1
|
Wu Y, Pernet E, Touqui L. Modulation of Airway Expression of the Host Bactericidal Enzyme, sPLA2-IIA, by Bacterial Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:440. [PMID: 37505708 PMCID: PMC10467128 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15070440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Host molecules with antimicrobial properties belong to a large family of mediators including type-IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA). The latter is a potent bactericidal agent with high selectivity against Gram-positive bacteria, but it may also play a role in modulating the host inflammatory response. However, several pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria can modulate the levels of sPLA2-IIA by either inducing or inhibiting its expression in host cells. Thus, the final sPLA2-IIA concentration during the infection process is determined by the orchestration between the levels of toxins that stimulate and those that downregulate the expression of this enzyme. The stimulation of sPLA2-IIA expression is a process that participates in the clearance of invading bacteria, while inhibition of this expression highlights a mechanism by which certain bacteria can subvert the immune response and invade the host. Here, we will review the major functions of sPLA2-IIA in the airways and the role of bacterial toxins in modulating the expression of this enzyme. We will also summarize the major mechanisms involved in this modulation and the potential consequences for the pulmonary host response to bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Wu
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l’Infection Microbionne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Erwan Pernet
- Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire, Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), 75012 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, 75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weidenbacher PAB, Rodriguez-Rivera FP, Sanyal M, Visser JA, Do J, Bertozzi CR, Kim PS. Chemically Modified Bacterial Sacculi as a Vaccine Microparticle Scaffold. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1184-1196. [PMID: 35412807 PMCID: PMC9127789 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Vaccine scaffolds
and carrier proteins increase the immunogenicity
of subunit vaccines. Here, we developed, characterized, and demonstrated
the efficacy of a novel microparticle vaccine scaffold comprised of
bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN), isolated as an entire sacculi. The
PGN microparticles contain bio-orthogonal chemical handles allowing
for site-specific attachment of immunogens. We first evaluated the
purification, integrity, and immunogenicity of PGN microparticles
derived from a variety of bacterial species. We then optimized PGN
microparticle modification conditions; Staphylococcus
aureus PGN microparticles containing azido-d-alanine yielded robust conjugation to immunogens. We then demonstrated
that this vaccine scaffold elicits comparable immunostimulation to
the conventional carrier protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH).
We further modified the S. aureus PGN
microparticle to contain the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD)—this
conjugate vaccine elicited neutralizing antibody titers comparable
to those elicited by the KLH-conjugated RBD. Collectively, these findings
suggest that chemically modified bacterial PGN microparticles are
a conjugatable and biodegradable microparticle scaffold capable of
eliciting a robust immune response toward an antigen of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Payton A.-B. Weidenbacher
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Frances P. Rodriguez-Rivera
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Joshua A. Visser
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan Do
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen D, Ji J, Zhang S, Liu J, An C. A Short-Type Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 (PGRP1) Is Involved in the Immune Response in Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158198. [PMID: 34360963 PMCID: PMC8347126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect immune response is initiated by the recognition of invading microorganisms. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) function primarily as pattern recognition receptors by specifically binding to peptidoglycans expressed on microbial surfaces. We cloned a full-length cDNA for a PGRP from the Asian corn borer Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) and designated it as PGRP1. PGRP1 mRNA was mainly detected in the fat bodies and hemocytes. Its transcript levels increased significantly upon bacterial and fungal challenges. Purified recombinant PGRP1 exhibited binding activity to the gram-positive Micrococcus luteus, gram-negative Escherichia coli, entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, and yeast Pichia pastoris. The binding further induced their agglutination. Additionally, PGRP1 preferred to bind to Lys-type peptidoglycans rather than DAP-type peptidoglycans. The addition of recombinant PGRP1 to O. furnacalis plasma resulted in a significant increase in phenoloxidase activity. The injection of recombinant PGRP1 into larvae led to a significantly increased expression of several antimicrobial peptide genes. Taken together, our results suggest that O. furnacalis PGRP1 potentially recognizes the invading microbes and is involved in the immune response in O. furnacalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Shen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Jiayue Ji
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Chunju An
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.S.); (J.J.); (S.Z.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-6273-4083
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Orlans J, Vincent-Monegat C, Rahioui I, Sivignon C, Butryn A, Soulère L, Zaidman-Remy A, Orville AM, Heddi A, Aller P, Da Silva P. PGRP-LB: An Inside View into the Mechanism of the Amidase Reaction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4957. [PMID: 34066955 PMCID: PMC8124813 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are ubiquitous among animals and play pivotal functions in insect immunity. Non-catalytic PGRPs are involved in the activation of immune pathways by binding to the peptidoglycan (PGN), whereas amidase PGRPs are capable of cleaving the PGN into non-immunogenic compounds. Drosophila PGRP-LB belongs to the amidase PGRPs and downregulates the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway by cleaving meso-2,6-diaminopimelic (meso-DAP or DAP)-type PGN. While the recognition process is well analyzed for the non-catalytic PGRPs, little is known about the enzymatic mechanism for the amidase PGRPs, despite their essential function in immune homeostasis. Here, we analyzed the specific activity of different isoforms of Drosophila PGRP-LB towards various PGN substrates to understand their specificity and role in Drosophila immunity. We show that these isoforms have similar activity towards the different compounds. To analyze the mechanism of the amidase activity, we performed site directed mutagenesis and solved the X-ray structures of wild-type Drosophila PGRP-LB and its mutants, with one of these structures presenting a protein complexed with the tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a muropeptide derived from the PGN. Only the Y78F mutation abolished the PGN cleavage while other mutations reduced the activity solely. Together, our findings suggest the dynamic role of the residue Y78 in the amidase mechanism by nucleophilic attack through a water molecule to the carbonyl group of the amide function destabilized by Zn2+.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Orlans
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (J.O.); (C.V.-M.); (I.R.); (C.S.); (A.Z.-R.); (A.H.)
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; (A.B.); (A.M.O.)
| | - Carole Vincent-Monegat
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (J.O.); (C.V.-M.); (I.R.); (C.S.); (A.Z.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Isabelle Rahioui
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (J.O.); (C.V.-M.); (I.R.); (C.S.); (A.Z.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Catherine Sivignon
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (J.O.); (C.V.-M.); (I.R.); (C.S.); (A.Z.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Agata Butryn
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; (A.B.); (A.M.O.)
