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Pradeu T, Thomma BPHJ, Girardin SE, Lemaitre B. The conceptual foundations of innate immunity: Taking stock 30 years later. Immunity 2024; 57:613-631. [PMID: 38599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
While largely neglected over decades during which adaptive immunity captured most of the attention, innate immune mechanisms have now become central to our understanding of immunology. Innate immunity provides the first barrier to infection in vertebrates, and it is the sole mechanism of host defense in invertebrates and plants. Innate immunity also plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis, shaping the microbiota, and in disease contexts such as cancer, neurodegeneration, metabolic syndromes, and aging. The emergence of the field of innate immunity has led to an expanded view of the immune system, which is no longer restricted to vertebrates and instead concerns all metazoans, plants, and even prokaryotes. The study of innate immunity has given rise to new concepts and language. Here, we review the history and definition of the core concepts of innate immunity, discussing their value and fruitfulness in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pradeu
- CNRS UMR 5164 ImmunoConcept, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Presidential Fellow, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA.
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Science, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Ariza-Mateos A, Briones C, Perales C, Bayo-Jiménez MT, Domingo E, Gómez J. Viruses as archaeological tools for uncovering ancient molecular relationships. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1529:3-13. [PMID: 37801367 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The entry of a virus into the host cell always implies the alteration of certain intracellular molecular relationships, some of which may involve the recovery of ancient cellular activities. In this sense, viruses are archaeological tools for identifying unexpressed activities in noninfected cells. Among these, activities that hinder virus propagation may represent cellular defense mechanisms, for example, activities that mutagenize the viral genome such as ADAR-1 or APOBEC activities. Instead, those that facilitate virus propagation can be interpreted as the result of viral adaptation to-or mimicking-cellular structures, enabling the virus to perform anthropomorphic activities, including hijacking, manipulating, and reorganizing cellular factors for their own benefit. The alternative we consider here is that some of these second set of cellular activities were already in the uninfected cell but silenced, under the negative control of the cell or lineage, and that they represent a necessary precondition for viral infection. For example, specifically loading an amino acid at the 3'-end of the mRNA of some plant viruses by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases has proved essential for virus infection despite this reaction not occurring with cellular mRNAs. Other activities of this type are discussed here, together with the biological context in which they acquire a coherent meaning, that is, genetic latency and molecular conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ascensión Ariza-Mateos
- Laboratory of RNA Archaeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Briones
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Centro de Astrobiología (CSIC-INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Perales
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Bayo-Jiménez
- Laboratory of RNA Archaeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Esteban Domingo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Gómez
- Laboratory of RNA Archaeology, Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra" (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Verbeke J, Fayt Y, Martin L, Yilmaz O, Sedzicki J, Reboul A, Jadot M, Renard P, Dehio C, Renard H, Letesson J, De Bolle X, Arnould T. Host cell egress of Brucella abortus requires BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112817. [PMID: 37232029 PMCID: PMC10350838 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The facultative intracellular pathogen Brucella abortus interacts with several organelles of the host cell to reach its replicative niche inside the endoplasmic reticulum. However, little is known about the interplay between the intracellular bacteria and the host cell mitochondria. Here, we showed that B. abortus triggers substantive mitochondrial network fragmentation, accompanied by mitophagy and the formation of mitochondrial Brucella-containing vacuoles during the late steps of cellular infection. Brucella-induced expression of the mitophagy receptor BNIP3L is essential for these events and relies on the iron-dependent stabilisation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Functionally, BNIP3L-mediated mitophagy appears to be advantageous for bacterial exit from the host cell as BNIP3L depletion drastically reduces the number of reinfection events. Altogether, these findings highlight the intricate link between Brucella trafficking and the mitochondria during host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Verbeke
- Research Unit in Cell Biology (URBC)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Youri Fayt
- Research Unit in Cell Biology (URBC)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Lisa Martin
- Research Unit in Cell Biology (URBC)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Oya Yilmaz
- Research Unit in Cell Biology (URBC)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | | | - Angéline Reboul
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Michel Jadot
- Research Unit in Molecular Physiology (URPhyM)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Patricia Renard
- Research Unit in Cell Biology (URBC)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | | | - Henri‐François Renard
- Research Unit in Cell Biology (URBC)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Jean‐Jacques Letesson
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Xavier De Bolle
- Research Unit in Microorganisms Biology (URBM)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Research Unit in Cell Biology (URBC)—Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS)University of NamurNamurBelgium
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Down the membrane hole: Ion channels in protozoan parasites. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011004. [PMID: 36580479 PMCID: PMC9799330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases caused by protozoans are highly prevalent around the world, disproportionally affecting developing countries, where coinfection with other microorganisms is common. Control and treatment of parasitic infections are constrained by the lack of specific and effective drugs, plus the rapid emergence of resistance. Ion channels are main drug targets for numerous diseases, but their potential against protozoan parasites is still untapped. Ion channels are membrane proteins expressed in all types of cells, allowing for the flow of ions between compartments, and regulating cellular functions such as membrane potential, excitability, volume, signaling, and death. Channels and transporters reside at the interface between parasites and their hosts, controlling nutrient uptake, viability, replication, and infectivity. To understand how ion channels control protozoan parasites fate and to evaluate their suitability for therapeutics, we must deepen our knowledge of their structure, function, and modulation. However, methodological approaches commonly used in mammalian cells have proven difficult to apply in protozoans. This review focuses on ion channels described in protozoan parasites of clinical relevance, mainly apicomplexans and trypanosomatids, highlighting proteins for which molecular and functional evidence has been correlated with their physiological functions.
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Luo J, Xu J, Xie C, Zhao Z, Guo J, Wen Y, Li T, Zhou Z. Microsporidia Promote Host Mitochondrial Fragmentation by Modulating DRP1 Phosphorylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147746. [PMID: 35887094 PMCID: PMC9321008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide variety of hosts ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. These parasites have evolved strategies to directly hijack host mitochondria for manipulating host metabolism and immunity. However, the mechanism of microsporidia interacting with host mitochondria is unclear. In the present study, we show that microsporidian Encephalitozoon greatly induce host mitochondrial fragmentation (HMF) in multiple cells. We then reveal that the parasites promote the phosphorylation of dynamin 1-like protein (DRP1) at the 616th serine (Ser616), and dephosphorylation of the 637th serine (Ser637) by highly activating mitochondrial phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5). These phosphorylation modifications result in the translocation of DRP1 from cytosol to the mitochondrial outer membrane, and finally lead to HMF. Furthermore, treatment with mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi1) significantly reduced microsporidian proliferation, indicating that the HMF are crucial for microsporidian replication. In summary, our findings reveal the mechanism that microsporidia manipulate HMF and provide references for further understanding the interactions between these ubiquitous pathogens with host mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jinzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chaolu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zuoming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junrui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (J.L.); (J.X.); (C.X.); (Z.Z.); (J.G.); (Y.W.)
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
- Correspondence: (T.L.); (Z.Z.)
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Li X, Straub J, Medeiros TC, Mehra C, den Brave F, Peker E, Atanassov I, Stillger K, Michaelis JB, Burbridge E, Adrain C, Münch C, Riemer J, Becker T, Pernas LF. Mitochondria shed their outer membrane in response to infection-induced stress. Science 2022; 375:eabi4343. [PMID: 35025629 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhe Li
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian Straub
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Chahat Mehra
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian den Brave
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Esra Peker
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ilian Atanassov
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Benjamin Michaelis
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Emma Burbridge
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Colin Adrain
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Riemer
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena F Pernas
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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