in symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Based on the analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences, great progress has been made in exploring the composition and structure of vaginal bacterial community. Moreover, researchers have conducted several studies on whether vaginal microbiome will change during VVC infection. In addition, it has been reported that vaginal colonization of probiotics in vaginal microorganisms, especially Lactobacillus, can effectively reduce the risk of VVC and treat VVC. This review aims to summarize the changes of vaginal microflora during VVC infection, and further point out the possibility of using lactic acid bacteria as probiotics to treat VVC, so as to reduce the adverse consequences of VVC infection and reduce the expensive treatment cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Sun
- Department of Medical Technology, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinnuo Ge
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ze Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chun Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Departments of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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14
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Chen X, Cao Y, Chen M, Wang H, Du P, Li H, Zhong H, Li Q, Zhao S, Yao Z, Chen W, Cai W, Tang X, Li L. HIV-infected patients rarely develop invasive fungal diseases under good immune reconstitution after ART regardless high prevalence of pathogenic filamentous fungi carriage in nasopharynx/oropharynx. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:968532. [PMID: 36406455 PMCID: PMC9666755 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.968532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of filamentous fungi (FF) carriage in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Guangdong province, along with its subsequent incidence of invasive fungal disease (IFD). METHODS Seven hundred and sixteen HIV-infected individuals from the outpatient clinic and 293 sex-matched healthy controls were recruited prospectively from May 1 to August 31, 2017. Fungi were isolated from oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs, then identified by morphological and molecular biological techniques. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors of pathogenic FF carriage. Pathogenic FF carriers were followed up through the end of 2019. RESULTS Of the 716 included HIV-infected patients, 602 (84.1%) were male, the median age was 34 (27-42) years, and the median CD4+ count was 385 (254-542) cells/μl. Pathogenic FF were isolated in 119 (16.6%) cases with HIV infection and 40 (13.7%) healthy controls. Mucorales were found in 3 HIV-infected individuals and Talaromyces marneffei in 2 HIV-infected individuals, but not in healthy controls. History of cured opportunistic infections (OIs; OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.23-3.13, p = 0.004), and smoking (OR, 1.55; 95%CI, 1.03-2.32, p = 0.035) were independent risk factors of pathogenic FF carriage in HIV-infected individuals. A total of 119 pathogenic FF carriers with HIV infection were followed. During follow-up, 119 (100%) cases received antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 28 months, 107 (90%) cases had CD4+ counts>200 cells/μl, and none developed IFD. DISCUSSION Pathogenic FF carriage is common in HIV-infected individuals but may not develop IFD in those who achieved immune reconstitution. Smoking and cured OIs history increase the risk of pathogenic FF carriage. Smoking abstinence and ART adherence are especially important for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Chen
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Cao
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meijun Chen
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haodi Wang
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peishan Du
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huolin Zhong
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanmin Li
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Santao Zhao
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanshan Chen
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaoping Tang,
| | - Linghua Li
- Infectious Disease Center, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Linghua Li,
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15
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Ma Y, Lin W, Ruan Y, Lu H, Fan S, Chen D, Huang Y, Zhang T, Pi J, Xu JF. Advances of Cobalt Nanomaterials as Anti-Infection Agents, Drug Carriers, and Immunomodulators for Potential Infectious Disease Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112351. [PMID: 36365168 PMCID: PMC9696703 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain the most serious public health issue, which requires the development of more effective strategies for infectious control. As a kind of ultra-trace element, cobalt is essential to the metabolism of different organisms. In recent decades, nanotechnology has attracted increasing attention worldwide due to its wide application in different areas, including medicine. Based on the important biological roles of cobalt, cobalt nanomaterials have recently been widely developed for their attractive biomedical applications. With advantages such as low costs in preparation, hypotoxicity, photothermal conversion abilities, and high drug loading ability, cobalt nanomaterials have been proven to show promising potential in anticancer and anti-infection treatment. In this review, we summarize the characters of cobalt nanomaterials, followed by the advances in their biological functions and mechanisms. More importantly, we emphatically discuss the potential of cobalt nanomaterials as anti-infectious agents, drug carriers, and immunomodulators for anti-infection treatments, which might be helpful to facilitate progress in future research of anti-infection therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Wensen Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yongdui Ruan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Shuhao Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yuhe Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Tangxin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jiang Pi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Jun-Fa Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (J.-F.X.)
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16
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Li H, Miao MX, Jia CL, Cao YB, Yan TH, Jiang YY, Yang F. Interactions between Candida albicans and the resident microbiota. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:930495. [PMID: 36204612 PMCID: PMC9531752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.930495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a prevalent, opportunistic human fungal pathogen. It usually dwells in the human body as a commensal, however, once in its pathogenic state, it causes diseases ranging from debilitating superficial to life-threatening systemic infections. The switch from harmless colonizer to virulent pathogen is, in most cases, due to perturbation of the fungus-host-microbiota interplay. In this review, we focused on the interactions between C. albicans and the host microbiota in the mouth, gut, blood, and vagina. We also highlighted important future research directions. We expect that the evaluation of these interplays will help better our understanding of the etiology of fungal infections and shed new light on the therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-xing Miao
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-lin Jia
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-bing Cao
- Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM-Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-hua Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China,*Correspondence: Tian-hua Yan,
| | - Yuan-ying Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Yuan-ying Jiang,
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Feng Yang,
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17
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Zhang L, Chai D, Chen C, Li C, Qiu Z, Kuang T, Parveena M, Dong K, Yu J, Deng W, Wang W. Mycobiota and C-Type Lectin Receptors in Cancers: Know thy Neighbors. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946995. [PMID: 35910636 PMCID: PMC9326027 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of gut bacteria in the development of malignancy, while relatively little research has been done on gut mycobiota. As a part of the gut microbiome, the percentage of gut mycobiota is negligible compared to gut bacteria. However, the effect of gut fungi on human health and disease is significant. This review systematically summarizes the research progress on mycobiota, especially gut fungi, in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pancreatic cancer, melanoma, breast cancer, and lung carcinoma-induced cachexia. Moreover, we also describe, for the first time in detail, the role of the fungal recognition receptors, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) (Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Dectin-3, and Mincle) and their downstream effector caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9), in tumors to provide a reference for further research on intestinal fungi in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongqi Chai
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhendong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianrui Kuang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Mungur Parveena
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Keshuai Dong
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenhong Deng,
| | - Weixing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Weixing Wang,
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18
