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Pandey A, Chopra S, Cleary SJ, López-Álvarez M, Quimby FM, Alanizi AAA, Sakhamuri S, Zhang N, Looney MR, Craik CS, Wilson DM, Evans MJ. Imaging the Granzyme Mediated Host Immune Response to Viral and Bacterial Pathogens In Vivo Using Positron Emission Tomography. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2108-2117. [PMID: 38819300 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Understanding how the host immune system engages complex pathogens is essential to developing therapeutic strategies to overcome their virulence. While granzymes are well understood to trigger apoptosis in infected host cells or bacteria, less is known about how the immune system mobilizes individual granzyme species in vivo to combat diverse pathogens. Toward the goal of studying individual granzyme function directly in vivo, we previously developed a new class of radiopharmaceuticals termed "restricted interaction peptides (RIPs)" that detect biochemically active endoproteases using positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, we showed that secreted granzyme B proteolysis in response to diverse viral and bacterial pathogens could be imaged with [64Cu]Cu-GRIP B, a RIP that specifically targets granzyme B. Wild-type or germline granzyme B knockout mice were instilled intranasally with the A/PR/8/34 H1N1 influenza A strain to generate pneumonia, and granzyme B production within the lungs was measured using [64Cu]Cu-GRIP B PET/CT. Murine myositis models of acute bacterial (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and L. monocytogenes) infection were also developed and imaged using [64Cu]Cu-GRIP B. In all cases, the mice were studied in vivo using mPET/CT and ex vivo via tissue-harvesting, gamma counting, and immunohistochemistry. [64Cu]Cu-GRIP B uptake was significantly higher in the lungs of wild-type mice that received A/PR/8/34 H1N1 influenza A strain compared to mice that received sham or granzyme B knockout mice that received either treatment. In wild-type mice, [64Cu]Cu-GRIP B uptake was significantly higher in the infected triceps muscle versus normal muscle and the contralateral triceps inoculated with heat killed bacteria. In granzyme B knockout mice, [64Cu]Cu-GRIP B uptake above the background was not observed in the infected triceps muscle. Interestingly, live L. monocytogenes did not induce detectable granzyme B on PET, despite prior in vitro data, suggesting a role for granzyme B in suppressing their pathogenicity. In summary, these data show that the granzyme response elicited by diverse human pathogens can be imaged using PET. These results and data generated via additional RIPs specific for other granzyme proteases will allow for a deeper mechanistic study analysis of their complex in vivo biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Pandey
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Shalini Chopra
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Simon J Cleary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Marina López-Álvarez
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Fiona M Quimby
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Aryn A A Alanizi
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sasank Sakhamuri
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ningjing Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Mark R Looney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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2
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Meliopoulos V, Honce R, Livingston B, Hargest V, Freiden P, Lazure L, Brigleb PH, Karlsson E, Sheppard H, Allen EK, Boyd D, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Diet-induced obesity affects influenza disease severity and transmission dynamics in ferrets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk9137. [PMID: 38728395 PMCID: PMC11086619 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Obesity, and the associated metabolic syndrome, is a risk factor for increased disease severity with a variety of infectious agents, including influenza virus. Yet, the mechanisms are only partially understood. As the number of people, particularly children, living with obesity continues to rise, it is critical to understand the role of host status on disease pathogenesis. In these studies, we use a diet-induced obese ferret model and tools to demonstrate that, like humans, obesity resulted in notable changes to the lung microenvironment, leading to increased clinical disease and viral spread to the lower respiratory tract. The decreased antiviral responses also resulted in obese animals shedding higher infectious virus for a longer period, making them more likely to transmit to contacts. These data suggest that the obese ferret model may be crucial to understanding obesity's impact on influenza disease severity and community transmission and a key tool for therapeutic and intervention development for this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Virginia Hargest
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lauren Lazure
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela H. Brigleb
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Erik Karlsson
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Heather Sheppard
- Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E. Kaity Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David Boyd
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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3
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Meliopoulos V, Honce R, Livingston B, Hargest V, Freiden P, Lazure L, Brigleb PH, Karlsson E, Tillman H, Allen EK, Boyd D, Thomas PG, Schultz-Cherry S. Diet-induced obesity impacts influenza disease severity and transmission dynamics in ferrets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.558609. [PMID: 37808835 PMCID: PMC10557597 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.558609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, and the associated metabolic syndrome, is a risk factor for increased disease severity with a variety of infectious agents, including influenza virus. Yet the mechanisms are only partially understood. As the number of people, particularly children, living with obesity continues to rise, it is critical to understand the role of host status on disease pathogenesis. In these studies, we use a novel diet-induced obese ferret model and new tools to demonstrate that like humans, obesity resulted in significant changes to the lung microenvironment leading to increased clinical disease and viral spread to the lower respiratory tract. The decreased antiviral responses also resulted in obese animals shedding higher infectious virus for longer making them more likely to transmit to contacts. These data suggest the obese ferret model may be crucial to understanding obesity's impact on influenza disease severity and community transmission, and a key tool for therapeutic and intervention development for this high-risk population. Teaser A new ferret model and tools to explore obesity's impact on respiratory virus infection, susceptibility, and community transmission.
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4
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Duquette D, Harmon C, Zaborowski A, Michelet X, O'Farrelly C, Winter D, Koay HF, Lynch L. Human Granzyme K Is a Feature of Innate T Cells in Blood, Tissues, and Tumors, Responding to Cytokines Rather than TCR Stimulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:633-647. [PMID: 37449888 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
NK cells and CD8 T cells use cytotoxic molecules to kill virally infected and tumor cell targets. While perforin and granzyme B (GzmB) are the most commonly studied lytic molecules, less is known about granzyme K (GzmK). However, this granzyme has been recently associated with improved prognosis in solid tumors. In this study, we show that, in humans, GzmK is predominantly expressed by innate-like lymphocytes, as well as a newly identified population of GzmK+CD8+ non- mucosal-associated invariant T cells with innate-like characteristics. We found that GzmK+ T cells are KLRG1+EOMES+IL-7R+CD62L-Tcf7int, suggesting that they are central memory T and effector memory T cells. Furthermore, GzmK+ cells are absent/low in cord blood, suggesting that GzmK is upregulated with immune experience. Surprisingly, GzmK+ cells respond to cytokine stimuli alone, whereas TCR stimulation downregulates GzmK expression, coinciding with GzmB upregulation. GzmK+ cells have reduced IFN-γ production compared with GzmB+ cells in each T cell lineage. Collectively, this suggests that GzmK+ cells are not naive, and they may be an intermediate memory-like or preterminally differentiated population. GzmK+ cells are enriched in nonlymphoid tissues such as the liver and adipose. In colorectal cancer, GzmK+ cells are enriched in the tumor and can produce IFN-γ, but GzmK+ expression is mutually exclusive with IL-17a production. Thus, in humans, GzmK+ cells are innate memory-like cells that respond to cytokine stimulation alone and may be important effector cells in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Duquette
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cathal Harmon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Xavier Michelet
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Des Winter
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Austria
| | - Lydia Lynch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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5
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Jung K, Pawluk MA, Lane M, Nabai L, Granville DJ. Granzyme B in Epithelial Barrier Dysfunction and Related Skin Diseases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C170-C189. [PMID: 35442832 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00052.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The predominant function of the skin is to serve as a barrier - to protect against external insults and to prevent water loss. Junctional and structural proteins in the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, are critical to the integrity of the epidermal barrier as it balances ongoing outward migration, differentiation, and desquamation of keratinocytes in the epidermis. As such, epidermal barrier function is highly susceptible to upsurges of proteolytic activity in the stratum corneum and epidermis. Granzyme B is a serine protease scarce in healthy tissues but present at high levels in tissues encumbered by chronic inflammation. Discovered in the 1980s, Granzyme B is currently recognized for its intracellular roles in immune cell-mediated targeted apoptosis as well as extracellular roles in inflammation, chronic injuries, tissue remodeling, and processing of cytokines, matrix proteins, and autoantigens. Increasing evidence has emerged in recent years supporting a role for Granzyme B in promoting barrier dysfunction in the epidermis by direct cleavage of barrier proteins and eliciting immunoreactivity. Likewise, Granzyme B contributes to impaired epithelial function of the airways, retina, gut and vessels. In the present review, the role of Granzyme B in cutaneous epithelial dysfunction is discussed in the context of specific conditions with an overview of underlying mechanisms as well as utility of current experimental and therapeutic inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan A Pawluk
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Lane
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Layla Nabai
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute (VCHRI), University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, VCHRI, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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6
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Tagirasa R, Yoo E. Role of Serine Proteases at the Tumor-Stroma Interface. Front Immunol 2022; 13:832418. [PMID: 35222418 PMCID: PMC8873516 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.832418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During tumor development, invasion and metastasis, the intimate interaction between tumor and stroma shapes the tumor microenvironment and dictates the fate of tumor cells. Stromal cells can also influence anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern this complex and dynamic interplay, thus is important for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Proteolytic enzymes that are expressed and secreted by both cancer and stromal cells play important roles in modulating tumor-stromal interaction. Among, several serine proteases such as fibroblast activation protein, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, kallikrein-related peptidases, and granzymes have attracted great attention owing to their elevated expression and dysregulated activity in the tumor microenvironment. This review highlights the role of serine proteases that are mainly derived from stromal cells in tumor progression and associated theranostic applications.