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Laurent Soulère
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, UMR 5246, CNRS, ICBMS, Institut de Chimie et de Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Bât. E. Lederer, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Anna Zaidman-Remy
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (J.O.); (C.V.-M.); (I.R.); (C.S.); (A.Z.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Allen M. Orville
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; (A.B.); (A.M.O.)
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (J.O.); (C.V.-M.); (I.R.); (C.S.); (A.Z.-R.); (A.H.)
| | - Pierre Aller
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK; (A.B.); (A.M.O.)
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Pedro Da Silva
- Univ Lyon, INSA Lyon, INRAE, BF2I, UMR 203, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (J.O.); (C.V.-M.); (I.R.); (C.S.); (A.Z.-R.); (A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thomas M, Bonacorsi S, Simon AL, Mallet C, Lorrot M, Faye A, Dingulu G, Caseris M, Boneca IG, Aupiais C, Meinzer U. Acute monoarthritis in young children: comparing the characteristics of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis versus septic and undifferentiated arthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3422. [PMID: 33564018 PMCID: PMC7873238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute arthritis is a common cause of consultation in pediatric emergency wards. Arthritis can be caused by juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), septic (SA) or remain undetermined (UA). In young children, SA is mainly caused by Kingella kingae (KK), a hard to grow bacteria leading generally to a mild clinical and biological form of SA. An early accurate diagnosis between KK-SA and early-onset JIA is essential to provide appropriate treatment and follow-up. The aim of this work was to compare clinical and biological characteristics, length of hospital stays, duration of intravenous (IV) antibiotics exposure and use of invasive surgical management of patients under 6 years of age hospitalized for acute monoarthritis with a final diagnosis of JIA, SA or UA. We retrospectively analyzed data from < 6-year-old children, hospitalized at a French tertiary center for acute mono-arthritis, who underwent a joint aspiration. Non-parametric tests were performed to compare children with JIA, SA or UA. Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was applied with threshold for significance at 0.025. Among the 196 included patients, 110 (56.1%) had SA, 20 (10.2%) had JIA and 66 (33.7%) had UA. Patients with JIA were older when compared to SA (2.7 years [1.8–3.6] versus 1.4 [1.1–2.1], p < 0.001). Presence of fever was not different between JIA and SA or UA. White blood cells in serum were lower in JIA (11.2 × 109/L [10–13.6]) when compared to SA (13.2 × 109/L [11–16.6]), p = 0.01. In synovial fluid leucocytes were higher in SA 105.5 × 103 cells/mm3 [46–211] compared to JIA and UA (42 × 103 cells/mm3 [6.4–59.2] and 7.29 × 103 cells/mm3 [2.1–72] respectively), p < 0.001. Intravenous antibiotics were administered to 95% of children with JIA, 100% of patients with SA, and 95.4% of UA. Arthrotomy-lavage was performed in 66.7% of patients with JIA, 79.6% of patients with SA, and 71.1% of patients with UA. In children less than 6 years of age with acute mono-arthritis, the clinical and biological parameters currently used do not reliably differentiate between JIA, AS and UA. JIA subgroups that present a diagnostic problem at the onset of monoarthritis before the age of 6 years, are oligoarticular JIA and systemic JIA with hip arthritis. The development of new biomarkers will be required to distinguish JIA and AS caused by Kingellakingae in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Thomas
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, National Reference Centre for Rare Pediatric Inflammatory Rheumatisms and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases RAISE, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Biology and Genetics of Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR2001, Paris, France.,INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Bonacorsi
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Microbiology, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Simon
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Mallet
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Pediatric Orthopedic Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mathie Lorrot
- Pediatric Department, Division of Infectious Diseases, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Albert Faye
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, National Reference Centre for Rare Pediatric Inflammatory Rheumatisms and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases RAISE, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Glory Dingulu
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, National Reference Centre for Rare Pediatric Inflammatory Rheumatisms and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases RAISE, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Marion Caseris
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, National Reference Centre for Rare Pediatric Inflammatory Rheumatisms and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases RAISE, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Ivo Gomperts Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Biology and Genetics of Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, Paris, France.,CNRS UMR2001, Paris, France.,INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Camille Aupiais
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris 13 University, Bondy, France.,INSERM, U1138, Equipe 22, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Meinzer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Internal Medicine, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, National Reference Centre for Rare Pediatric Inflammatory Rheumatisms and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases RAISE, Robert Debré University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75019, Paris, France. .,Institut Pasteur, Biology and Genetics of Bacterial Cell Wall Unit, Paris, France. .,CNRS UMR2001, Paris, France. .,INSERM, Equipe Avenir, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Paris, France. .,Centre de Recherche sur l'inflammation, UMR1149 INSERM et Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Attieh Z, Mouawad C, Rejasse A, Jehanno I, Perchat S, Hegna IK, Økstad OA, Kallassy Awad M, Sanchis-Borja V, El Chamy L. The fliK Gene Is Required for the Resistance of Bacillus thuringiensis to Antimicrobial Peptides and Virulence in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:611220. [PMID: 33391240 PMCID: PMC7775485 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.611220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential effectors of the host innate immune system and they represent promising molecules for the treatment of multidrug resistant microbes. A better understanding of microbial resistance to these defense peptides is thus prerequisite for the control of infectious diseases. Here, using a random mutagenesis approach, we identify the fliK gene, encoding an internal molecular ruler that controls flagella hook length, as an essential element for Bacillus thuringiensis resistance to AMPs in Drosophila. Unlike its parental strain, that is highly virulent to both wild-type and AMPs deficient mutant flies, the fliK deletion mutant is only lethal to the latter's. In agreement with its conserved function, the fliK mutant is non-flagellated and exhibits highly compromised motility. However, comparative analysis of the fliK mutant phenotype to that of a fla mutant, in which the genes encoding flagella proteins are interrupted, indicate that B. thuringiensis FliK-dependent resistance to AMPs is independent of flagella assembly. As a whole, our results identify FliK as an essential determinant for B. thuringiensis virulence in Drosophila and provide new insights on the mechanisms underlying bacteria resistance to AMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaynoun Attieh