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Ruotsalainen AL, Tejesvi MV, Vänni P, Suokas M, Tossavainen P, Pirttilä AM, Talvensaari-Mattila A, Nissi R. Child type 1 diabetes associated with mother vaginal bacteriome and mycobiome. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:185-194. [PMID: 35701558 PMCID: PMC9304052 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mother vaginal microbes contribute to microbiome of vaginally delivered neonates. Child microbiome can be associated with autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). We collected vaginal DNA samples from 25 mothers with a vaginally delivered child diagnosed with T1D and samples from 24 control mothers who had vaginally delivered a healthy child and analyzed bacteriome and mycobiome of the samples. The total DNA of the samples was extracted, and ribosomal DNA regions (16S for bacteria, ITS2 for fungi) were amplified, followed by next-generation sequencing and machine learning. We found that alpha-diversity of bacteriome was increased (P < 0.002), whereas alpha-diversity of mycobiome was decreased (P < 0.001) in mothers with a diabetic child compared to the control mothers. Beta-diversity analysis suggested differences in mycobiomes between the mother groups (P = 0.001). Random forest models were able to effectively predict diabetes and control status of unknown samples (bacteria: 0.86 AUC, fungi: 0.96 AUC). Our data indicate several fungal genera and bacterial metabolic pathways of mother vaginal microbiome to be associated with child T1D. We suggest that early onset of T1D in a child has a relationship with altered mother vaginal microbiome and that both bacteriome and mycobiome contribute to this shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Ruotsalainen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, POB 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - M V Tejesvi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, POB 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Genobiomics LLC, Oulu, Finland
| | - P Vänni
- Genobiomics LLC, Oulu, Finland
| | - M Suokas
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, POB 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu Sequencing Center, University of Oulu, POB 8000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - P Tossavainen
- Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, PO Box 23, 90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - A M Pirttilä
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, POB 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Talvensaari-Mattila
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, PL 23, FI90029, Oulu, Finland
| | - R Nissi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, PL 23, FI90029, Oulu, Finland
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19
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Combined impacts of various plant derivative extracts and lactic acid bacteria on yeasts to develop a nutritional bar with antifungal properties. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Tang J, Huang X, Cao MH, Wang Z, Yu Z, Yan Y, Huang JP, Wang L, Huang SX. Mono-/Bis-Alkenoic Acid Derivatives From an Endophytic Fungus Scopulariopsis candelabrum and Their Antifungal Activity. Front Chem 2022; 9:812564. [PMID: 35087795 PMCID: PMC8787343 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.812564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During a screening for antifungal secondary metabolites, six new mono-/bis-alkenoic acid derivatives (2–7) and one known alkenoic acid derivative (1) were isolated from an endophytic fungi Scopulariopsis candelabrum. Their chemical structures were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D NMR, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, as well as comparisons with previously reported literatures. Among them, fusariumesters C‒F (2–5) are bis-alkenoic acid derivatives dimerized by an ester bond, while acetylfusaridioic acid A (6) and fusaridioic acid D (7) are alkenoic acid monomers. All the isolates were submitted to an antifungal assay against Candida albicans and the corn pathogen Exserohilum turcicum using the filter paper agar diffusion method. As a result, only compound 1 decorating with β-lactone ring turned out to be active against these two tested fungi. The broth microdilution assay against Candida albicans showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 1 to be 20 μg/ml, while the minimum inhibitory concentration value of the positive control (naystatin) was 10 μg/ml. And the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (21.23 μg/ml) of 1 against Exserohilum turcicum was determined by analyzing its inhibition effect on the mycelial growth, using cycloheximide (IC50 = 46.70 μg/ml) as the positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueshuang Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Ming-Hang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yijun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jian-Ping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Sheng-Xiong Huang,
| | - Sheng-Xiong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthetic Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang, ; Sheng-Xiong Huang,
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21
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De Seta F, Lonnee-Hoffmann R, Campisciano G, Comar M, Verstraelen H, Vieira-Baptista P, Ventolini G, Lev-Sagie A. The Vaginal Microbiome: III. The Vaginal Microbiome in Various Urogenital Disorders. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2022; 26:85-92. [PMID: 34928258 PMCID: PMC8719503 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This series of articles, titled The Vaginal Microbiome (VMB), written on behalf of the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease, aims to summarize the recent findings and understanding of the vaginal bacterial microbiota, mainly regarding areas relevant to clinicians specializing in vulvovaginal disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS A search of PubMed database was performed, using the search terms "vaginal microbiome" with "Candida," "vaginitis," "urinary microbiome," "recurrent urinary tract infections," "sexually transmitted infections," "human immunodeficiency virus," "human papillomavirus," "nonspecific vaginitis," "vulvodynia," and "vulvovaginal symptoms." Full article texts were reviewed. Reference lists were screened for additional articles. The third article in this series describes VMB in various urogenital disorders. RESULTS Variable patterns of the VMB are found in patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis, challenging the idea of a protective role of lactobacilli. Highly similar strains of health-associated commensal bacteria are shared in both the bladder and vagina of the same individual and may provide protection against urinary tract infections. Dysbiotic VMB increases the risk of urinary tract infection. Loss of vaginal lactic acid-producing bacteria combined with elevated pH, increase the risk for sexually transmitted infections, although the exact protective mechanisms of the VMB against sexually transmitted infections are still unknown. CONCLUSIONS The VMB may constitute a biological barrier to pathogenic microorganisms. When the predominance of lactobacilli community is disrupted, there is an increased risk for the acquisition of various vaginal pathogents. Longitudinal studies are needed to describe the association between the host, bacterial, and fungal components of the VMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco De Seta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health “IRCCS Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Risa Lonnee-Hoffmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Institute for Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Manola Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health “IRCCS Burlo Garofolo,” Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hans Verstraelen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pedro Vieira-Baptista
- Hospital Lusíadas Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Lower Genital Tract Unit, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
- LAP, a Unilabs Company, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gary Ventolini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Distinguish University Professor, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Permian Basin, Odessa, TX
| | - Ahinoam Lev-Sagie
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Huët MAL, Lee CZ, Rahman S. A review on association of fungi with the development and progression of carcinogenesis in the human body. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 3:100090. [PMID: 34917994 PMCID: PMC8666644 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role and impact of commensal and pathogenic fungi in different parts of the human body are being increasingly appreciated, unveiling the importance of such microorganisms in human health. A key function is the involvement of the mycobiota in cross-kingdom interactions within the microbiome. Any disturbance in the functionality of the microbiota could alter metabolic reactions, have a negative impact on homeostasis or induce diseases. The association of fungi with cancer development is the focus of this review. Several studies have reported direct or indirect involvement of fungal pathogens and mycobiome dysbiosis in induction of carcinogenesis. Most studies focused on cancers of the gastrointestinal tract. However, researchers are now investigating other organs, such as the skin, where the significant results obtained confirm the involvement of fungal pathogens and administration of antifungal drugs in development of cancer. This review gives an overview of the different organs affected and describes the mechanisms used by these eukaryotes or antifungals to induce oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Andrea Laetitia Huët
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway,Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chuen Zhang Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway,Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway,Subang Jaya, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.,Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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23