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7
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Luo F, Cao J, Lu F, Zeng K, Ma W, Huang Y, Zhang L, Zhao H. Lymphocyte activating gene 3 protein expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma is correlated with programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:458. [PMID: 34454491 PMCID: PMC8403354 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has shown promising efficacy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Lymphocyte activating 3 gene (LAG-3) represents a significant immune target, however, its relationship with NPC remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate LAG-3 expression in NPC and its association with CD3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), Granzyme B (GZMB), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), and programmed death 1 (PD-1) expression. METHODS A total of 182 patients with NPC from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, China, were included in this retrospective study. LAG-3 expression in 15 NPC cell lines and LAG-3, CD3+ TILs, GZMB, PD-L1 and PD-1 in clinical samples were estimated using immunohistochemistry. The Chi-square test was used to estimate the association between LAG-3, other biomarkers, and clinical characteristics. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox regression model. RESULTS LAG-3 was negatively expressed in all of the 15 NPC cell lines, whereas, 147 patients with NPC (80.8%) exhibited high LAG-3 expression on TILs from tumor tissues. Male patients and those who were EBV-positive presented higher LAG-3 expression. Correlation analyses showed that LAG-3 expression was related to PD-1 expression on TILs, as well as, PD-L1 expression on tumor cells (TCs) and TILs. Both the univariate and multivariate Cox models indicated that pathological type III (P = 0.036), higher LAG-3 on TILs (P < 0.001), higher PD-L1 on TCs (P = 0.027), and higher PD-1 on TILs (P < 0.001) were associated with poorer disease-free survival (DFS). However, lower PD-L1 expression on TILs was related to superior DFS only in the univariate Cox analyses (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION Higher LAG-3 and PD-1 on TILs, and higher PD-L1 expression on TCs, and pathological type III were identified as independent risk factors for poorer DFS in NPC patients. Our data demonstrate that LAG-3 is a promising inhibitory receptor that may play an important role in anti-NPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Luo
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Feiteng Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Kangmei Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hongyun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Pajenda S, Figurek A, Wagner L, Gerges D, Schmidt A, Herkner H, Winnicki W. Heparin-binding protein as a novel biomarker for sepsis-related acute kidney injury. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10122. [PMID: 33088624 PMCID: PMC7568480 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-related acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality among patients. Underlying pathomechanisms include capillary leakage and fluid loss into the interstitial tissue and constant exposure to pathogens results in activation of inflammatory cascades, organ dysfunction and subsequently organ damage. Methods To identify novel factors that trigger sepsis-related acute kidney injury, plasma levels of Granzyme A, as representative of a lymphocyte-derived protease, and heparin-binding protein as indicator for neutrophil-derived mediators, were investigated retrospectively in 60 sepsis patients. Results While no association was found between plasma levels of lymphocyte-derived Granzyme A and the incidence of sepsis-related AKI, sepsis patients with AKI had significantly higher plasma levels of heparin-binding protein compared to those without AKI. This applies both to heparin-binding protein peak values (43.30 ± 23.34 vs. 30.25 ± 15.63 pg/mL; p = 0.005) as well as mean values (27.93 ± 14.39 vs. 22.02 ± 7.65 pg/mL; p = 0.021). Furthermore, a heparin-binding protein cut-off value of 23.89 pg/mL was established for AKI diagnosis. Conclusion This study identifies the neutrophil-derived heparin-binding protein as a valuable new biomarker for AKI in sepsis. Beyond the diagnostic perspective, this offers prospect for further research on pathogenesis of AKI and novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra Pajenda
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreja Figurek
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Gerges
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Schmidt
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Herkner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Winnicki
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Huang CH, Mendez N, Echeagaray OH, Weeks J, Wang J, Yao S, Blair SL, Gude N, Trogler WC, Carson DA, Hayashi T, Kummel AC. Immunostimulatory TLR7 agonist-nanoparticles together with checkpoint blockade for effective cancer immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900200. [PMID: 33644299 PMCID: PMC7904104 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mono- or dual-checkpoint inhibitors for immunotherapy have changed the paradigm of cancer care; however, only a minority of patients responds to such treatment. Combining small molecule immuno-stimulators can improve treatment efficacy, but they are restricted by poor pharmacokinetics. In this study, TLR7 agonists conjugated onto silica nanoparticles showed extended drug localization after intratumoral injection. The nanoparticle-based TLR7 agonist increased immune stimulation by activating the TLR7 signaling pathway. When treating CT26 colon cancer, nanoparticle conjugated TLR7 agonists increased T cell infiltration into the tumors by > 4× and upregulated expression of the interferon γ gene compared to its unconjugated counterpart by ~2×. Toxicity assays established that the conjugated TLR7 agonist is a safe agent at the effective dose. When combined with checkpoint inhibitors that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), a 10-100× increase in immune cell migration was observed; furthermore, 100 mm3 tumors were treated and a 60% remission rate was observed including remission at contralateral non-injected tumors. The data show that nanoparticle based TLR7 agonists are safe and can potentiate the effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors in immunotherapy resistant tumor models and promote a long-term specific memory immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsin Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Natalie Mendez
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Oscar Hernandez Echeagaray
- Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Joi Weeks
- Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - James Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Sarah L. Blair
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Natalie Gude
- Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - William C. Trogler
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Andrew C. Kummel
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
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10
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Sutton VR, Andoniou C, Leeming MG, House CM, Watt SV, Verschoor S, Ciccone A, Voskoboinik I, Degli-Esposti M, Trapani JA. Differential cleavage of viral polypeptides by allotypic variants of granzyme B skews immunity to mouse cytomegalovirus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140457. [PMID: 32473350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular basis for the remarkably different survival outcomes of mice expressing different alloforms of the pro-apoptotic serine protease granzyme B to mouse cytomegalovirus infection. Whereas C57BL/6 mice homozygous for granzyme BP (GzmBP/P) raise cytotoxic T lymphocytes that efficiently kill infected cells, those of C57BL/6 mice congenic for the outbred allele (GzmBW/W) fail to kill MCMV-infected cells and died from uncontrolled hepatocyte infection and acute liver failure. We identified subtle differences in how GzmBP and GzmBW activate cell death signalling - both alloforms predominantly activated pro-caspases directly, and cleaved pro-apoptotic Bid poorly. Consequently, neither alloform initiated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, or was blocked by Bcl-2, Bcl-XL or co-expression of MCMV proteins M38.5/M41.1, which together stabilize mitochondria by sequestering Bak/Bax. Remarkably, mass spectrometric analysis of proteins from MCMV-infected primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts identified 13 cleavage sites in nine viral proteins (M18, M25, M28, M45, M80, M98, M102, M155, M164) that were cleaved >20-fold more efficiently by either GzmBP or GzmBW. Notably, M18, M28, M45, M80, M98, M102 and M164 were cleaved 20- >100-fold more efficiently by GzmBW, and so, would persist in infected cells targeted by CTLs from GzmBP/P mice. Conversely, M155 was cleaved >100-fold more efficiently by GzmBP, and would persist in cells targeted by CTLs of GzmBW/W mice. M25 was cleaved efficiently by both proteases, but at different sites. We conclude that different susceptibility to MCMV does not result from skewed endogenous cell death pathways, but rather, to as yet uncharacterised MCMV-intrinsic pathways that ultimately inhibit granzyme B-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien R Sutton
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street Melbourne 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Christopher Andoniou
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Michael G Leeming
- Melbourne Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Bio21 Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colin M House
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street Melbourne 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Sally V Watt
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street Melbourne 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Sandra Verschoor
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street Melbourne 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Annette Ciccone
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street Melbourne 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street Melbourne 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne 3050, Australia
| | - Mariapia Degli-Esposti
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Rosie Lew Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street Melbourne 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne 3050, Australia.