- UR-EGP, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Carine Mouawad
- UR-EGP, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Agnès Rejasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Isabelle Jehanno
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Stéphane Perchat
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Ida K. Hegna
- Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A. Økstad
- Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution (CIME), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Vincent Sanchis-Borja
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Laure El Chamy
- UR-EGP, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gut bacteria-derived peptidoglycan induces a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype via NF-κB-dependent insulin/PI3K signaling reduction in Drosophila renal system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14097. [PMID: 32839462 PMCID: PMC7445169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70455-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microbiome-host interactions are usual at steady state, gut microbiota dysbiosis can unbalance the physiological and behavioral parameters of the host, mostly via yet not understood mechanisms. Using the Drosophila model, we investigated the consequences of a gut chronic dysbiosis on the host physiology. Our results show that adult flies chronically infected with the non-pathogenic Erwinia carotorova caotovora bacteria displayed organ degeneration resembling wasting-like phenotypes reminiscent of Metabolic Syndrome associated pathologies. Genetic manipulations demonstrate that a local reduction of insulin signaling consecutive to a peptidoglycan-dependent NF-κB activation in the excretory system of the flies is responsible for several of the observed phenotypes. This work establishes a functional crosstalk between bacteria-derived peptidoglycan and the immune NF-κB cascade that contributes to the onset of metabolic disorders by reducing insulin signal transduction. Giving the high degree of evolutionary conservation of the mechanisms and pathways involved, this study is likely to provide a helpful model to elucidate the contribution of altered intestinal microbiota in triggering human chronic kidney diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Choi SH, Lee SH, Kim MG, Lee HJ, Kim GB. Lactobacillus plantarum CAU1055 ameliorates inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells and a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis animal model. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:6718-6725. [PMID: 31155246 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to screen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for their anti-inflammatory activity by using RAW264.7 cells and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. In all, 192 LAB strains were isolated from healthy human feces, of which 8 strains showed excellent nitric oxide (NO) inhibitory activity. Peptidoglycan extracts of these 8 LAB strains were subjected to NO assay, Western blot, and ELISA. Among the 8 tested strains, extracts of 4 strains significantly inhibited the production of NO, related enzyme activities such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2, and key cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells. The 4 strains belonged to Lactobacillus (CAU1054, CAU1055, CAU1064, and CAU1301). Oral administration of the 4 strains inhibited DSS-induced body weight loss, colon shortening, and colon damage in ICR mice. The colon tissue of the mice treated with Lactobacillus plantarum strain CAU1055 had significantly reduced levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase 2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6. We found that strain CAU1055 could be used as a candidate probiotic strain for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Further studies are warranted to confirm the mechanisms of interaction between peptidoglycan of L. plantarum strain CAU1055 and upstream cellular signaling mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hae Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Min Gon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
| | - Geun-Bae Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xia X, Qin W, Zhu H, Wang X, Jiang J, Hu J. How Streptococcus suis serotype 2 attempts to avoid attack by host immune defenses. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2019; 52:516-525. [PMID: 30954397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) type 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes swine streptococcosis, a widespread infectious disease that occurs in pig production areas worldwide and causes serious economic losses in the pork industry. Hosts recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate both innate and acquired immune responses. However, S. suis has evolved multiple mechanisms to escape host defenses. Pathogenic proteins, such as enolase, double-component regulatory systems, factor H-combining proteins and other pathogenic and virulence factors, contribute to immune escape by evading host phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), complement-mediated immune destruction, etc. SS2 can prevent neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation to avoid being trapped by porcine neutrophils and disintegrate host immunoglobulins via IgA1 hydrolases and IgM proteases. Currently, the pathogenesis of arthritis and meningitis caused by SS2 infection remains unclear, and further studies are necessary to elucidate it. Understanding immune evasion mechanisms after SS2 infection is important for developing high-efficiency vaccines and targeted drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Xia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; Postdoctoral Research Station, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wanhai Qin
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Huili Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi, China
| | - Jinqing Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Jianhe Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China; Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yadav AK, Espaillat A, Cava F. Bacterial Strategies to Preserve Cell Wall Integrity Against Environmental Threats. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2064. [PMID: 30233540 PMCID: PMC6127315 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cells are surrounded by an exoskeleton-like structure, the cell wall, composed primarily of the peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus. This structure is made up of glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides generating a covalent mesh that shapes bacteria and prevents their lysis due to their high internal osmotic pressure. Even though the PG is virtually universal in bacteria, there is a notable degree of diversity in its chemical structure. Modifications in both the sugars and peptides are known to be instrumental for bacteria to cope with diverse environmental challenges. In this review, we summarize and discuss the cell wall strategies to withstand biotic and abiotic environmental insults such as the effect of antibiotics targeting cell wall enzymes, predatory PG hydrolytic proteins, and PG signaling systems. Finally we will discuss the opportunities that species-specific PG variability might open to develop antimicrobial therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh K Yadav
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Akbar Espaillat