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Anuradha S, Samaddar A, Maurya A, Hada V, Narula H, Shrimali T, Gupta N, Kumar P, Singh K, Nag VL. Analysis of Blood Culture Data Influences Future Epidemiology of Bloodstream Infections: A 5-year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021; 25:1258-1262. [PMID: 34866822 PMCID: PMC8608638 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood cultures are the most significant samples received in a microbiology laboratory. Good quality control of pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic stages can have a significant impact on patient outcomes. Here, we present the improvements brought about by reviewing blood culture data with clinicians at a tertiary care institute in India. Methods Four-year blood culture data (phase I—February 2014–February 2018) were shared with clinicians in the clinical grand round. Several take-home messages were discussed in a quiz format, and a number of holistic quality control measures were implemented at different levels. Based on observable changes in blood culture reports, another dataset was analyzed and compared in phase II (April 2018–April 2019). Results In phase II, the blood culture contamination rate improved from 6 to 2% along with four times reduction in ICU isolates and three times increased isolation of salmonellae and pneumococci. The development of resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae to carbapenems and piperacillin–tazobactam was reduced. Colistin resistance in ICU isolates hovered around 15%. Vaccine-preventable pneumococcal serotypes were predominant in the under-five age-group. Typhoidal salmonellae were more commonly isolated from adults with 50% showing sensitivity to pefloxacin and 97% to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole. Candida parapsilosis was the leading non-albicans Candida (NAC). Fluconazole resistance was observed in 50% of NAC. Conclusion Reviewing blood culture data with clinicians mutually helped us to improve the overall quality of blood culture reports. It had a major impact on epidemiological trends and thus, found to be superior to just sharing an antibiogram with the clinicians. How to cite this article Sharma A, Samaddar A, Maurya A, Hada V, Narula H, Shrimali T, et al. Analysis of Blood Culture Data Influences Future Epidemiology of Bloodstream Infections: A 5-year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Hospital in India. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(11):1258–1262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharma Anuradha
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Arghadip Samaddar
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anand Maurya
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Hada
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Himanshu Narula
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Twishi Shrimali
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neeraj Gupta
- Department of Neonatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prawin Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kuldeep Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Nag
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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24
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Paulovičová E, Hrubiško M. Humoral immune responses against facultative pathogen Candida utilis in atopic patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Candida utilis glucomannan - New serologic biomarker. Immunobiology 2021; 227:152154. [PMID: 34826687 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2021.152154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis is one of the most commonly reported female genital tract infections, affecting approximately 70-75% of childbearing age women at least once during their lifetime. Approximately 50% of patients have refractory episodes and in 5-10% of cases the disease has a chronic course. The fungal cell wall represents the important host-invader interface. Cell-wall polysaccharides represent biological response modifiers and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns and virulence factors. Glycans are sensed by germ-line encoded pattern recognition receptors and reactively participate in immune system cell signaling. The most dominant cell-wall antigenic structures of Candida species as ß-glucan, α- and ß-mannans, glucomannan and other immunogenic polysaccharides are of particular relevancy for specific in vitro diagnosis and long-term follow-up of the Candida infection. In this study we assessed the immunobiological activity of facultative pathogen Candida utilis cell glucomannan and its effectivity as in vitro serological marker for antibody testing. The novel serologic assay has been developed and optimized for C. utilis serodiagnosis. The comparison assays were performed to establish relationship between antibodies against C. utilis, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae main cell-wall antigens in patient sera. The study evaluates applicability of glucomannan as serodiagnostic antigen and as a trigger of antigenspecific IgG, IgM and IgA antibody isotypes in the cohort of 35 atopic female subjects with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Statistically significant sera values of specific anti-glycan IgM and IgA class antibodies were revealed. The results are suggestive for efficient serological application of C.utilis glucomannan as in vitro disease marker and prospectively for follow-up of the specific long-term antimycotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paulovičová
- Immunol. & Cell Culture Labs, Dept. Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Center for Glycomics, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - M Hrubiško
- Dept. Clin. Immunol .and Allergy, Oncology Institute of St. Elisabeth and Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
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25
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Mercurio K, Singh D, Walden E, Baetz K. Global analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth in mucin. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:jkab294. [PMID: 34849793 PMCID: PMC8527512 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomic profiling of the human gut microbiome has discovered DNA from dietary yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, it is unknown if the S. cerevisiae detected by common metagenomic methods are from dead dietary sources, or from live S. cerevisiae colonizing the gut similar to their close relative Candida albicans. While S. cerevisiae can adapt to minimal oxygen and acidic environments, it has not been explored whether this yeast can metabolize mucin, the large, gel-forming, highly glycosylated proteins representing a major source of carbon in the gut mucosa. We reveal that S. cerevisiae can utilize mucin as their main carbon source, as well as perform both a transcriptome analysis and a chemogenomic screen to identify biological pathways required for this yeast to grow optimally in mucin. In total, 739 genes demonstrate significant differential expression in mucin culture, and deletion of 21 genes impact growth in mucin. Both screens suggest that mitochondrial function is required for proper growth in mucin, and through secondary assays we determine that mucin exposure induces mitogenesis and cellular respiration. We further show that deletion of an uncharacterized ORF, YCR095W-A, led to dysfunction in mitochondrial morphology and oxygen consumption in mucin. Finally, we demonstrate that Yps7, an aspartyl protease and homolog to mucin-degrading proteins in C. albicans, is important for growth on mucin. Collectively, our work serves as the initial step toward establishing how this common dietary fungus can survive in the mucus environment of the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mercurio
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Dylan Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Walden
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Kristin Baetz
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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26
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Naik B, Ahmed SMQ, Laha S, Das SP. Genetic Susceptibility to Fungal Infections and Links to Human Ancestry. Front Genet 2021; 12:709315. [PMID: 34490039 PMCID: PMC8417537 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.709315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the ages, fungi have associated with different parts of the human body and established symbiotic associations with their host. They are mostly commensal unless there are certain not so well-defined factors that trigger the conversion to a pathogenic state. Some of the factors that induce such transition can be dependent on the fungal species, environment, immunological status of the individual, and most importantly host genetics. In this review, we discuss the different aspects of how host genetics play a role in fungal infection since mutations in several genes make hosts susceptible to such infections. We evaluate how mutations modulate the key recognition between the pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and the host pattern recognition receptor (PRR) molecules. We discuss the polymorphisms in the genes of the immune system, the way it contributes toward some common fungal infections, and highlight how the immunological status of the host determines fungal recognition and cross-reactivity of some fungal antigens against human proteins that mimic them. We highlight the importance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with several of the receptor coding genes and discuss how it affects the signaling cascade post-infection, immune evasion, and autoimmune disorders. As part of personalized medicine, we need the application of next-generation techniques as a feasible option to incorporate an individual’s susceptibility toward invasive fungal infections based on predisposing factors. Finally, we discuss the importance of studying genomic ancestry and reveal how genetic differences between the human race are linked to variation in fungal disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Naik
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Sumayyah M Q Ahmed
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Suparna Laha
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, India
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27
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Current Insight into Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods in Discovering Ascomycetous Taxa. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090703. [PMID: 34575741 PMCID: PMC8467358 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture techniques are vital in both traditional and modern fungal taxonomy. Establishing sexual-asexual links and synanamorphs, extracting DNA and secondary metabolites are mainly based on cultures. However, it is widely accepted that a large number of species are not sporulating in nature while others cannot be cultured. Recent ecological studies based on culture-independent methods revealed these unculturable taxa, i.e., dark taxa. Recent fungal diversity estimation studies suggested that environmental sequencing plays a vital role in discovering missing species. However, Sanger sequencing is still the main approach in determining DNA sequences in culturable species. In this paper, we summarize culture-based and culture-independent methods in the study of ascomycetous taxa. High-throughput sequencing of leaf endophytes, leaf litter fungi and fungi in aquatic environments is important to determine dark taxa. Nevertheless, currently, naming dark taxa is not recognized by the ICN, thus provisional naming of them is essential as suggested by several studies.