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11
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Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells eliminate infected cells from the organism by triggering programmed cell death (apoptosis). The contents of the lytic granules of killer cells, including pore-forming proteins perforins and proteolytic enzymes granzymes, are released with the following penetration of the released proteins into the target cells. Granzyme B initiates mitochondria-dependent apoptosis via (i) proapoptotic Bid protein, (ii) Mcl-1 and Bim proteins, or (iii) p53 protein. As a result, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm, causing formation of apoptosomes that initiate the proteolytic cascade of caspase activation. Granzymes M, H, and F cause cell death accompanied by the cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. Granzyme A induces generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promotes translocation of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated SET complex to the nucleus where it is cleaved by granzyme A, leading to the activation of nucleases that catalyze single-strand DNA breaks. Granzymes A and B penetrate into the mitochondria and cleave subunits of the respiratory chain complex I. One of the complex I subunits is also a target for caspase-3. Granzyme-dependent damage to complex I leads to the ROS generation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Kiselevsky
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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12
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Yang LS, Shi CY, Liang YH, Liu T, Hou XR, Tian XD, Wang XY. [Bioinformatics analysis of programmed cell death ligand 1 co-expression genes and their regulatory network in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:516-520. [PMID: 31721500 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to construct a network of programmed celldeath ligand 1 (PD-L1) co-expression genes and screen potential biomarkers for PD-L1 expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, the genes and pathways participating in PD-L1 and regulating the tumor immune status were determined. METHODS The HNSCC transcriptomic dataset in TCGA was selected to retrieve gene sets on the cBioPortal platform, where PD-L1 co-expressional genes were acquired. With these genes, GO-BP, KEGG, and string analyses were performed in R clusterProfiler. Cytoscape was used for network analysis and hub gene screening. RESULTS A total of 117 co-expression genes were obtained, most of which were enriched in immune regulation and response to viral processes. Node degree analysis indicated that STAT1, IFNG, CXCL10, CCR5, FCGR3A, CXCL9, GBP5, CD86, GZMB, IRF1 were the highest connected genes and functioned as hub genes. Survival analysis of these hub genes resulted in CCR5, CXCL9, and GZMB as the prognostic biomarkers for patients with HNSCC, all of which were involved in immune regulation and their expression levels were related to PD-L1 (Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.30, 0.35, 0.39; P<0.01). High expression levels of these three hub genes were protective factors in patients with HNSCC. CONCLUSIONS PD-L1 co-expression hub genes are related to immunity, among which CCR5, CXCL9, and GZMB are prognostic markers with the possibility to be involved in programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1-induced tumor immune escape. These genes provide new clues to study the mechanism and precision target medicine of PD-1/PD-L1 in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sa Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cong-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu-Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xu-Dong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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13
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Soh JE, Abu N, Sagap I, Mazlan L, Yahaya A, Mustangin M, Khoo TS, Saidin S, Ishak M, Ab Mutalib NS, Jamal R. Validation of immunogenic PASD1 peptides against HLA-A*24:02 colorectal cancer. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:1205-1219. [PMID: 31478431 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third commonest malignancy in Asia including Malaysia. The immunogenic cancer-testis antigens, which are expressed in a variety of cancers but with limited expression in normal tissues except the testis, represent an attractive approach to improve treatment options for colorectal cancer. We aimed to validate four PASD1 peptides as the immunotherapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. First, PASD1 mRNA and protein expression were determined via real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. The PASD1 peptides specific to HLA-A*24:02 were investigated using IFN-y-ELISpot assay, followed by the cytolytic and granzyme-B-ELISpot assays to analyze the cytolytic effects of CD8+ T cells. Gene and protein expressions of PASD1 were detected in 20% and 17.3% of colorectal cancer samples, respectively. PASD1(4) peptide was shown to be immunogenic in colorectal cancer samples. CD8+ T cells raised against PASD1(4) peptide were able to lyze HLA-A*24:02+ PASD1+ cells. Our results reveal that PASD1(4) peptide represents a potential target for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ec Soh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Sagap
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Mazlan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azyani Yahaya
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muaatamarulain Mustangin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tze S Khoo
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazuita Saidin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhiddin Ishak
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul S Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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NK Cell-Mediated Processing Of Chlamydia psittaci Drives Potent Anti-Bacterial Th1 Immunity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4799. [PMID: 30886314 PMCID: PMC6423132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells critically involved in the early immune response against various pathogens including chlamydia. Here, we demonstrate that chlamydia-infected NK cells prevent the intracellular establishment and growth of the bacteria. Upon infection, they display functional maturation characterized by enhanced IFN-γ secretion, CD146 induction, PKCϴ activation, and granule secretion. Eventually, chlamydia are released in a non-infectious, highly immunogenic form driving a potent Th1 immune response. Further, anti-chlamydial antibodies generated during immunization neutralize the infection of epithelial cells. The release of chlamydia from NK cells requires PKCϴ function and active degranulation, while granule-associated granzyme B drives the loss of chlamydial infectivity. Cellular infection and bacterial release can be undergone repeatedly and do not affect NK cell function. Strikingly, NK cells passing through such an infection cycle significantly improve their cytotoxicity. Thus, NK cells not only protect themselves against productive chlamydial infections but also actively trigger potent anti-bacterial responses.