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wei X, Yang D, Li H, Zhao T, Jiang H, Liu X, Yang J. Peptidoglycan recognition protein of Solen grandis (SgPGRP-S1) mediates immune recognition and bacteria clearance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 73:30-36. [PMID: 29208495 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are indispensable molecules in innate immunity due to their prominent function in sensing and eliminating invading microorganisms. In the present study, a short type PGRP from razor clam Solen grandis (SgPGRP-S1) was recombinantly expressed and purified to investigate its potential function in innate immunity. As a pattern recognition receptor, recombinant SgPGRP-S1 (rSgPGRP-S1) specifically bind Lys-type and Dap-type peptidoglycan in vitro, but not lipopolysaccharide or β-glucan. The peptidoglycan binding ability of rSgPGRP-S1 resulted in significant agglutination activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Listonella anguillarum, as well as Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus. Furthermore, rSgPGRP-S1 was bactericidal, significantly suppressing the growth of both E. coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The protein also exhibited strong amidase activity and degraded bacterial peptidoglycan in the presence of Zn2+, suggesting amidase activity might contribute to SgPGRP-S1 antibacterial activity. These results indicate SgPGRP-S1 is multifunctional in innate immunity, mediating both immune recognition and bacteria elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wei
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hailin Jiang
- Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Xiangquan Liu
- Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Otten C, Brilli M, Vollmer W, Viollier PH, Salje J. Peptidoglycan in obligate intracellular bacteria. Mol Microbiol 2018; 107:142-163. [PMID: 29178391 PMCID: PMC5814848 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is the predominant stress-bearing structure in the cell envelope of most bacteria, and also a potent stimulator of the eukaryotic immune system. Obligate intracellular bacteria replicate exclusively within the interior of living cells, an osmotically protected niche. Under these conditions peptidoglycan is not necessarily needed to maintain the integrity of the bacterial cell. Moreover, the presence of peptidoglycan puts bacteria at risk of detection and destruction by host peptidoglycan recognition factors and downstream effectors. This has resulted in a selective pressure and opportunity to reduce the levels of peptidoglycan. In this review we have analysed the occurrence of genes involved in peptidoglycan metabolism across the major obligate intracellular bacterial species. From this comparative analysis, we have identified a group of predicted 'peptidoglycan-intermediate' organisms that includes the Chlamydiae, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Wolbachia and Anaplasma marginale. This grouping is likely to reflect biological differences in their infection cycle compared with peptidoglycan-negative obligate intracellular bacteria such as Ehrlichia and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, as well as obligate intracellular bacteria with classical peptidoglycan such as Coxiella, Buchnera and members of the Rickettsia genus. The signature gene set of the peptidoglycan-intermediate group reveals insights into minimal enzymatic requirements for building a peptidoglycan-like sacculus and/or division septum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Otten
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell BiologyInstitute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4AXUK
| | - Matteo Brilli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE)University of Padova. Agripolis ‐ V.le dell'Università, 16 | 35020 Legnaro PadovaItaly
- Present address:
Department of BiosciencesUniversity of Milan, via Celoria 26(MI)Italy
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- The Centre for Bacterial Cell BiologyInstitute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4AXUK
| | - Patrick H. Viollier
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular MedicineInstitute of Genetics & Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Jeanne Salje
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Mahidol‐Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ratet G, Santecchia I, Fanton d’Andon M, Vernel-Pauillac F, Wheeler R, Lenormand P, Fischer F, Lechat P, Haake DA, Picardeau M, Boneca IG, Werts C. LipL21 lipoprotein binding to peptidoglycan enables Leptospira interrogans to escape NOD1 and NOD2 recognition. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006725. [PMID: 29211798 PMCID: PMC5764436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis, potentially severe in humans, caused by spirochetal bacteria, Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). Host defense mechanisms involved in leptospirosis are poorly understood. Recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoproteins by Toll-Like Receptors (TLR)4 and TLR2 is crucial for clearance of leptospires in mice, yet the role of Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)-like receptors (NOD)1 and NOD2, recognizing peptidoglycan (PG) fragments has not previously been examined. Here, we show that pathogenic leptospires escape from NOD1 and NOD2 recognition both in vitro and in vivo, in mice. We found that leptospiral PG is resistant to digestion by certain hydrolases and that a conserved outer membrane lipoprotein of unknown function, LipL21, specific for pathogenic leptospires, is tightly bound to the PG. Leptospiral PG prepared from a mutant not expressing LipL21 (lipl21-) was more readily digested than the parental or complemented strains. Muropeptides released from the PG of the lipl21- mutant, or prepared using a procedure to eliminate the LipL21 protein from the PG of the parental strain, were recognized in vitro by the human NOD1 (hNOD1) and NOD2 (hNOD2) receptors, suggesting that LipL21 protects PG from degradation into muropeptides. LipL21 expressed in E. coli also resulted in impaired PG digestion and NOD signaling. We found that murine NOD1 (mNOD1) did not recognize PG of L. interrogans. This result was confirmed by mass spectrometry showing that leptospiral PG was primarily composed of MurTriDAP, the natural agonist of hNOD1, and contained only trace amounts of the tetra muropeptide, the mNOD1 agonist. Finally, in transgenic mice expressing human NOD1 and deficient for the murine NOD1, we showed enhanced clearance of a lipl21- mutant compared to the complemented strain, or to what was observed in NOD1KO mice, suggesting that LipL21 facilitates escape from immune surveillance in humans. These novel mechanisms allowing L. interrogans to escape recognition by the NOD receptors may be important in circumventing innate host responses. Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis caused by spirochetal bacteria, Leptospira interrogans (L. interrogans). L. interrogans are primarily extracellular pathogens although some reports suggest they may replicate within macrophages. In humans, leptospirosis can cause mild or severe disease, potentially leading to death, although rats or mice, which constitute the reservoir, are asymptomatic carriers. Host defense mechanisms involved in leptospirosis remain poorly understood. Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 are crucial for the clearance of L. interrogans, but the role of the cytosolic NOD receptors in leptospirosis is unknown. Here, we report that pathogenic leptospires escape the sensing of bacterial peptidoglycan through the NOD response. We found that an outer membrane lipoprotein of L. interrogans binds to and protects the peptidoglycan from degradation into muropeptides, thereby blocking signaling through NOD proteins. Moreover, in absence of this lipoprotein, the peptidoglycan of L. interrogans is properly sensed by human NOD1 but not by murine NOD1. This is due to the near absence of muramyl tetrapeptide, the murine NOD1 agonist, in the peptidoglycan of pathogenic leptospires. These novel mechanisms of NOD avoidance may facilitate the escape of leptospires from the innate immune system of their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn Ratet