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28
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Farrokhi Y, Al-Shibli B, Al-Hameedawi DFJ, Neshati Z, Makhdoumi A. Escherichia coli enhances the virulence factors of Candida albicans, the cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis, in a dual bacterial/fungal biofilm. Res Microbiol 2021; 172:103849. [PMID: 34089837 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Co-infection with other microorganisms can promote the Candida albicans to be invasive. In this study, Escherichia coli and C. albicans were co-isolated from the women with candidiasis symptoms. The in vitro effects of E. coli on C. albicans hypha development, biofilm formation, antibiotic susceptibility, dispersion from the biofilm, expression of Als3, Hwp1, and Tup1 genes, and pathogenesis in Galleria mellonella were investigated. Electron microscopic images revealed that hypha induction was markedly increased in the bacteria-fungi co-culture. Biofilm formation was increased 2.2 fold in the presence of E. coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration of nystatin against Candida was increased from (μg mL-1) 25 to 50 in the dual biofilm. Candida dissemination was increased up to 2.7 fold from the mixed fungi/bacteria biofilm. The expression of ALS3 and HWP1 genes was increased (5.9 and 2.0 fold, respectively) while the TUP1 gene expression was decreased (0.4 fold) when C. albicans was incubated with E. coli. The simultaneous injection of C. albicans and E. coli to the insect larvae increased Galleria mortality up to 40%. This study demonstrated the effects of E. coli to promote fungi virulence factors, which suggest polymicrobial interaction should be considered during treatment of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeganeh Farrokhi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Batool Al-Shibli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Zeinab Neshati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Makhdoumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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29
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Meason-Smith C, Olivry T, Lawhon SD, Hoffmann AR. Malassezia species dysbiosis in natural and allergen-induced atopic dermatitis in dogs. Med Mycol 2021; 58:756-765. [PMID: 31782778 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malassezia dermatitis and otitis are recurrent features of canine atopic dermatitis, increasing the cost of care, and contributing to a reduced quality of life for the pet. The exact pathogenesis of secondary yeast infections in allergic dogs remains unclear, but some have proposed an overgrowth of M. pachydermatis to be one of the flare factors. The distribution of Malassezia populations on healthy and allergic canine skin has not been previously investigated using culture-independent methods. Skin swabs were collected from healthy, naturally affected allergic, and experimentally sensitized atopic dogs. From the extracted DNA, fungal next-generations sequencing (NGS) targeting the ITS region with phylogenetic analysis of sequences for species level classification, and Malassezia species-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed. M. globosa was significantly more abundant on healthy canine skin by both methods (NGS P < .0001, qPCR P < .0001). M. restricta was significantly more abundant on healthy skin by NGS (P = .0023), and M. pachydermatis was significantly more abundant on naturally-affected allergic skin by NGS (P < .0001) and on allergen-induced atopic skin lesions by qPCR (P = .0015). Shifts in Malassezia populations were not observed in correlation with the development of allergen-induced skin lesions. Differences in the lipid dependency of predominant Malassezia commensals between groups suggests a role of the skin lipid content in driving community composition and raises questions of whether targeting skin lipids with therapeutics could promote healthy Malassezia populations on canine skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Meason-Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Comparative Medicine Institute, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sara D Lawhon
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
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30
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Drug Repurposing in Medical Mycology: Identification of Compounds as Potential Antifungals to Overcome the Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Fungi. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050488. [PMID: 34065420 PMCID: PMC8161392 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunodepression, whether due to HIV infection or organ transplantation, has increased human vulnerability to fungal infections. These conditions have created an optimal environment for the emergence of opportunistic infections, which is concomitant to the increase in antifungal resistance. The use of conventional antifungal drugs as azoles and polyenes can lead to clinical failure, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Difficulties related to treating fungal infections combined with the time required to develop new drugs, require urgent consideration of other therapeutic alternatives. Drug repurposing is one of the most promising and rapid solutions that the scientific and medical community can turn to, with low costs and safety advantages. To treat life-threatening resistant fungal infections, drug repurposing has led to the consideration of well-known and potential molecules as a last-line therapy. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of current antifungal compounds and their main resistance mechanisms, following by an overview of the antifungal activity of non-traditional antimicrobial drugs. We provide their eventual mechanisms of action and the synergistic combinations that improve the activity of current antifungal treatments. Finally, we discuss drug repurposing for the main emerging multidrug resistant (MDR) fungus, including the Candida auris, Aspergillus or Cryptococcus species.
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Candida albicans as an Essential "Keystone" Component within Polymicrobial Oral Biofilm Models? Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010059. [PMID: 33379333 PMCID: PMC7823588 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Existing standardized biofilm assays focus on simple mono-species or bacterial-only models. Incorporating Candida albicans into complex biofilm models can offer a more appropriate and relevant polymicrobial biofilm for the development of oral health products. Aims: This study aimed to assess the importance of interkingdom interactions in polymicrobial oral biofilm systems with or without C. albicans, and test how these models respond to oral therapeutic challenges in vitro. Materials and Methods: Polymicrobial biofilms (two models containing 5 and 10 bacterial species, respectively) were created in parallel in the presence and absence of C. albicans and challenged using clinically relevant antimicrobials. The metabolic profiles and biomasses of these complex biofilms were estimated using resazurin dye and crystal violet stain, respectively. Quantitative PCR was utilized to assess compositional changes in microbial load. Additional assays, for measurements of pH and lactate, were included to monitor fluctuations in virulence "biomarkers." Results: An increased level of metabolic activity and biomass in the presence of C. albicans was observed. Bacterial load was increased by more than a factor of 10 in the presence of C. albicans. Assays showed inclusion of C. albicans impacted the biofilm virulence profiles. C. albicans did not affect the biofilms' responses to the short-term incubations with different treatments. Conclusions: The interkingdom biofilms described herein are structurally robust and exhibit all the hallmarks of a reproducible model. To our knowledge, these data are the first to test the hypothesis that yeasts may act as potential "keystone" components of oral biofilms.
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Zangl I, Beyer R, Pap IJ, Strauss J, Aspöck C, Willinger B, Schüller C. Human Pathogenic Candida Species Respond Distinctively to Lactic Acid Stress. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040348. [PMID: 33302409 PMCID: PMC7762603 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several Candida species are opportunistic human fungal pathogens and thrive in various environmental niches in and on the human body. In this study we focus on the conditions of the vaginal tract, which is acidic, hypoxic, glucose-deprived, and contains lactic acid. We quantitatively analyze the lactic acid tolerance in glucose-rich and glucose-deprived environment of five Candida species: Candidaalbicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. To characterize the phenotypic space, we analyzed 40–100 clinical isolates of each species. Each Candida species had a very distinct response pattern to lactic acid stress and characteristic phenotypic variability. C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis were best to withstand high concentrations of lactic acid with glucose as carbon source. A glucose-deprived environment induced lactic acid stress tolerance in all species. With lactate as carbon source the growth rate of C. krusei is even higher compared to glucose, whereas the other species grow slower. C. krusei may use lactic acid as carbon source in the vaginal tract. Stress resistance variability was highest among C. parapsilosis strains. In conclusion, each Candida spp. is adapted differently to cope with lactic acid stress and resistant to physiological concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zangl
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (I.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Reinhard Beyer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (I.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Ildiko-Julia Pap
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University Hospital of St. Pölten, Dunant-Platz 1, 3100 St Pölten, Austria; (I.-J.P.); (C.A.)
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (I.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Christoph Aspöck
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University Hospital of St. Pölten, Dunant-Platz 1, 3100 St Pölten, Austria; (I.-J.P.); (C.A.)
| | - Birgit Willinger
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christoph Schüller
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria; (I.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.)
- Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 3430 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-94484
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Gut mycobiome: A promising target for colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188489. [PMID: 33278512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human gut is mainly habited by a staggering amount and abundance of bacteria as well as fungi. Gut dysbiosis is believed as a pivotal factor in colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Lately increasing evidence from animal or clinical studies suggested that fungal disturbance also contributed to CRC development. This review summarized the current status of fungal dysbiosis in CRC and highlighted the potential tumorigenic mechanisms of fungi. Then the fungal markers and some therapeutic strategies for CRC were discussed. It would provide a better understanding of the correlation of mycobiota and CRC, and modulating fungal community would be a promising target against CRC.
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Chee WJY, Chew SY, Than LTL. Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:203. [PMID: 33160356 PMCID: PMC7648308 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human vagina is colonised by a diverse array of microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota and mycobiota. Lactobacillus is the most frequently isolated microorganism from the healthy human vagina, this includes Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lactobacillus iners, and Lactobacillus jensenii. These vaginal lactobacilli have been touted to prevent invasion of pathogens by keeping their population in check. However, the disruption of vaginal ecosystem contributes to the overgrowth of pathogens which causes complicated vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV), sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Predisposing factors such as menses, pregnancy, sexual practice, uncontrolled usage of antibiotics, and vaginal douching can alter the microbial community. Therefore, the composition of vaginal microbiota serves an important role in determining vagina health. Owing to their Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) status, lactobacilli have been widely utilised as one of the alternatives besides conventional antimicrobial treatment against vaginal pathogens for the prevention of chronic vaginitis and the restoration of vaginal ecosystem. In addition, the effectiveness of Lactobacillus as prophylaxis has also been well-founded in long-term administration. This review aimed to highlight the beneficial effects of lactobacilli derivatives (i.e. surface-active molecules) with anti-biofilm, antioxidant, pathogen-inhibition, and immunomodulation activities in developing remedies for vaginal infections. We also discuss the current challenges in the implementation of the use of lactobacilli derivatives in promotion of human health. In the current review, we intend to provide insights for the development of lactobacilli derivatives as a complementary or alternative medicine to conventional probiotic therapy in vaginal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace Jeng Yang Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Shu Yih Chew
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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Arita GS, Faria DR, Sakita KM, Rodrigues-Vendramini FA, Capoci IR, Kioshima ES, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Svidzinski TI. Impact of serial systemic infection on Candida albicans virulence factors. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1249-1263. [PMID: 33026881 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate changes in virulence and pathogenicity approaches from Candida albicans after successive passages in a murine model of systemic candidiasis. Materials & methods: Phenotypic assays were performed using colonies recovered from animals infected serially, totalizing five passages. Results: A progressive infection was observed along the passages, with increased fungal burden and the presence of greater inflammatory areas in the histopathological findings. Recovered strains exhibited increased filamentation and biofilm abilities, along with modulation of phospholipase and proteinase activities. Conclusion: Repeated contact between yeast and host increased the expression of virulence factors. Furthermore, a correspondence between phenotypic profile and proteomic data obtained previously was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia S Arita
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniella R Faria
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karina M Sakita
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Franciele Av Rodrigues-Vendramini
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Isis Rg Capoci
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Erika S Kioshima
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Bonfim-Mendonça
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Ie Svidzinski
- Department of Clinical Analysis & Biomedicine, Laboratory of Medical Mycology, State University of Maringá, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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García-Béjar B, Árevalo-Villena M, Briones A. Characterization of yeast population from unstudied natural sources in La Mancha region. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:650-664. [PMID: 32726883 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to identify the yeast species and strains which entitled an unstudied area of Spain and evaluate the yeast species diversity richness and the genetic variety. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 702 yeasts were isolated from different environments in a central Spanish region (La Mancha) with diverse sources of origin (food, animals, flowers and environmental sources) during spring season. Thanks to the analysis carried out by the PCR-RFLP technique and sequencing, 35 species were identified. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree was created based on D1/D2 sequences. Moreover 330 strains were determined by PCR-RAPD and their profiles were analysed using the bioinformatics programme BioNumerics 7·6. The Simpson's index (D) and the genetic diversity percentage were calculated with the aim of studying the richness of the species in each environment and the genetic variety in each species. CONCLUSIONS This study has permitted to know that the majority of the species found was Diutina rugosa while the most ubiquitous was Rhodotorula mucilaginosa which expose the dispersion capability of this species. The diversity parameters has revealed that the highest species richness was associated to environmental samples and the highest genetic variety was presented in those species with better dispersion capability or a smaller number of isolates. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study permits to better understand the yeast communities in La Mancha region which gives a value the microbial potential of this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- B García-Béjar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Árevalo-Villena
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Briones
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Shen S, Hou Y, Chen Y, Wang T. The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:655-679. [PMID: 32150513 PMCID: PMC7524315 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1731287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobiota are inseparable from human health, shaking up the unique position held by bacteria among microorganisms. What is surprising is that this seemingly small species can trigger huge changes in the human body. Dysbiosis and invasion of mycobiota are confirmed to cause disease in different parts of the body. Meanwhile, our body also produces corresponding immune changes upon mycobiota infection. Several recent studies have made a connection between intestinal mycobiota and the human immune system. In this review, we focus on questions related to mycobiota, starting with an introduction of select species, then we summarize the typical diseases caused by mycobiota in different parts of the human body. Moreover, we constructed a framework for the human anti-fungal immune system based on genetics and immunology. Finally, the progression of fungal detection methods is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sunan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yayi Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yugen Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China,CONTACT Tingting Wang The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Division of Immunology, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing210093, China