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15
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Liesche C, Sauer P, Prager I, Urlaub D, Claus M, Eils R, Beaudouin J, Watzl C. Single-Fluorescent Protein Reporters Allow Parallel Quantification of Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Granzyme and Caspase Activities in Single Target Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1840. [PMID: 30135688 PMCID: PMC6092488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells eliminate infected and tumorigenic cells through delivery of granzymes via perforin pores or by activation of caspases via death receptors. In order to understand how NK cells combine different cell death mechanisms, it is important to quantify target cell responses on a single cell level. However, currently existing reporters do not allow the measurement of several protease activities inside the same cell. Here, we present a strategy for the comparison of two different proteases at a time inside individual target cells upon engagement by NK cells. We developed single-fluorescent protein reporters containing the RIEAD or the VGPD cleavage site for the measurement of granzyme B activity. We show that these two granzyme B reporters can be applied in combination with caspase-8 or caspase-3 reporters. While we did not find that caspase-8 was activated by granzyme B, our method revealed that caspase-3 activity follows granzyme B activity with a delay of about 6 min. Finally, we illustrate the comparison of several different reporters for granzyme A, M, K, and H. The approach presented here is a valuable means for the investigation of the temporal evolution of cell death mediated by cytotoxic lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Liesche
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics at German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricia Sauer
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics at German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Prager
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Maren Claus
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics at German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joël Beaudouin
- Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics at German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, BioQuant Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU Dortmund (IfADo), Dortmund, Germany
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16
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Mangan MS, Melo-Silva CR, Luu J, Bird CH, Koskinen A, Rizzitelli A, Prakash M, Scarff KL, Müllbacher A, Regner M, Bird PI. A pro-survival role for the intracellular granzyme B inhibitor Serpinb9 in natural killer cells during poxvirus infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:884-894. [PMID: 28722018 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular serpins are proposed to inactivate proteases released from lysosome-related organelles into the host cell interior, preventing cell death. Serpinb9 opposes the immune cytotoxic protease, granzyme B, and in a number of settings protects cells against granzyme B-mediated cell death. Using a knockout mouse line engineered to express green fluorescent protein under the serpbinb9 promoter, we demonstrate that serpinb9 is vital for host survival during Ectromelia virus infection by maintaining both mature natural killer NK) cells, and activated CD8+ T cells. Serpinb9 expression parallels granzyme B expression within both populations during infection. Maturing serpinb9-null NK cells exhibit higher levels of granzyme B-mediated apoptosis during infection; hence there are fewer mature NK cells, and these cells also have lower cytotoxic potential. Thus the serpinb9-granzyme B axis is important for homeostasis of both major cytotoxic effector cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Mangan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carolina R Melo-Silva
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jennii Luu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherina H Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aulikki Koskinen
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alexandra Rizzitelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Monica Prakash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katrina L Scarff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arno Müllbacher
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthias Regner
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School for Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Phillip I Bird
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Laue T, Wrann CD, Hoffmann-Castendiek B, Pietsch D, Hübner L, Kielstein H. Altered NK cell function in obese healthy humans. BMC OBESITY 2015. [PMID: 26217516 PMCID: PMC4511543 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-014-0033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity is associated with an elevated risk for several types of cancer and thus a major health hazard. However, the mechanism between overweight and cancer susceptibility is still elusive. Leptin, mainly produced by adipocytes links food intake and energy expenditure. In addition, recent studies have shown an immunomodulatory impact of leptin on NK cells. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether leptin stimulation of NK cells from obese humans leads to altered functions as compared to NK cells from lean subjects. On the basis of body mass index 20 healthy individuals were classified in two groups: normal weight (<25 kg/m2) and obese (>30 kg/m2). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from blood samples. We used flow cytometry to assess differences in phenotype and activity markers (CD107a, CD178 and TRAIL) of PBMCs between both groups. Furthermore, we determined after short-term in vitro leptin stimulation the phosphorylation of JAK2, downstream target of the intracellular signaling cascade of the leptin receptor, by Western Blotting and numbers of NK-cell-tumor-cell-conjugates as well as Granzyme+ and IFN-γ+ NK cells by flow cytometry. Finally, the proliferative capacity of control and long-term (7 days) leptin-stimulated NK cells was examined. Results As opposed to similar NK cell counts, the number of CD3+CD56+ cells was significantly lower in obese compared to lean subjects. Human NK cells express the leptin receptor (Ob-R). For further determination of Ob-R, intracellular target proteins of PBMCs were investigated by Western Blotting. Phosphorylation of JAK2 was lower in obese as compared to normal weight subjects. Furthermore, significantly lower levels of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as an NK cell functional marker in obese subjects were found. In vitro leptin stimulation resulted in a higher production of interferon-γ in NK cells of normal weight subjects. Interestingly, long-term leptin stimulation had no significant influence on numbers of proliferating NK cells. Conclusions NK cells from obese healthy humans show functional deficits and altered responses after in vitro leptin challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Laue
- Institute for Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany ; Centre for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christiane D Wrann
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Daniel Pietsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Hübner
- Department of General-, Visceral-, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité, University Medicine Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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18
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Crucianelli E, Bruni P, Frontini A, Massaccesi L, Pisani M, Smorlesi A, Mobbili G. Liposomes containing mannose-6-phosphate-cholesteryl conjugates for lysosome-specific delivery. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08681c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel liposomal nanocarrier containing mannose 6-phosphate-cholesteryl conjugates and show its ability to reach the lysosomes by means of confocal and fluorescence microscopy measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Crucianelli
- Di.S.V.A. Department
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - P. Bruni
- SIMAU Department
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Frontini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - L. Massaccesi
- Di.S.V.A. Department
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - M. Pisani
- SIMAU Department
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A. Smorlesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - G. Mobbili
- Di.S.V.A. Department
- Università Politecnica delle Marche
- 60131 Ancona, Italy
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19
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Brenu EW, Huth TK, Hardcastle SL, Fuller K, Kaur M, Johnston S, Ramos SB, Staines DR, Marshall-Gradisnik SM. Role of adaptive and innate immune cells in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Int Immunol 2013; 26:233-42. [PMID: 24343819 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in immune processes are a hallmark of a number of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) is an inflammatory disorder with possible autoimmune correlates, characterized by reduced NK cell activity, elevations in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and dysregulation in cytokine levels. The purpose of this article is to examine innate and adaptive immune cell phenotypes and functional characteristics that have not been previously examined in CFS/ME patients. Thirty patients with CFS/ME and 25 non-fatigued controls were recruited for this study. Whole blood samples were collected from all participants for the assessment of cell phenotypes, functional properties, receptors, adhesion molecules, antigens and intracellular proteins using flow cytometric protocols. The cells investigated included NK cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells, T cells, γδT cells and Tregs. Significant changes were observed in B-cell subsets, Tregs, CD4(+)CD73(+)CD39(+) T cells, cytotoxic activity, granzyme B, neutrophil antigens, TNF-α and IFN-γ in the CFS/ME patients in comparison with the non-fatigued controls. Alterations in B cells, Tregs, NK cells and neutrophils suggest significant impairments in immune regulation in CFS/ME and these may have similarities to a number of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekua Weba Brenu
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
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20
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Granzyme B degradation by autophagy decreases tumor cell susceptibility to natural killer-mediated lysis under hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:17450-5. [PMID: 24101526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304790110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that autophagy is an important regulator of innate immune response. However, the mechanism by which autophagy regulates natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antitumor immune responses remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia impairs breast cancer cell susceptibility to NK-mediated lysis in vitro via the activation of autophagy. This impairment was not related to a defect in target cell recognition by NK cells but to the degradation of NK-derived granzyme B in autophagosomes of hypoxic cells. Inhibition of autophagy by targeting beclin1 (BECN1) restored granzyme B levels in hypoxic cells in vitro and induced tumor regression in vivo by facilitating NK-mediated tumor cell killing. Together, our data highlight autophagy as a mechanism underlying the resistance of hypoxic tumor cells to NK-mediated lysis. The work presented here provides a cutting-edge advance in our understanding of the mechanism by which hypoxia-induced autophagy impairs NK-mediated lysis in vitro and paves the way for the formulation of more effective NK cell-based antitumor therapies.