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Santecchia
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Martine Fanton d’Andon
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Vernel-Pauillac
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Richard Wheeler
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fischer
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de pathogenèse de Helicobacter, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Lechat
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - David A. Haake
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ivo G. Boneca
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Werts
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie et Génétique de la Paroi Bactérienne, Paris, France
- INSERM, équipe Avenir, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Capo F, Chaduli D, Viallat-Lieutaud A, Charroux B, Royet J. Oligopeptide Transporters of the SLC15 Family Are Dispensable for Peptidoglycan Sensing and Transport in Drosophila. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:483-492. [PMID: 28715804 DOI: 10.1159/000475771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) detection by PGN recognition proteins (PGRP) is the main trigger of the antibacterial immune response in Drosophila. Depending on the type of immune cell, PGN can be sensed either at the cell membrane by PGRP-LC or inside the cell by PGRP-LE, which plays a role similar to that of Nod2 in mammals. Previous work, mainly in cell cultures, has shown that oligopeptide transporters of the SLC15 family are essential for the delivery of PGN for Nod2 detection inside of the cells, and that this function might be conserved in flies. By generating and analyzing the immune phenotypes of loss-of-function mutations in 3 SLC15 Drosophila family members, we tested their role in mediating PGRP-LE-dependent PGN activation. Our results show that Yin, CG2930, and CG9444 are required neither for PGRP-LE activation by PGN nor for PGN transport from the gut lumen to the insect blood. These data show that, while intracellular PGN detection is an essential step of the antibacterial response in both insects and mammals, the types of PGN transporters and sensors are different in these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Capo
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille (IBDM), Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Development of solid-supported methodology for the preparation of peptidoglycan fragments containing (2S,6R)-diaminopimelic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
16
|
Guo S, Li C, Liu D, Guo Y. Inflammatory responses to a Clostridium perfringens type A strain and α-toxin in primary intestinal epithelial cells of chicken embryos. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:81-91. [PMID: 25584964 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1005573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The causative pathogen of necrotic enteritis is the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens. Its main cell wall component, peptidoglycan (PGN), can be recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD). Consequently, the immune response is initiated via activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling pathway. An in vitro study was conducted to investigate chicken intestinal inflammatory responses to C. perfringens type A and one of its virulence factors, α-toxin. In primary intestinal epithelial cells, C. perfringens as well as commercially available PGN and α-toxin challenge upregulated mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with a dosage-dependent manner at 3 h post infection (p.i.; P ≤ 0.001). Time-course effects of three stimulators at high concentration were further examined. C. perfringens infection elevated IL-6, IL-8 and iNOS levels from 1 h to 9 h p.i., while PGN treatment increased IL-6 and IL-8 expression at 1 h and 3 h p.i. (P < 0.05). Bacterial and PGN treatments induced NOD1 expression at 6 h p.i. and only bacterial infection boosted NF-κB p65 expression at 6 h and 9 h p.i. (P < 0.05). α-Toxin treatment upregulated IL-6 and IL-8 expression throughout infection, as well as iNOS, TNF-α and NF-κB p65 expression at later hours p.i. (P < 0.05). In conclusion, both C. perfringens and α-toxin challenge induced intense cytokine expression associated with NF-κB activation in chicken intestinal epithelial cells. The receptors for the recognition of PGN component of C. perfringens need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Eukaryotes have evolved strategies to detect microbial intrusion and instruct immune responses to limit damage from infection. Recognition of microbes and cellular damage relies on the detection of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, also called PAMPS, or pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and so-called "danger signals" by various families of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Members of the recently identified protein family of nucleotide-binding domain andleucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins (NLR), including Nod1, Nod2, NLRP3, and NLRC4, have been shown to detect specific microbial motifs and danger signals for regulating host inflammatory responses. Moreover, with the discovery that polymorphisms in NOD1, NOD2, NLRP1, and NLRP3 are associated with susceptibility to chronic inflammatory disorders, the view has emerged that NLRs act not only as sensors butalso can serve as signaling platforms for instructing and balancing host immune responses. In this chapter, we explore the functions of these intracellular innate immune receptors and examine their implication in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) recycling allows Escherichia coli to reuse the massive amounts of sacculus components that are released during elongation. Goodell and Schwarz, in 1985, labeled E. coli cells with 3H-diaminopimelic acid (DAP) and chased. During the chase, the DAP pool dropped dramatically, whereas the precursor pool dropped only slightly. This could only occur if DAP from the sacculi was being used to produce more precursor. They calculated that the cells were recycling about 45% of their wall DAP (actually, 60% of the side walls, since the poles are stable). Thus, recycling was discovered. Goodell went on to show that the tripeptide, L-Ala-D-Glu-DAP, could be taken up via opp and used directly to form PG. It was subsequently shown that uptake was predominantly via a permease, AmpG, that was specific for GlcNAc-anhMurNAc with attached peptides. Eleven genes have been identified which appear to have as their sole function the recovery of degradation products from PG. PG represents only 2.5% of the cell mass, so the reason for this investment in recycling is obscure. Recycling enzymes exist that are specific for every bond in the principal product taken up by AmpG, namely, GlcNAc-anh-MurNAc-tetrapeptide. However, most of the tripeptide, L-Ala-D-Glu-DAP, is used by murein peptide ligase (Mpl) to form the precursor intermediate UDP-MurNAc-tripeptide. anh-MurNAc can be converted to GlcNAc by a two-step process and thus is available for use. Surprisingly, in the absence of AmpD, an enzyme that cleaves the anh-MurNAc-L-Ala bond, anh-MurNAc-tripeptide accumulates, resulting in induction of beta-lactamase. However, this has nothing to do with the induction of beta-lactamase by beta-lactam antibiotics. Uehara, Suefuji, and Park (unpublished data) have some evidence suggesting that murein pentapeptide may be involved. The presence of orthologs suggests that recycling also exists in many Gram-negative bacteria. Surprisingly, the ortholog search also revealed that all mammals may have an AmpG ortholog! Hence, mammalian AmpG may be involved in the process of innate immunity.