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Urban M, Cuzick A, Seager J, Wood V, Rutherford K, Venkatesh SY, De Silva N, Martinez MC, Pedro H, Yates AD, Hassani-Pak K, Hammond-Kosack KE. PHI-base: the pathogen-host interactions database. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:D613-D620. [PMID: 31733065 PMCID: PMC7145647 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogen–host interactions database (PHI-base) is available at www.phi-base.org. PHI-base contains expertly curated molecular and biological information on genes proven to affect the outcome of pathogen–host interactions reported in peer reviewed research articles. PHI-base also curates literature describing specific gene alterations that did not affect the disease interaction phenotype, in order to provide complete datasets for comparative purposes. Viruses are not included, due to their extensive coverage in other databases. In this article, we describe the increased data content of PHI-base, plus new database features and further integration with complementary databases. The release of PHI-base version 4.8 (September 2019) contains 3454 manually curated references, and provides information on 6780 genes from 268 pathogens, tested on 210 hosts in 13,801 interactions. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens are represented in almost equal numbers. Host species consist of approximately 60% plants (split 50:50 between cereal and non-cereal plants), and 40% other species of medical and/or environmental importance. The information available on pathogen effectors has risen by more than a third, and the entries for pathogens that infect crop species of global importance has dramatically increased in this release. We also briefly describe the future direction of the PHI-base project, and some existing problems with the PHI-base curation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Urban
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Alayne Cuzick
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - James Seager
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Valerie Wood
- Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Kim Rutherford
- Cambridge Systems Biology Centre and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | | | - Nishadi De Silva
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Manuel Carbajo Martinez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Helder Pedro
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Andy D Yates
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Keywan Hassani-Pak
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Kim E Hammond-Kosack
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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Hanna J, Yassine R, El-Bikai R, Curran MD, Azar M, Yeretzian J, Skaf R, Afif C, Saber T, Itani S, Hubeish M, El Jisr T, Hamzeh F, El Chaar M. Molecular epidemiology and socio-demographic risk factors of sexually transmitted infections among women in Lebanon. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:375. [PMID: 32460721 PMCID: PMC7251815 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cause a major public health problem that affect both men and women in developing and developed countries. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of 11 STIs among women who voluntarily participated in the study, while seeking gynecological checkup. The existence of an association between the presence of pathogens and symptoms and various sociodemographic risk factors was assessed. METHODS A total of 505 vaginal and cervical specimens were collected from women above 18 years of age, with or without symptoms related to gynecological infections. Nucleic acid was extracted and samples were tested by real-time PCR for the following pathogens: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Urealplasma parvum, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma girerdii, Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida albicans and Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Positive HPV samples underwent genotyping using a microarray system. RESULTS Of the 505 samples, 312 (62%) were screened positive for at least one pathogen. Of these, 36% were positive for Gardnerella vaginalis, 35% for Ureaplasma parvum, 8% for Candida albicans, 6.7% for HPV, 4.6% for Ureaplasma urealyticum, 3.6% for Mycoplasma hominis, 2% for Trichomonas vaginalis, 0.8% for Chlamydia trachomatis, 0.4% for Mycoplasma girerdii, 0.2% for Mycoplasma genitalium and 0.2% for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Lack of symptoms was reported in 187 women (37%), among whom 61% were infected. Thirty-four samples were HPV positive, with 17 high risk HPV genotypes (HR-HPV); the highest rates being recorded for types 16 (38%), 18 (21%) and 51 (18%). Out of the 34 HPV positives, 29 participants had HR-HPV. Association with various risk factors were reported. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study that presents data about the presence of STIs among women in Lebanon and the MENA region by simultaneous detection of 11 pathogens. In the absence of systematic STI surveillance in Lebanon, concurrent screening for HPV and PAP smear is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hanna
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O.Box 166378 Ashrafieh, Beirut, 1100-2807, Lebanon
| | - Ruba Yassine
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O.Box 166378 Ashrafieh, Beirut, 1100-2807, Lebanon
| | - Rana El-Bikai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O.Box 166378 Ashrafieh, Beirut, 1100-2807, Lebanon
| | - Martin D Curran
- Public Health England Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathilde Azar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O.Box 166378 Ashrafieh, Beirut, 1100-2807, Lebanon
| | - Joumana Yeretzian
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O.Box 166378 Ashrafieh, Beirut, 1100-2807, Lebanon
| | - Rana Skaf
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint George Hospital University Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Claude Afif
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Toufic Saber
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | | | - Fadia Hamzeh
- National Institution of Social Care and Vocational Training, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mira El Chaar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O.Box 166378 Ashrafieh, Beirut, 1100-2807, Lebanon.
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Zangl I, Pap IJ, Aspöck C, Schüller C. The role of Lactobacillus species in the control of Candida via biotrophic interactions. MICROBIAL CELL 2019; 7:1-14. [PMID: 31921929 PMCID: PMC6946018 DOI: 10.15698/mic2020.01.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microbial communities have an important role in health and disease. Candida spp. are ubiquitous commensals and sometimes opportunistic fungal pathogens of humans, colonizing mucosal surfaces of the genital, urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and the oral cavity. They mainly cause local mucosal infections in immune competent individuals. However, in the case of an ineffective immune defense, Candida infections may become a serious threat. Lactobacillus spp. are part of the human microbiome and are natural competitors of Candida in the vaginal environment. Lactic acid, low pH and other secreted metabolites are environmental signals sensed by fungal species present in the microbiome. This review briefly discusses the ternary interaction between host, Lactobacillus species and Candida with regard to fungal infections and the potential antifungal and fungistatic effect of Lactobacillus species. Our understanding of these interactions is incomplete due to the variability of the involved species and isolates and the complexity of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zangl
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Tulln, Austria
| | - Ildiko-Julia Pap
- University Hospital of St. Pölten, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, St Pölten, Austria
| | - Christoph Aspöck
- University Hospital of St. Pölten, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, St Pölten, Austria
| | - Christoph Schüller
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology (DAGZ), Tulln, Austria.,Bioactive Microbial Metabolites (BiMM), BOKU, Tulln, Austria
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Nogueira F, Sharghi S, Kuchler K, Lion T. Pathogenetic Impact of Bacterial-Fungal Interactions. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100459. [PMID: 31623187 PMCID: PMC6843596 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymicrobial infections are of paramount importance because of the potential severity of clinical manifestations, often associated with increased resistance to antimicrobial treatment. The intricate interplay with the host and the immune system, and the impact on microbiome imbalance, are of importance in this context. The equilibrium of microbiota in the human host is critical for preventing potential dysbiosis and the ensuing development of disease. Bacteria and fungi can communicate via signaling molecules, and produce metabolites and toxins capable of modulating the immune response or altering the efficacy of treatment. Most of the bacterial–fungal interactions described to date focus on the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans and different bacteria. In this review, we discuss more than twenty different bacterial–fungal interactions involving several clinically important human pathogens. The interactions, which can be synergistic or antagonistic, both in vitro and in vivo, are addressed with a focus on the quorum-sensing molecules produced, the response of the immune system, and the impact on clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Nogueira
- CCRI-St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Labdia-Labordiagnostik GmbH, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.
| | - Shirin Sharghi
- CCRI-St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Labdia-Labordiagnostik GmbH, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.
| | - Karl Kuchler
- Center of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria.
| | - Thomas Lion
- CCRI-St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Labdia-Labordiagnostik GmbH, Vienna 1090, Austria.