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21
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Wang LF, Wang F, Li JT, Wen WH, Zhao J, Jia LT, Meng YL, Cao YX, Yao LB, Chen SY, Xu YM, Yang AG. Ectopically expressed perforin-1 is proapoptotic in tumor cell lines by increasing caspase-3 activity and the nuclear translocation of cytochrome C. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40639. [PMID: 22829880 PMCID: PMC3400674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforin-1 (PRF), a cytotoxic lymphocyte pore-forming protein, plays an important role in the action of cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells in that it causes the lysis of abnormal body cells and the elimination of virus-infected cells and tumors. Upon degranulation, PRF inserts itself into the target cell's plasma membrane, forming a pore. The subsequent translocation of pro-apoptotic granzymes (including granzyme B, A, M et al.) into the cytoplasm provides the proteases with access to numerous protein substrates that promote apoptosis after cleavage. These proteases are believed to be the main executioners of target cell apoptosis. Although the PRF and granzyme components are both critical to this process and in some way involved in inducing cell death in target cells, the inhibition of tumor growth could still be efficient in granzyme-deficient mice. It is unclear whether PRF alone can suppress tumors. In this study, we discovered that forced ectopic expression of PRF alone, in the absence of granzymes, could mediate cell death in cancer cells. Notably, transient expression of both full-length and truncated active-form PRF in human Hep G2, SK-BR-3, and HeLa cells was found to induce apparent cell growth inhibition and cell death, as evidenced by chromosome condensation and DNA fragmentation, increased caspase-3 activity, and the release of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c from the mitochondria. This PRF-induced cell death could be abrogated by pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD) and mitochondria protector (TAT-BH4). The implication of these results is that ectopically expressed PRF has apoptosis-inducing abilities, and PRF alone is sufficient to induce apoptotic cell death in cells with ectopic expression. Taking this into consideration, our results suggest the possibility of using PRF as a pro-apoptotic gene for tumor therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jun-Tang Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei-Hong Wen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lin-Tao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yan-Ling Meng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yun-Xin Cao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li-Bo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- * E-mail: (A-GY); (Y-MX)
| | - An-Gang Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (A-GY); (Y-MX)
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Stronger cytotoxicity in CTLs with granzyme B and porforin was induced by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides acting on B16F10 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionut.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Perl M, Denk S, Kalbitz M, Huber-Lang M. Granzyme B: A New Crossroad of Complement and Apoptosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 946:135-46. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0106-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Soluble granzyme B and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Immunol 2011; 269:16-21. [PMID: 21458778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Activated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated target cell death has been implicated in the development of systemic autoimmune disease like SLE. However, the role of soluble granzyme B and its relationship with CTL activity and disease activity is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated role of soluble granzyme B and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in SLE patients. The soluble granzyme B was measured in the serum by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was measured by flow cytometry. The disease activity was determined by using SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was increased and strongly associated with disease activity. The soluble granzyme B levels were higher in SLE patients and associated with various clinical features like reduced complement components; C3 & C4 and skin lesion. The soluble granzyme B levels were also sturdily related with severity of the disease. The findings of this study suggest that excessive secretion of soluble granzyme B and enhanced activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of SLE and organ damage. Also, evaluation of soluble granzyme B may be helpful in monitoring the clinical features associated with activated CTL in SLE.
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25
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Kanatani I, Lin X, Yuan X, Manorek G, Shang X, Cheung LH, Rosenblum MG, Howell SB. Targeting granzyme B to tumor cells using a yoked human chorionic gonadotropin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 68:979-90. [PMID: 21327682 PMCID: PMC3180622 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1573-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) is found in abundance on human ovarian, breast, endometrial and prostate carcinomas but at only low levels on non-gonadal tissues. To selectively kill LHR-expressing tumors, granzyme B (GrB) was linked to a protein in which both chains of human chorionic gonadotropin were yoked together (YCG). Methods GrB-YCG was expressed and secreted from insect Sf9 cells. Its GrB enzymatic activity and binding affinity for hLHR were then characterized. The differential cytotoxicity of GrB-YCG versus GrB alone was tested in a panel of LHR-expressing tumor cells by SRB assay, and the mechanisms involved in the cell death were investigated by confocal fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and western blot analysis. Results GrB-YCG was successfully expressed and secreted from Sf9 insect cells and purified from cell culture supernatants. The serine protease activity of GrB-YCG was equivalent to that of human recombinant GrB. An in vitro hormone binding assay revealed that the GrB-YCG molecule also retained the ability to bind to the LHR receptor with an affinity similar to that of native hCG. Upon cell binding, GrB-YCG was rapidly internalized into LHR-expressing human ovarian cancer cells and produced selective and potent tumor cell killing by inducing apoptosis through activation of caspase-3. Conclusions These results validate LHR as a therapeutic target and indicate that delivery of the human pro-apoptotic enzyme GrB to tumor cells by yoked hCG has substantial selectivity and therapeutic potential for human tumors that express high levels of LHR such as ovarian carcinomas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00280-011-1573-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Kanatani
- Department of Medicine and the Rebecca and John Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0819, USA
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26
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Jeanjean A, Gary-Bobo M, Nirdé P, Leiris S, Garcia M, Morère A. Synthesis of new sulfonate and phosphonate derivatives for cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor targeting. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:6240-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in vervet African green monkeys chronically infected with SIVagm. J Virol 2008; 82:11577-88. [PMID: 18829748 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01779-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
African green monkeys (AGM) do not develop overt signs of disease following simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. While it is still unknown how natural hosts like AGM can cope with this lentivirus infection, a large number of investigations have shown that CD8(+) T-cell responses are critical for the containment of AIDS viruses in humans and Asian nonhuman primates. Here we have compared the phenotypes of T-cell subsets and magnitudes of SIV-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses in vervet AGM chronically infected with SIVagm and rhesus monkeys (RM) infected with SIVmac. In comparison to RM, vervet AGM exhibited weaker signs of immune activation and associated proliferation of CD8(+) T cells as detected by granzyme B, Ki-67, and programmed death 1 staining. By gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay and intracellular cytokine staining, SIV Gag- and Env-specific immune responses were detectable at variable but lower levels in vervet AGM than in RM. These observations demonstrate that natural hosts like SIV-infected vervet AGM develop SIV-specific T-cell responses, but the disease-free course of infection does not depend on the generation of robust CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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28
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Carrero JA, Vivanco-Cid H, Unanue ER. Granzymes drive a rapid listeriolysin O-induced T cell apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1365-74. [PMID: 18606691 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Listeria monocytogenes protein listeriolysin O (LLO) is a pore-forming protein essential for virulence. Although the major role for LLO is to allow L. monocytogenes entry into the cytosol, it also induces apoptosis of activated lymphocytes, an obligatory cellular response that modulates the infection. Induction of apoptosis by LLO proceeds through a fast, caspase-dependent pathway and a slow, caspase-independent pathway. Polyclonal T cell lines were generated from either normal mice or mice deficient in granzyme and perforin proteins, and then treated with apoptogenic doses of LLO. In this study we show that apoptosis of lymphocytes induced by LLO was characterized by activation of caspases as quickly as 30 min that was dependent on the expression of granzymes. In the absence of granzymes, all parameters of apoptosis such as caspase activation, phosphatidylserine exposure, mitochondrial depolarization, and DNA fragmentation were dramatically reduced in magnitude. Removal of perforin inhibited the apoptotic effect of LLO on cells by approximately 50%. Neutralization of intracellular acidification using chloroquine inhibited the rapid apoptotic death. In agreement with these findings granzyme-deficient mice harbored lower bacterial titers and decrease splenic pathology compared with normal mice following L. monocytogenes infection. Thus, LLO exploits apoptotic enzymes of the adaptive immune response to eliminate immune cells and increase its virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Carrero