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu Z, Pan D, Guo Y, Sun Y, Zeng X. Peptidoglycan diversity and anti-inflammatory capacity in Lactobacillus strains. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 128:130-7. [PMID: 26005148 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus species are potential probiotic bacteria for humans because of their capacity to improve certain biological functions in the host's immune system. In this study, we focused on three peptidoglycans (PGNs) derived from different Lactobacillus strains and investigated each PGN's anti-inflammatory capacity. Each PGN was analyzed using HPLC, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and FTIR. All three PGNs displayed a β-1,4-linked N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) structure with some modifications in the polypeptides at the end of the MurNAc residue. In a new insight, we found that PGNs inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells; a capacity that may be related to the TLR-4 pathway. The goal for exploring PGN diversity in Lactobacillus strains is to better understand the potential use of Lactobacillus PGNs in food and pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jinling College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jinling College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu, China; Food Science and Technology Department, Marine Science School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jinling College, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangying Sun
- Food Science and Technology Department, Marine Science School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- Food Science and Technology Department, Marine Science School, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Atilano ML, Pereira PM, Vaz F, Catalão MJ, Reed P, Grilo IR, Sobral RG, Ligoxygakis P, Pinho MG, Filipe SR. Bacterial autolysins trim cell surface peptidoglycan to prevent detection by the Drosophila innate immune system. eLife 2014; 3:e02277. [PMID: 24692449 PMCID: PMC3971415 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have to avoid recognition by the host immune system in order to establish a successful infection. Peptidoglycan, the principal constituent of virtually all bacterial surfaces, is a specific molecular signature recognized by dedicated host receptors, present in animals and plants, which trigger an immune response. Here we report that autolysins from Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, enzymes capable of hydrolyzing peptidoglycan, have a major role in concealing this inflammatory molecule from Drosophila peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs). We show that autolysins trim the outermost peptidoglycan fragments and that in their absence bacterial virulence is impaired, as PGRPs can directly recognize leftover peptidoglycan extending beyond the external layers of bacterial proteins and polysaccharides. The activity of autolysins is not restricted to the producer cells but can also alter the surface of neighboring bacteria, facilitating the survival of the entire population in the infected host. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02277.001 While most bacteria are harmless, some can cause diseases as varied as food poisoning and meningitis, so our immune system has developed various ways of detecting and eliminating bacteria and other pathogens. Receptor proteins belonging to the immune system detect molecules that give away the presence of the bacteria and trigger an immune response targeted at the invading pathogen. Peptidoglycan is one telltale molecule that betrays the presence of bacteria. Peptidoglycan is found in the bacterial cell wall, and for many years it was assumed that the immune system detected stray fragments of peptidoglycan that were accidentally shed by the bacteria. However, it was later shown that the immune system could, under certain conditions, detect peptidoglycan when it is still part of the cell wall. This raised an interesting question: do bacteria use other methods to stop peptidoglycan being detected by the immune system? Now, Atilano, Pereira et al. have found that enzymes called autolysins can conceal bacteria from the receptor proteins that detect peptidoglycan. These enzymes are needed to break the bonds within the peptidoglycan present in the rigid bacterial cell wall to allow the bacteria to grow and divide. ‘Knocking out’ the genes for autolysins allowed the receptor proteins from the fruit fly, Drosophila, to bind to the bacteria; however, the mutant bacteria were able to evade the immune system after they had been treated with the purified enzymes. Atilano, Pereira et al. suggest that the autolysins trim the exposed ends of the peptidoglycan molecules on the surface of the cell wall, which could otherwise be detected by the host. The experiments also show that bacterial pathogens—including a strain of MRSA—with mutations that knock out autolysin activity trigger a stronger immune response in fruit flies, and are therefore less able to infect this host. Autolysins also help to conceal Streptococcus pneumoniae—a bacterial pathogen that is a common cause of pneumonia and infant deaths in developing countries—from detection by fruit flies. The findings of Atilano, Pereira et al. highlight how bacteria employ a number of ways to evade detection. If similar behavior is observed when bacteria infect humans, autolysins could represent a new drug target for the treatment of bacterial diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02277.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda Luciana Atilano
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal.,Genes and Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Matos Pereira
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Filipa Vaz
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria João Catalão
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patricia Reed
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês Ramos Grilo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Gonçalves Sobral
- Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Centro de Recursos Microbiologicos (CREM), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Genes and Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Gomes Pinho
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Biology, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Raposo Filipe
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-UNL), Oeiras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Garcia-Garcia E, Galindo-Villegas J, Mulero V. Mucosal immunity in the gut: the non-vertebrate perspective. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:278-288. [PMID: 23537860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Much is now known about the vertebrate mechanisms involved in mucosal immunity, and the requirement of commensal microbiota at mucosal surfaces for the proper functioning of the immune system. In comparison, very little is known about the mechanisms of immunity at the barrier epithelia of non-vertebrate organisms. The purpose of this review is to summarize key experimental evidence illustrating how non-vertebrate immune mechanisms at barrier epithelia compare to those of higher vertebrates, using the gut as a model organ. Not only effector mechanisms of gut immunity are similar between vertebrates and non-vertebrates, but it also seems that the proper functioning of non-vertebrate gut defense mechanisms requires the presence of a resident microbiota. As more information becomes available, it will be possible to obtain a more accurate picture of how mucosal immunity has evolved, and how it adapts to the organisms' life styles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu Z, Pan DD, Guo Y, Zeng X. Structure and anti-inflammatory capacity of peptidoglycan from Lactobacillus acidophilus in RAW-264.7 cells. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 96:466-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
23
|
Takahashi H, Ayala I, Bardet M, De Paëpe G, Simorre JP, Hediger S. Solid-State NMR on Bacterial Cells: Selective Cell Wall Signal Enhancement and Resolution Improvement using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5105-10. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312501d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takahashi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique
et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabel Ayala
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble,
France
| | - Michel Bardet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique
et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Gaël De Paëpe
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique
et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble,
France
| | - Sabine Hediger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique