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
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42
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Soverini M, Turroni S, Biagi E, Brigidi P, Candela M, Rampelli S. HumanMycobiomeScan: a new bioinformatics tool for the characterization of the fungal fraction in metagenomic samples. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:496. [PMID: 31202277 PMCID: PMC6570844 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Modern metagenomic analysis of complex microbial communities produces large amounts of sequence data containing information on the microbiome in terms of bacterial, archaeal, viral and eukaryotic composition. The bioinformatics tools available are mainly devoted to profiling the bacterial and viral fractions and only a few software packages consider fungi. As the human fungal microbiome (human mycobiome) can play an important role in the onset and progression of diseases, a comprehensive description of host-microbiota interactions cannot ignore this component. Results HumanMycobiomeScan is a bioinformatics tool for the taxonomic profiling of the mycobiome directly from raw data of next-generation sequencing. The tool uses hierarchical databases of fungi in order to unambiguously assign reads to fungal species more accurately and > 10,000 times faster than other comparable approaches. HumanMycobiomeScan was validated using in silico generated synthetic communities and then applied to metagenomic data, to characterize the intestinal fungal components in subjects adhering to different subsistence strategies. Conclusions Although blind to unknown species, HumanMycobiomeScan allows the characterization of the fungal fraction of complex microbial ecosystems with good performance in terms of sample denoising from reads belonging to other microorganisms. HumanMycobiomeScan is most appropriate for well-studied microbiomes, for which most of the fungal species have been fully sequenced. This released version is functionally implemented to work with human-associated microbiota samples. In combination with other microbial profiling tools, HumanMycobiomeScan is a frugal and efficient tool for comprehensive characterization of microbial ecosystems through shotgun metagenomics sequencing. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5883-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Soverini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Biagi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Brigidi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simone Rampelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Unit of Microbial Ecology of Health, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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Alburquenque C, Amaro J, Fuentes M, Falconer MA, Moreno C, Covarrubias C, Pinto C, Rodas PI, Bucarey SA, Hermosilla G, Magne F, Tapia CV. Protective effect of inactivated blastoconidia in keratinocytes and human reconstituted epithelium against C. albicans infection. Med Mycol 2019; 57:457-467. [PMID: 30169683 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is commensal yeast that colonizes skin and mucosa; however, it can become an opportunist pathogen by changing from blastoconidia (commensal form) into hypha (pathogenic form). Each form activates a different cytokines response in epithelial cells. Little is known about the commensal role of C. albicans in the innate immunity. This work studied whether stimulation with C. albicans blastoconidia induces protection in keratinocytes and/or in a reconstituted human epithelium (RHE) infected with C. albicans. For this, inactivated C. albicans blastoconidia was used to stimulate keratinocytes and RHE prior to infection with C. albicans. Blastoconidia induced different cytokine expression profiles; in the case of RHE it decreased interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-10 and increased IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon γ (IFN-γ). A significant increase in the expression of human β-defensins (HBD) 2 and HBD3 was observed in blastoconidia stimulated keratinocytes and RHE, associated with impaired growth and viability of C. albicans. Additionally, blastoconidia stimulation decreased the expression of virulence factors in C. albicans that are associated with filamentation (EFG1, CPH1 and NRG1), adhesion (ALS5), and invasion (SAP2). Blastoconidia stimulated RHE was significantly less damaged by C. albicans invasion. These results show that the commensal form of C. albicans would exert a protective effect against self-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alburquenque
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile.,Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago de Chile
| | - José Amaro
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile
| | - Marisol Fuentes
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile
| | - Mary A Falconer
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile
| | - Claudia Moreno
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile
| | - Cristian Covarrubias
- Facultad de Odontología Universidad de Chile. Laboratorio de Nanomateriales. Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Pinto
- Unidad de Anatomía Patológica Clínica Dávila, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula I Rodas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Médica y Patogénesis Bacteriana, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sergio A Bucarey
- Centro Biotecnológico Biovetec, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas Animales. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile
| | - Germán Hermosilla
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile
| | - Fabien Magne
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile
| | - Cecilia V Tapia
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile. Santiago de Chile.,Laboratorio Clínica Dávila, Santiago, Chile
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44
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Huang MY, Woolford CA, May G, McManus CJ, Mitchell AP. Circuit diversification in a biofilm regulatory network. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007787. [PMID: 31116789 PMCID: PMC6530872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotype-phenotype relationships can vary extensively among members of a species. One cause of this variation is circuit diversification, the alteration of gene regulatory relationships among members of a species. Circuit diversification is thought to be a starting point for the circuit divergence or rewiring that occurs during speciation. How widespread is circuit diversification? Here we address this question with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, which forms biofilms rich in distinctive hyphal cells as a prelude to infection. Our understanding of the biofilm/hyphal regulatory network comes primarily from studies of one clinical isolate, strain SC5314, and its marked derivatives. We used CRISPR-based methods to create mutations of four key biofilm transcription factor genes–BCR1, UME6, BRG1, and EFG1 –in SC5314 and four additional clinical isolates. Phenotypic analysis revealed that mutations in BCR1 or UME6 have variable impact across strains, while mutations in BRG1 or EFG1 had uniformly severe impact. Gene expression, sampled with Nanostring probes and examined comprehensively for EFG1 via RNA-Seq, indicates that regulatory relationships are highly variable among isolates. Our results suggest that genotype-phenotype relationships vary in this strain panel in part because of differences in control of BRG1 by BCR1, a hypothesis that is supported through engineered constitutive expression of BRG1. Overall, the data show that circuit diversification is the rule, not the exception, in this biofilm/hyphal regulatory network. Much of what we know about microbial pathogens is derived from in-depth analysis of one or a few standard laboratory strains. This statement is especially true for the fungal pathogen Candida albicans, because most studies have centered on strain SC5314 and its genetically marked derivatives. Here we examine the functional impact of mutations of four key biofilm regulators across five different clinical isolates. We observe that functional impact of the mutations, based on biological phenotypes and gene expression effects, varies extensively among the isolates. Our results support the idea that gene function should be validated with multiple strain isolates. In addition, our results indicate that a core regulatory network, which comprises regulatory relationships common to multiple isolates, may be enriched for functionally relevant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manning Y. Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Carol A. Woolford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Gemma May
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - C. Joel McManus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Aaron P. Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Muñoz M, Wintaco LM, Muñoz SA, Ramírez JD. Dissecting the Heterogeneous Population Genetic Structure of Candida albicans: Limitations and Constraints of the Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1052. [PMID: 31134042 PMCID: PMC6524206 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungal opportunistic pathogen of significant public health importance mainly due to the recent emergence of strains with increased aggressiveness and antifungal resistance. Here, we aimed to describe the epidemiological profiles and approximate the population structure of C. albicans by analyzing the C. albicans multilocus sequence typing (MLST) database (Calb-MLST-DB), which contains the largest publically available dataset for this species. Based on 4,318 database isolates, we confirmed the ubiquitous nature of C. albicans including a group of diploid sequence types (DSTs) obtained from Healthy individuals exclusively (taken as an indicator of lack of association with illnesses in its host), until isolates established from Non-Healthy individuals (potentially associated with pathogenic processes) and other DSTs reported in both types (Healthy and Non-Healthy). The highest number of reported DSTs was related to blood, oral and vaginal swabs (32.4, 20.5, and 13.8%, respectively). High genetic diversity was observed in the seven housekeeping genes included in the MLST scheme, with a diverse population structure (154 clonal complexes, CCs; and a high number of singletons, n = 1,074). Phylogenetic reconstruction on the concatenated alignment of these housekeeping genes for all the reported DSTs (n = 3,483) was partially concordant with the CC assignment, however, an absence of bootstrap threshold supported nodes or p-distance, and the lack of association with the other epidemiological variables, evidenced the limitations of the MLST scheme. Marked genetic admixture signals were identified by STRUCTURE, with the majority being attributable to recombination events according to the RDP program results, although another type of exchange event cannot be ruled out. Our results reaffirm the genetic diversity inherent in the genes used for the MLST scheme, which are associated with the chromosomal remodeling already proposed for C. albicans. This was also corroborated with an internal validation at a micro geographical scale. Despite these results are biased due to the unavailability of considering the broad global spectrum of C. albicans isolates around the world. This suggests that the strategy used to population type this pathogen should be reevaluated to improve epidemiological monitoring of its health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Centro de Tecnología en Salud (CETESA), Upqua SAS, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luz Maira Wintaco
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas y Biológicas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Shirly Alexandra Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.,Centro de Tecnología en Salud (CETESA), Upqua SAS, Bogotá, Colombia.,Unidad de Salud de Ibagué (USI) E.S.E, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Microbiológicas - UR (GIMUR), Programa de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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46
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Childers DS, Avelar GM, Bain JM, Larcombe DE, Pradhan A, Budge S, Heaney H, Brown AJP. Impact of the Environment upon the Candida albicans Cell Wall and Resultant Effects upon Immune Surveillance. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:297-330. [PMID: 31781866 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is an essential organelle that maintains cellular morphology and protects the fungus from environmental insults. For fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, it provides a degree of protection against attack by host immune defences. However, the cell wall also presents key epitopes that trigger host immunity and attractive targets for antifungal drugs. Rather than being a rigid shield, it has become clear that the fungal cell wall is an elastic organelle that permits rapid changes in cell volume and the transit of large liposomal particles such as extracellular vesicles. The fungal cell wall is also flexible in that it adapts to local environmental inputs, thereby enhancing the fitness of the fungus in these microenvironments. Recent evidence indicates that this cell wall adaptation affects host-fungus interactions by altering the exposure of major cell wall epitopes that are recognised by innate immune cells. Therefore, we discuss the impact of environmental adaptation upon fungal cell wall structure, and how this affects immune recognition, focussing on C. albicans and drawing parallels with other fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delma S Childers
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Gabriela M Avelar
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Judith M Bain
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Daniel E Larcombe
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Arnab Pradhan
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Susan Budge
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Helen Heaney
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK.