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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29
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Buzza MS, Dyson JM, Choi H, Gardiner EE, Andrews RK, Kaiserman D, Mitchell CA, Berndt MC, Dong JF, Bird PI. Antihemostatic activity of human granzyme B mediated by cleavage of von Willebrand factor. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:22498-504. [PMID: 18577516 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709080200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic lymphocyte protease granzyme B (GrB) is elevated in the plasma of individuals with diseases that elicit a cytotoxic lymphocyte-mediated immune response. Given the recently recognized ability of GrB to cleave extracellular matrix proteins, we examined the effect of GrB on the pro-hemostatic molecule von Willebrand factor (VWF). GrB delays ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation and inhibits platelet adhesion and spreading on immobilized VWF under static conditions. It efficiently cleaves VWF at two sites within the A1-3 domains that are essential for the VWF-platelet interaction. Like the VWF regulatory proteinase ADAMTS-13, GrB-mediated cleavage is dependent upon VWF conformation. In vitro, GrB cannot cleave the VWF conformer found in solution, but cleavage is induced when VWF is artificially unfolded or presented as a matrix. GrB cleaves VWF with comparable efficiency to ADAMTS-13 and rapidly processes ultra-large VWF multimers released from activated endothelial cells under physiological shear. GrB also cleaves the matrix form of fibrinogen at several sites. These studies suggest extracellular GrB may help control localized coagulation during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite S Buzza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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30
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Abdelhaleem M. Cytotoxic granule disruption is a late event in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in Natural Killer YT cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 83:112-4. [PMID: 17174951 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes such as Natural Killer (NK) cells can result in leukemias and lymphomas with aggressive clinical course. The cytoplasmic granules of NK cells contain molecules that cause apoptosis of their target cells. In this study, we examined changes of the cytotoxic granules of the Natural Killer cell line YT during Etoposide-induced apoptosis. Etoposide treatment resulted in an early upregulation of Fas and cytoplasmic release of mitochondrial cytochrome c. The cytotoxic granules remain intact in the early stages of apoptosis induction with no significant cytoplasmic release of granzyme B, which is one of the components of the cytotoxic granules. These results suggest that disruption of the cytotoxic granules is not involved in the induction stage of Etoposide-induced apoptosis in the NK cell line YT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdelhaleem
- Division of Haematopathology, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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31
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Chamberlain CM, Granville DJ. The role of Granzyme B in atheromatous diseases. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 85:89-95. [PMID: 17487248 DOI: 10.1139/y06-090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism and role of apoptotic cell death in the pathogenesis of atheromatous diseases is an area of intense research. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease and as such, immune-mediated cell killing plays an important role. Recent studies have suggested that Granzyme B and perforin play an important role in atherogenesis. The current manuscript reviews our current understanding pertaining to the role of Granzyme B in cardiac allograft vasculopathy and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M Chamberlain
- James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
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Torres A, Storey L, Anders M, Miller RL, Bulbulian BJ, Jin J, Raghavan S, Lee J, Slade HB, Birmachu W. Immune-mediated changes in actinic keratosis following topical treatment with imiquimod 5% cream. J Transl Med 2007; 5:7. [PMID: 17257431 PMCID: PMC1796543 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to identify the molecular processes responsible for the anti-lesional activity of imiquimod in subjects with actinic keratosis using global gene expression profiling. Methods A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study was conducted to evaluate gene expression changes in actinic keratosis treated with imiquimod 5% cream. Male subjects (N = 17) with ≥ 5 actinic keratosis on the scalp applied placebo cream or imiquimod 3 times a week on nonconsecutive days for 4 weeks. To elucidate the molecular processes involved in actinic keratosis lesion regression by imiquimod, gene expression analysis using oligonucleotide arrays and real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were performed on shave biopsies of lesions taken before and after treatment. Results Imiquimod modulated the expression of a large number of genes important in both the innate and adaptive immune response, including increased expression of interferon-inducible genes with known antiviral, anti-proliferative and immune modulatory activity, as well as various Toll-like receptors. In addition, imiquimod increased the expression of genes associated with activation of macrophages, dendritic cells, cytotoxic T cells, and natural killer cells, as well as activation of apoptotic pathways. Conclusion Data suggest that topical application of imiquimod stimulates cells in the skin to secrete cytokines and chemokines that lead to inflammatory cell influx into the lesions and subsequent apoptotic and immune cell-mediated destruction of lesions.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/drug effects
- Adaptive Immunity/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Administration, Topical
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aminoquinolines/administration & dosage
- Aminoquinolines/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Demography
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dosage Forms
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Imiquimod
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Keratosis, Actinic/drug therapy
- Keratosis, Actinic/genetics
- Keratosis, Actinic/immunology
- Keratosis, Actinic/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Torres
- Dermatology Office, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Leslie Storey
- Dermatology Office, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Makala Anders
- Dermatology Office, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | | | | | - Jizhong Jin
- Pharmacology, 3M Pharmaceuticals, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - James Lee
- Medical & Scientific Affairs, 3M Pharmaceuticals, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Herbert B Slade
- Medical & Scientific Affairs, 3M Pharmaceuticals, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Aubert M, Krantz EM, Jerome KR. Herpes simplex virus genes Us3, Us5, and Us12 differentially regulate cytotoxic T lymphocyte-induced cytotoxicity. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:391-408. [PMID: 16987059 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses, including Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV), have developed strategies to avoid detection by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In this article, we evaluated the role of individual HSV-1 genes in preventing cytolysis and apoptosis, and in decreasing viral yield after CTL exposure of HSV-infected fibroblasts, using viruses deleted for the immune evasion gene Us12 or one of the two antiapoptotic genes Us3 and Us5. To evaluate CTL-mediated apoptosis, we used a flow cytometry assay measuring active caspase-3 in target cells. This assay was more sensitive than the chromium release assay used to evaluate cytolysis, and measured a different aspect of CTL cytotoxicity. Although virus with deletion of Us12 was markedly defective in the ability to prevent lysis of target fibroblasts, it retained most of its ability to protect target fibroblasts from CTL-induced apoptosis. Virus with deletion of Us3 was also defective in the ability to prevent lysis of target fibroblasts, yet such virus protected target fibroblasts from CTL-induced apoptosis as well as wild-type viruses. In contrast, Us5-deleted virus showed defects in the ability to protect target fibroblasts from both cytolysis and apoptosis after CTL attack. In addition, the replication of Us12-deleted virus was reduced compared with wild-type virus in fibroblasts subjected to CTL attack 6 h after infection, but showed equivalent replication when CTL attack occurred later. In contrast, Us3- or Us5-deleted virus showed no measurable defect in their ability to replicate in fibroblasts under CTL attack. Our data suggest that cytolysis, apoptosis, and viral yield do not necessarily correlate in infected cells under CTL attack. Furthermore, the Us3, Us5, and Us12 viral genes each have unique inhibitory effects on the different T lymphocyte cytotoxic effects. Taken together, these results suggest that HSV evasion of cellular immunity is multifacterial and complex, and relies on the partially redundant activities of various individual HSV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Aubert
- Program in Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 94109, USA