et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu M, Haenssler E, Uehara T, Losick VP, Park JT, Isberg RR. The Legionella pneumophila EnhC protein interferes with immunostimulatory muramyl peptide production to evade innate immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 12:166-76. [PMID: 22901537 PMCID: PMC3678716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Successful pathogens have evolved to evade innate immune recognition of microbial molecules by pattern recognition receptors (PRR), which control microbial growth in host tissues. Upon Legionella pneumophila infection of macrophages, the cytosolic PRR Nod1 recognizes anhydro-disaccharide-tetrapeptide (anhDSTP) generated by soluble lytic transglycosylase (SltL), the predominant bacterial peptidoglycan degrading enzyme, to activate NF-κB-dependent innate immune responses. We show that L. pneumophila periplasmic protein EnhC, which is uniquely required for bacterial replication within macrophages, interferes with SltL to lower anhDSTP production. L. pneumophila mutant strains lacking EnhC (ΔenhC) increase Nod1-dependent NF-κB activation in host cells, while reducing SltL activity in a ΔenhC strain restores intracellular bacterial growth. Further, L. pneumophila ΔenhC is specifically rescued in Nod1- but not Nod2-deficient macrophages, arguing that EnhC facilitates evasion from Nod1 recognition. These results indicate that a bacterial pathogen regulates peptidoglycan degradation to control the production of PRR ligands and evade innate immune recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bosco-Drayon V, Poidevin M, Boneca IG, Narbonne-Reveau K, Royet J, Charroux B. Peptidoglycan sensing by the receptor PGRP-LE in the Drosophila gut induces immune responses to infectious bacteria and tolerance to microbiota. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 12:153-65. [PMID: 22901536 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gut epithelial cells contact both commensal and pathogenic bacteria, and proper responses to these bacteria require a balance of positive and negative regulatory signals. In the Drosophila intestine, peptidoglycan-recognition proteins (PGRPs), including PGRP-LE, play central roles in bacterial recognition and activation of immune responses, including induction of the IMD-NF-κB pathway. We show that bacteria recognition is regionalized in the Drosophila gut with various functional regions requiring different PGRPs. Specifically, peptidoglycan recognition by PGRP-LE in the gut induces NF-κB-dependent responses to infectious bacteria but also immune tolerance to microbiota through upregulation of pirk and PGRP-LB, which negatively regulate IMD pathway activation. Loss of PGRP-LE-mediated detection of bacteria in the gut results in systemic immune activation, which can be rescued by overexpressing PGRP-LB in the gut. Together these data indicate that PGRP-LE functions as a master gut bacterial sensor that induces balanced responses to infectious bacteria and tolerance to microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Bosco-Drayon
- Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille-Luminy, CNRS UMR, Aix-Marseille Université, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nyholm SV, Song P, Dang J, Bunce C, Girguis PR. Expression and putative function of innate immunity genes under in situ conditions in the symbiotic hydrothermal vent tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38267. [PMID: 22701617 PMCID: PMC3372519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationships between hydrothermal vent tubeworms and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria have served as model associations for understanding chemoautotrophy and endosymbiosis. Numerous studies have focused on the physiological and biochemical adaptations that enable these symbioses to sustain some of the highest recorded carbon fixation rates ever measured. However, far fewer studies have explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of host and symbiont interactions, specifically those mediated by the innate immune system of the host. To that end, we conducted a series of studies where we maintained the tubeworm, Ridgeia piscesae, in high-pressure aquaria and examined global and quantitative changes in gene expression via high-throughput transcriptomics and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). We analyzed over 32,000 full-length expressed sequence tags as well as 26 Mb of transcript sequences from the trophosome (the organ that houses the endosymbiotic bacteria) and the plume (the gas exchange organ in contact with the free-living microbial community). R. piscesae maintained under conditions that promote chemoautotrophy expressed a number of putative cell signaling and innate immunity genes, including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), often associated with recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Eighteen genes involved with innate immunity, cell signaling, cell stress and metabolite exchange were further analyzed using qPCR. PRRs, including five peptidoglycan recognition proteins and a Toll-like receptor, were expressed significantly higher in the trophosome compared to the plume. Although PRRs are often associated with mediating host responses to infection by pathogens, the differences in expression between the plume and trophosome also implicate similar mechanisms of microbial recognition in interactions between the host and symbiont. We posit that regulation of this association involves a molecular "dialogue" between the partners that includes interactions between the host's innate immune system and the symbiont.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer V. Nyholm
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SVN); (PRG)
| | - Pengfei Song
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeanne Dang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Corey Bunce
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Peter R. Girguis
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SVN); (PRG)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zenhom M, Hyder A, de Vrese M, Heller KJ, Roeder T, Schrezenmeir J. Peptidoglycan recognition protein 3 (PglyRP3) has an anti-inflammatory role in intestinal epithelial cells. Immunobiology 2012; 217:412-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
28
|
Abstract
Much is known about the molecular effectors of pathogenicity of gram-negative enteric pathogens, among which Shigella can be considered a model. This is due to its capacity to recapitulate the multiple steps required for a pathogenic microbe to survive close to its mucosal target, colonize and then invade its epithelial surface, cause its inflammatory destruction and simultaneously regulate the extent of the elicited innate response to likely survive the encounter and achieve successful subsequent transmission. These various steps of the infectious process represent an array of successive environmental conditions to which the bacteria need to successfully adapt. These conditions represent the selective pressure that triggered the "arms race" in which Shigella acquired the genetic and molecular effectors of its pathogenic armory, including the regulatory hierarchies that regulate the expression and function of these effectors. They also represent cues through which Shigella achieves the temporo-spatial expression and regulation of its virulence effectors. The role of such environmental cues has recently become obvious in the case of the major virulence effector of Shigella, the type three secretion system (T3SS) and its dedicated secreted virulence effectors. It needs to be better defined for other major virulence components such as the LPS and peptidoglycan which are used as examples here, in addition to the T3SS as models of regulation as it relates to the assembly and functional regulation of complex macromolecular systems of the bacterial surface. This review also stresses the need to better define what the true and relevant environmental conditions can be at the various steps of the progression of infection. The "identity" of the pathogen differs depending whether it is cultivated under in vitro or in vivo conditions. Moreover, this "identity" may quickly change during its progression into the infected tissue. Novel concepts and relevant tools are needed to address this challenge in microbial pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Marteyn
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France,Unité INSERM 786; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Anastasia Gazi
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France,Unité INSERM 786; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France