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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47
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Bensasson D, Dicks J, Ludwig JM, Bond CJ, Elliston A, Roberts IN, James SA. Diverse Lineages of Candida albicans Live on Old Oaks. Genetics 2019; 211:277-288. [PMID: 30463870 PMCID: PMC6325710 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen Candida albicans is considered an obligate commensal of animals, yet it is occasionally isolated from trees, shrubs, and grass. We generated genome sequence data for three strains of C. albicans that we isolated from oak trees in an ancient wood pasture, and compared these to the genomes of over 200 clinical strains. C. albicans strains from oak are similar to clinical C. albicans in that they are predominantly diploid and can become homozygous at the mating locus through whole-chromosome loss of heterozygosity. Oak strains differed from clinical strains in showing slightly higher levels of heterozygosity genome-wide. Using phylogenomic analyses and in silico chromosome painting, we show that each oak strain is more closely related to strains from humans and other animals than to strains from other oaks. The high genetic diversity of C. albicans from old oaks shows that they can live in this environment for extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douda Bensasson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Jo Dicks
- National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - John M Ludwig
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Christopher J Bond
- National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Adam Elliston
- National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Ian N Roberts
- National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Stephen A James
- National Collection of Yeast Cultures, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK
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48
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Raghavan V, Bui DT, Al-Sweel N, Friedrich A, Schacherer J, Aquadro CF, Alani E. Incompatibilities in Mismatch Repair Genes MLH1-PMS1 Contribute to a Wide Range of Mutation Rates in Human Isolates of Baker's Yeast. Genetics 2018; 210:1253-1266. [PMID: 30348651 PMCID: PMC6283166 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory baker's yeast strains bearing an incompatible combination of MLH1 and PMS1 mismatch repair alleles are mutators that can adapt more rapidly to stress, but do so at the cost of long-term fitness. We identified 18 baker's yeast isolates from 1011 surveyed that contain the incompatible MLH1-PMS1 genotype in a heterozygous state. Surprisingly, the incompatible combination from two human clinical heterozygous diploid isolates, YJS5845 and YJS5885, contain the exact MLH1 (S288c-derived) and PMS1 (SK1-derived) open reading frames originally shown to confer incompatibility. While these isolates were nonmutators, their meiotic spore clone progeny displayed mutation rates in a DNA slippage assay that varied over a 340-fold range. This range was 30-fold higher than observed between compatible and incompatible combinations of laboratory strains. Genotyping analysis indicated that MLH1-PMS1 incompatibility was the major driver of mutation rate in the isolates. The variation in the mutation rate of incompatible spore clones could be due to background suppressors and enhancers, as well as aneuploidy seen in the spore clones. Our data are consistent with the observed variance in mutation rate contributing to adaptation to stress conditions (e.g., in a human host) through the acquisition of beneficial mutations, with high mutation rates leading to long-term fitness costs that are buffered by mating or eliminated through natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Raghavan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703
| | - Duyen T Bui
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703
| | - Najla Al-Sweel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703
| | - Anne Friedrich
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology (GMGM) UMR 7156, F-67000, France
| | - Joseph Schacherer
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Genomics and Microbiology (GMGM) UMR 7156, F-67000, France
| | - Charles F Aquadro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703
| | - Eric Alani
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703
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49
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Lai GC, Tan TG, Pavelka N. The mammalian mycobiome: A complex system in a dynamic relationship with the host. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 11:e1438. [PMID: 30255552 PMCID: PMC6586165 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian barrier surfaces are densely populated by symbiont fungi in much the same way the former are colonized by symbiont bacteria. The fungal microbiota, otherwise known as the mycobiota, is increasingly recognized as a critical player in the maintenance of health and homeostasis of the host. Here we discuss the impact of the mycobiota on host physiology and disease, the factors influencing mycobiota composition, and the current technologies used for identifying symbiont fungal species. Understanding the tripartite interactions among the host, mycobiota, and other members of the microbiota, will help to guide the development of novel prevention and therapeutic strategies for a variety of human diseases. This article is categorized under:
Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organismal Models
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50
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A Genome-Wide Screen of Deletion Mutants in the Filamentous Saccharomyces cerevisiae Background Identifies Ergosterol as a Direct Trigger of Macrophage Pyroptosis. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01204-18. [PMID: 30065091 PMCID: PMC6069111 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01204-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells such as macrophages play an important role in the host defense mechanisms mounted in response to the common human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In vitro, C. albicans triggers macrophage NLRP3-Casp1/11-mediated pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death pathway. Here, we provide evidence that Casp1/11-dependent pyroptosis occurs in the kidney of infected mice during the early stages of infection. We have also used a genome-wide screen of nonessential Σ1278b Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes to identify genes required for yeast-triggered macrophage pyroptosis. The set of genes identified by this screen was enriched for those with functions in lipid and sterol homeostasis and trafficking. These observations led us to discover that cell surface localization and/or total levels of ergosterol correlate with the ability of S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans to trigger pyroptosis. Since the mammalian sterol cholesterol triggers NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis, we hypothesized that ergosterol may also do so. Consistent with that hypothesis, ergosterol-containing liposomes but not ergosterol-free liposomes induce pyroptosis. Cell wall mannoproteins directly bind ergosterol, and we found that Dan1, an ergosterol receptor mannoprotein, as well as specific mannosyltransferases, is required for pyroptosis, suggesting that cell wall-associated ergosterol may mediate the process. Taken together, these data indicate that ergosterol, like mammalian cholesterol, plays a direct role in yeast-mediated pyroptosis. Innate immune cells such as macrophages are key components of the host response to the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. Macrophages undergo pyroptosis, an inflammatory, programmed cell death, in response to some species of pathogenic yeast. Prior to the work described in this report, yeast-triggered pyroptosis has been observed only in vitro; here, we show that pyroptosis occurs in the initial stages of murine kidney infection, suggesting that it plays an important role in the initial response of the innate immune system to invasive yeast infection. We also show that a key component of the fungal plasma membrane, ergosterol, directly triggers pyroptosis. Ergosterol is also present in the fungal cell wall, most likely associated with mannoproteins, and is increased in hyphal cells compared to yeast cells. Our data indicate that specific mannoproteins are required for pyroptosis. This is consistent with a potential mechanism whereby ergosterol present in the outer mannoprotein layer of the cell wall is accessible to the macrophage-mediated process. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence that ergosterol plays a direct role in the host-pathogen interactions of fungi.
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