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Liu Y, Zhang W, Niu T, Cheung LH, Munshi A, Meyn RE, Rosenblum MG. Targeted apoptosis activation with GrB/scFvMEL modulates melanoma growth, metastatic spread, chemosensitivity, and radiosensitivity. Neoplasia 2006; 8:125-35. [PMID: 16611405 PMCID: PMC1578517 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GrB/scFvMEL, a fusion protein composed of human granzyme B (GrB) and the single-chain antibody scFvMEL, targets melanoma gp240 antigen and exerts impressive cytotoxic effects by inducing apoptosis. We evaluated the effects of GrB/scFvMEL on chemotherapy, radiation therapy, metastasis in vitro, and the growth of human melanoma A375 xenograft tumors in nude mice. GrB/scFvMEL showed synergistic cytotoxicity when coadministered with doxorubicin, vincristine or cisplatin, and additive effects, in combination with etoposide or cytarabine. Optimal cytotoxic effects were obtained when cells were treated first with GrB/scFvMEL followed by exposure to the agent (rather than the reverse). Pretreatment of A375 cells with GrB/scFvMEL significantly sensitized melanoma cells to ionizing radiation assessed using a clonogenic survival assay. Subtoxic doses of GrB/scFvMEL inhibited the invasion of A375 cells into Matrigel. GrB/scFvMEL (37.5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to nude mice bearing A375 tumors. Saline-treated tumors increased 24-fold, whereas tumors treated with GrB/scFvMEL showed a significant tumor growth delay increasing four-fold. Tumor tissue displayed an increase in apoptotic nuclei compared to control. Thus, the targeted delivery of GrB to tumors may have a significant potential for cancer treatment. Targeted therapeutic agents specifically designed to impact cellular apoptotic pathways may represent a novel class of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- Immunopharmacology and Targeted Therapy Section, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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35
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Jahrsdörfer B, Blackwell SE, Wooldridge JE, Huang J, Andreski MW, Jacobus LS, Taylor CM, Weiner GJ. B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and other B cells can produce granzyme B and gain cytotoxic potential after interleukin-21-based activation. Blood 2006; 108:2712-9. [PMID: 16809616 PMCID: PMC1895576 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-03-014001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells currently are not viewed as being capable of producing granzyme B or being cytotoxic. We found that B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells treated with interleukin-21 (IL-21) produce low levels of granzyme B. The addition of either CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) or anti-B-cell-receptor antibody (anti-BCR) to IL-21 results in enhanced production of functional granzyme B by B-CLL cells. B-CLL cells treated with IL-21 and CpG ODN undergo apoptosis and are able to induce apoptosis of untreated bystander B-CLL cells. This effect can be inhibited by anti-granzyme B antibody. Benign human B cells, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblasts, and many standard lymphoma cell lines produce high levels of granzyme B in response to IL-21 and anti-BCR. Our results suggest that the ability to induce production of functional granzyme B by B cells could open new approaches to the therapy of B-CLL and other B-cell malignancies. Our findings also have significant implications for our understanding of the role of B cells for immune regulation and for a variety of immune phenomena, including cancer immunity, autoimmunity, and infectious immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- B-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Granzymes
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Interleukin-21 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/enzymology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/metabolism
- Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-21
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Holden Cancer Center at the University of Iowa, 5970Z JPP, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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36
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Acierno PM, Schmitz JE, Gorgone DA, Sun Y, Santra S, Seaman MS, Newberg MH, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Panicali D, Letvin NL. Preservation of functional virus-specific memory CD8+ T lymphocytes in vaccinated, simian human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:5338-45. [PMID: 16622001 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.9.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional impairment of virus-specific memory CD8(+) T lymphocytes has been associated with clinical disease progression following HIV, SIV, and simian human immunodeficiency virus infection. These lymphocytes have a reduced capacity to produce antiviral cytokines and mediators involved in the lysis of virally infected cells. In the present study, we used polychromatic flow cytometry to assess the frequency and functional capacity of central memory (CD28(+)CD95(+)) and effector memory (CD28(-)CD95(+)) subpopulations of Gag-specific CD8(+) T cells in SIV/simian human immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. The aim of this study was to determine whether Ag-specific, memory CD8(+) T cell function could be preserved in infected monkeys that had been immunized before infection with a vaccine regimen consisting of a plasmid DNA prime followed by a recombinant viral vector boost. We observed that vaccination was associated with the preservation of Gag-specific central memory CD8(+) T cells that were functionally capable of producing IFN-gamma, and effector memory CD8(+) T cells that were capable of producing granzyme B following viral Ag exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Acierno
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Jeanjean A, Garcia M, Leydet A, Montero JL, Morère A. Synthesis and receptor binding affinity of carboxylate analogues of the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3575-82. [PMID: 16455258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor (M6P/IGF2R) is involved in multiple physiological pathways including targeting of lysosomal enzymes, degradation of IGF2, and cicatrization through TGFbeta activation. To target potential therapeutics to this membrane receptor, four carboxylate analogues of mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) were synthesized. Three of them, two isosteric carboxylate analogues and a malonate derivative, showed a binding affinity for the M6P/IGF2R equivalent to or higher than that of M6P. Contrary to M6P, all these analogues were particularly stable in human serum. Moreover, these derivatives did not present any cytotoxic activity against two human cell lines. These analogues represent a new potential for the lysosomal targeting of enzyme replacement therapy in lysosomal diseases or to prevent the membrane-associated activities of the M6P/IGF2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Jeanjean
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biomoléculaire, Université Montpellier II Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de l'Ecole Normale F-34296 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Praveen K, Leary JH, Evans DL, Jaso-Friedmann L. Nonspecific cytotoxic cells of teleosts are armed with multiple granzymes and other components of the granule exocytosis pathway. Mol Immunol 2006; 43:1152-62. [PMID: 16137766 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Granzymes are members of the serine protease family and major components of cytotoxic granules of professional killer cells. Multiple granzymes have been identified from human and rodents with different substrate specificities. Although the significance of granzymes A and B in cell-mediated cytotoxicity has been extensively investigated, recent reports suggest that other granzymes may have either equal or greater importance in mediating cell death. Studies on the evolution of these closely related proteases were hindered by the lack of sequence and biochemical information of granzymes from "lower vertebrates." Here we report the generation of a catalytically active recombinant granzyme identified in the cytotoxic cells of an ectothermic vertebrate. Fully active, soluble recombinant catfish granzyme-1 (CFGR-1) was generated using a yeast-based expression system. In vitro enzyme kinetic assays using various thiobenzyl ester substrates verified its tryptase activity in full agreement with previous observations by sequence comparison and molecular modeling. The tryptase activity that was secreted from catfish NCC during an in vitro cytotoxicity assay strongly correlated with the cytotoxicity induced by these cells. Evidence for additional granzymes with different substrate specificities in NCC was obtained by analysis of the protease activity of supernatants collected from in vitro cytotoxicity assays. Searches of the catfish EST database further confirmed the presence of teleost granzymes with different substrate specificities. Granzyme activity measurements suggested a predominance of chymase and tryptase activities in NCC. Further proof that the granule exocytosis pathway is one of the cytotoxic mechanisms in NCC was provided by the expression of granule components perforin, granulysin and serglycin detected by RT-PCR analysis. These results demonstrate the evidence for a parallel evolution of effector molecules of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavannair Praveen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Agriculture Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Wenzel J, Uerlich M, Wörrenkämper E, Freutel S, Bieber T, Tüting T. Scarring skin lesions of discoid lupus erythematosus are characterized by high numbers of skin-homing cytotoxic lymphocytes associated with strong expression of the type I interferon-induced protein MxA. Br J Dermatol 2006; 153:1011-5. [PMID: 16225615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infiltrating T lymphocytes are considered to play a major pathological role in skin lesions of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE), a cutaneous autoimmune disease of unknown aetiology. Earlier histological studies revealed that the inflammatory infiltrate in CLE skin lesions is predominantly composed of T lymphocytes, with a slight predominance of CD4+ over CD8+ T cells, but failed to explain the development of scarring skin lesions, characteristic for chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE). Because recent investigations have highlighted the relevance of cytotoxic lymphocytes in autoimmune tissue destruction, we hypothesized that the scarring CDLE lesions might be caused by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. OBJECTIVES To analyse skin biopsies of 15 patients with CLE [10 female, five male; localized CDLE (lCDLE), n = 5; disseminated CDLE (dCDLE), n = 5, subacute CLE (SCLE), n = 5] and five control biopsies taken from healthy controls and to characterize the inflammatory infiltrate. Methods We used immunohistochemistry, including staining for the cytotoxic molecule granzyme B, the skin-homing molecule cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) and the protein MxA, which is specifically induced by type I interferons (IFNs). RESULTS We found a strong coexpression of granzyme B and CLA on lesional lymphocytes of patients with scarring lCDLE and dCDLE, which was significantly enhanced when compared with nonscarring SCLE and healthy controls. The increased expression of granzyme B was closely associated with the lesional expression of the type I IFN-induced protein MxA. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that type I IFNs and potentially autoreactive cytotoxic lymphocytes targeting adnexal structures are highly associated with scarring lupus erythematosus lesions and might be responsible for their scarring character.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
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Hirata Y, Inagaki H, Shimizu T, Li Q, Nagahara N, Minami M, Kawada T. Expression of enzymatically active human granzyme 3 in Escherichia coli for analysis of its substrate specificity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 446:35-43. [PMID: 16405860 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human granzyme 3 (Gr3) is a serine protease contained in the granules of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. To elucidate the biochemical and physiological characteristics of Gr3, we attempted to prepare an enzymatically active recombinant human Gr3 without refolding and proteolytic activation. An expression vector was constructed, in which the pre-/pro-peptide coding sequence of Gr3 was replaced with the bacterial pelB leader sequence. The resultant expression product was a fully active protease in the periplasmic fraction of Escherichia coli and was purified to homogeneity. The purified enzyme effectively hydrolyzed Z-Lys-SBzl, a conventionally used substrate of Gr3. In addition, it also hydrolyzed the peptide substrate library FRETS-25Xaa series, required basic amino acid residues, Arg or Lys, at the P1 position, and most efficiently hydrolyzed the carboxylic side of Phe-Tyr-Arg downward arrow (P3-P2-P1) sequence of the 475 tripeptide combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiyo Hirata
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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Abstract
Granzyme A (GrA) and granzyme B (GrB) play key roles in the induction of target cell death induced by cytotoxic lymphocytes. Whilst these roles have been extensively studied, it is becoming apparent that both granzymes also possess extracellular activities. Soluble granzymes are found extracellularly in normal plasma and are elevated in a number of diseases, ranging from viral and bacterial infections to autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of extracellular granzyme substrates, inhibitors and functions; and the pathological consequences of extracellular granzymes in disease. In addition, we provide new evidence for the role of glycosaminoglycan-binding sites of granzymes in extracellular matrix remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite S Buzza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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Buzza MS, Zamurs L, Sun J, Bird CH, Smith AI, Trapani JA, Froelich CJ, Nice EC, Bird PI. Extracellular matrix remodeling by human granzyme B via cleavage of vitronectin, fibronectin, and laminin. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23549-58. [PMID: 15843372 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412001200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human granzyme B (GrB) released from cytotoxic lymphocytes plays a key role in the induction of target cell apoptosis when internalized in the presence of perforin. Here we demonstrate that GrB also possesses a potent extracellular matrix remodeling activity. Both native and recombinant GrB caused detachment of immortalized and transformed cell lines, primary endothelial cells, and chondrocytes. Cell detachment by GrB induced endothelial cell death (anoikis). GrB also inhibited tumor cell spreading, migration, and invasion in vitro. Investigation into the underlying mechanism revealed that GrB efficiently cleaves three proteins involved in extracellular matrix structure and function: vitronectin, fibronectin, and laminin. In vitronectin, GrB cleaves after an Arg-Lys-Asp (RGD) motif, which is part of the integrin-binding site found in matrix proteins. We propose that targeting of the integrin-extracellular matrix interface by GrB may allow perforin-independent killing of target cells via anoikis, restrict motility of tumor cells, facilitate lymphocyte migration, or directly reduce virus infectivity. It may also contribute to tissue destruction in diseases in which extracellular GrB is evident, such as rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite S Buzza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
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Chen G, Luo DZ, Feng ZB, Guo F. Hepatic local cellular immune status and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:489-494. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i4.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the local cellular immune status in the tissues of liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and its relationship with the prognosis of the patients.
METHODS: Surgical specimens from 60 cases of HCC, 62 cases of LC, and 23 normal liver tissues were stained of CD3, CD57, CD20, CD68 and GrB with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase detection system to assess the number and the distribution of hepatic local immunocytes.
RESULTS: The numbers of T lymphocytes (60.5±18.9), B lymphocytes (40.3±29.9) and NK cells (6.8±5.1) in the liver of HCC patients were significantly higher than those in the liver of LC patients (53.0±18.7, t = 2.21, P = 0.029<0.05; 21.5±18.2, t = 4.19, P = 0.000<0.01; 4.2±2.9, t = 3.53, P = 0.001<0.01, respectively) and normal controls (45.4±11.7, t = 3.57, P = 0.001<0.01; 8.1±5.9, t = 7.97, P = 0.000<0.01; 4.8±2.3, t = 2.54, P = 0.013<0.05, respectively ); while the number of macrophages (Mf)(24.6±13.4)was significantly lower than that in the liver of LC patients(41.0±13.5, t = 6.74, P = 0.000<0.01)and normal controls (40.3±8.9, t = 6.17, P = 0.000<0.01). The numbers of T and B lymphocytes in the liver of LC patients were significantly higher than those in normal controls (T cells: 53.0±18.7 vs 45.4±11.7, t = 2.23, P = 0.029<0.05; B cells: 21.5±18.2 vs 8.1±5.9, t = 5.14, P = 0.000<0.01). GrB positive cells in the liver mostly consisted of CD57 positive cells and a few CD3 positive cells. The numbers of NK cells, B lymphocytes and GrB positive cells in the cancerous tissues of stages I and II were significantly higher than that of stages III and IV (8.3±5.3 vs 5.3±4.5, t = 5.38, P = 0.024<0.05; 49.1±29.8 vs31.0±27.5, t = 2.44, P = 0.018<0.05; 6.8±5.3 vs 4.1±3.2, t = 2.32, P = 0.024<0.05, respectively). The numbers of T lymphocytes, NK cells, Mj and GrB positive cells in HCC with metastasis in 15 months were significantly lower than those without metastasis (53.1±16.0 vs 65.5±21.1, t = 2.41, P = 0.02<0.05; 2.9±3.1 vs 9.4±4.5, t = 6.33, P = 0.000<0.01; 20.9±11.3vs 30.1±14.4, t = 2.62, P = 0.012<0.05; 2.5±1.6 vs 7.0±4.3, t = 5.02, P = 0.000<0.01, respectively). The numbers of T lymphocytes, NK cells, B lymphocytes and GrB positive cells decreased gradually with the progressing of disease in the HCC patients.
CONCLUSION: The numbers of T lymphocytes, NK cells, B lymphocytes, Mf and GrB positive cells might be important markers to assess the hepatic local immune status and useful factors to predict the prognosis of HCC patients.
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Buzza MS, Hosking P, Bird PI. The granzyme B inhibitor, PI-9, is differentially expressed during placental development and up-regulated in hydatidiform moles. Placenta 2005; 27:62-9. [PMID: 16310039 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular serpin Proteinase Inhibitor-9 (PI-9) is a potent inhibitor of the cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) proteinase granzyme B, a major effector molecule used by CLs to induce target cell apoptosis. PI-9 is produced by CLs to protect against mis-directed granzyme B. However, PI-9 expression has also been reported in immune privileged tissues. In the present study, cell-specific expression of PI-9 in placental tissue of various gestational ages was examined by immunohistochemistry. PI-9 is highly expressed by the extravillous trophoblasts that have invaded the decidua, and this high expression is maintained throughout pregnancy. Similar levels were also observed in proliferative villous cytotrophoblasts. Syncytial trophoblasts generally do not produce PI-9 to a significant level until the last few weeks of pregnancy. The villous stroma contains mixed populations of PI-9 positive and negative cells throughout pregnancy, with highest expression during the second trimester. Compared to first trimester placentas, syncytial trophoblasts of partial and complete hydatidiform moles showed marked up-regulation of PI-9. Examination of choriocarcinoma cell lines also demonstrated a very high level of PI-9 is produced by these cells, which may provide protection from granzyme B-mediated apoptosis. The cell-specific expression of PI-9 in the placenta is consistent with a function in the maintenance of immune privilege, and it is proposed that up-regulated expression of PI-9 in gestational trophoblastic diseases contributes to disease pathogenesis via immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Buzza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Australia
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Waterhouse NJ, Sedelies KA, Clarke CJP. Granzyme B; the chalk-mark of a cytotoxic lymphocyte. J Transl Med 2004; 2:36. [PMID: 15500699 PMCID: PMC528853 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-2-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) mediated killing of target cells, granzyme B is released from the CL into the immune synapse. Recent studies have found that ELISPOT-detection of granzyme B correlated well with conventional assays for CL mediated killing. In this way, the released granzyme B can be used to mark the spot where a target cell was murdered. We discuss the benefits and potential limitations of using this assay to measure CL mediated killing of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel J Waterhouse
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, 8006, Australia
| | - Karin A Sedelies
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, 8006, Australia
| | - Chris JP Clarke
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett Street, Melbourne, 8006, Australia
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