| | - Philippe Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France,Unité INSERM 786; Institut Pasteur; Paris, France,Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses; Collège de France; Paris, France,Correspondence to: Philippe Sansonetti,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fujimoto Y, Pradipta AR, Inohara N, Fukase K. Peptidoglycan as Nod1 ligand; fragment structures in the environment, chemical synthesis, and their innate immunostimulation. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:568-79. [PMID: 22370813 DOI: 10.1039/c2np00091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2011. This review focuses on the recent revealing of the immunostimulatory bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan (PGN) fragments as Nod1 ligands, especially a newly developed chemical synthesis of the partial structures, fragment structures in the environment and bacterial supernatant, and the immunostimulatory activities of the Nod1 ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Fujimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Porcherie A, Cunha P, Trotereau A, Roussel P, Gilbert FB, Rainard P, Germon P. Repertoire of Escherichia coli agonists sensed by innate immunity receptors of the bovine udder and mammary epithelial cells. Vet Res 2012; 43:14. [PMID: 22330199 PMCID: PMC3305352 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a frequent cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. It has been shown that a prompt response of the mammary gland after E. coli entry into the lumen of the gland is required to control the infection, which means that the early detection of bacteria is of prime importance. Yet, apart from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), little is known of the bacterial components which are detected by the mammary innate immune system. We investigated the repertoire of potential bacterial agonists sensed by the udder and bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC) during E. coli mastitis by using purified or synthetic molecular surrogates of bacterial agonists of identified pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). The production of CXCL8 and the influx of leucocytes in milk were the readouts of reactivity of stimulated cultured bMEC and challenged udders, respectively. Quantitative PCR revealed that bMEC in culture expressed the nucleotide oligomerization domain receptors NOD1 and NOD2, along with the Toll-like receptors TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6, but hardly TLR5. In line with expression data, bMEC proved to react to the cognate agonists C12-iE-DAP (NOD1), Pam3CSK4 (TLR1/2), Pam2CSK4 (TLR2/6), pure LPS (TLR4), but not to flagellin (TLR5). As the udder reactivity to NOD1 and TLR5 agonists has never been reported, we tested whether the mammary gland reacted to intramammary infusion of C12-iE-DAP or flagellin. The udder reacted to C12-iE-DAP, but not to flagellin, in line with the reactivity of bMEC. These results extend our knowledge of the reactivity of the bovine mammary gland to bacterial agonists of the innate immune system, and suggest that E. coli can be recognized by several PRRs including NOD1, but unexpectedly not by TLR5. The way the mammary gland senses E. coli is likely to shape the innate immune response and finally the outcome of E. coli mastitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Porcherie
- INRA, UMR 1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Paredes JC, Welchman DP, Poidevin M, Lemaitre B. Negative regulation by amidase PGRPs shapes the Drosophila antibacterial response and protects the fly from innocuous infection. Immunity 2012; 35:770-9. [PMID: 22118526 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are key regulators of insect immune responses. In addition to recognition PGRPs, which activate the Toll and Imd pathways, the Drosophila genome encodes six catalytic PGRPs with the capacity to scavenge peptidoglycan. We have performed a systematic analysis of catalytic PGRP function using deletions, separately and in combination. Our findings support the role of PGRP-LB as a negative regulator of the Imd pathway and brought to light a synergy of PGRP-SCs with PGRP-LB in the systemic response. Flies lacking all six catalytic PGRPs were still viable but exhibited deleterious immune responses to innocuous gut infections. Together with recent studies on mammalian PGRPs, our study uncovers a conserved role for PGRPs in gut homeostasis. Analysis of the immune phenotype of flies lacking all catalytic PGRPs and the Imd regulator Pirk reveals that the Imd-mediated immune response is highly constrained by the existence of multiple negative feedbacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Paredes
- Global Health Institute, Station 19, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Atilano ML, Yates J, Glittenberg M, Filipe SR, Ligoxygakis P. Wall teichoic acids of Staphylococcus aureus limit recognition by the drosophila peptidoglycan recognition protein-SA to promote pathogenicity. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002421. [PMID: 22144903 PMCID: PMC3228820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of gram-positive bacteria is a complex network of surface proteins, capsular polysaccharides and wall teichoic acids (WTA) covalently linked to Peptidoglycan (PG). The absence of WTA has been associated with a reduced pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Here, we assessed whether this was due to increased detection of PG, an important target of innate immune receptors. Antibiotic-mediated or genetic inhibition of WTA production in S. aureus led to increased binding of the non-lytic PG Recognition Protein-SA (PGRP-SA), and this was associated with a reduction in host susceptibility to infection. Moreover, PGRP-SD, another innate sensor required to control wild type S. aureus infection, became redundant. Our data imply that by using WTA to limit access of innate immune receptors to PG, under-detected bacteria are able to establish an infection and ultimately overwhelm the host. We propose that different PGRPs work in concert to counter this strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda L. Atilano
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - James Yates
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcus Glittenberg
- Genes and Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio R. Filipe
- Laboratory of Bacterial Cell Surfaces and Pathogenesis, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail: (SF); (PL)
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Genes and Development Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SF); (PL)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Schmidt RL, Rinaldo FM, Hesse SE, Hamada M, Ortiz Z, Beleford DT, Page-McCaw A, Platt JL, Tang AH. Cleavage of PGRP-LC receptor in the Drosophila IMD pathway in response to live bacterial infection in S2 cells. SELF NONSELF 2011; 2:125-141. [PMID: 22496930 DOI: 10.4161/self.17882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila responds to Gram-negative bacterial infection by activating the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, leading to production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). As a receptor for the IMD pathway, peptidoglycan-recognition protein (PGRP), PGRP-LC is known to recognize and bind monomeric peptidoglycan (DAP-type PGN) through its PGRP ectodomain and in turn activate the IMD pathway. The questions remain how PGRP-LC is activated in response to pathogen infection to initiate the IMD signal transduction in Drosophila. Here we present evidence to show that proteases such as elastase and Mmp2 can also activate the IMD pathway but not the TOLL pathway. The elastase-dependent IMD activation requires the receptor PGRP-LC. Importantly, we find that live Salmonella/E. coli infection modulates PGRP-LC expression/receptor integrity and activates the IMD pathway while dead Salmonella/E. coli or protease-deficient E. coli do neither. Our results suggest an interesting possibility that Gram-negative pathogen infection may be partially monitored through the structural integrity of the receptor PGRP-LC via an infection-induced enzyme-based cleavage-mediated activation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center; Mayo Clinic College of Medicine; Rochester, MN USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ueda W, Tohno M, Shimazu T, Fujie H, Aso H, Kawai Y, Numasaki M, Saito T, Kitazawa H. Molecular cloning, tissue expression, and subcellular localization of porcine peptidoglycan recognition proteins 3 and 4. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:148-54. [PMID: 21665294 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immune molecules that are present in most invertebrates and vertebrates. Mammals have four PGRPs, PGLYRP1-4. In the present study, we cloned the cDNAs encoding porcine PGLYRP3 and 4 from the esophagus of adult swine. The length of the complete open reading frames of porcine PGLYRP3 and 4 are identical and contain 1125bp encoding 374 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequences of these two proteins were more similar to their human orthologs (78.9% [PGLYRP3] and 73.9% [PGLYRP4]) than to their mouse orthologs (71.3% [PGLYRP3] and 67.9% [PGLYRP4]). Expression analysis revealed that both PGLYRP3 and 4 were more strongly expressed in digestive tract, especially the esophagus, than in immune organs such as spleen or mesenteric lymph nodes in both newborn and adult swine. To analyze the subcellular distribution of porcine PGLYRP1-4, we constructed transfectant cell lines. Western blot and flow cytometric analyses revealed that porcine PGLYRP3 and 4 are not only secreted, but also expressed on the cell surface, unlike PGLYRP1 and 2. These results should help contribute to the understanding of PGLYRP3- and 4-mediated immune responses via their recognition of intestinal microorganisms in newborn and adult swine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Ueda
- Food Immunology Group, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aobaku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Montaño AM, Tsujino F, Takahata N, Satta Y. Evolutionary origin of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in vertebrate innate immune system. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:79. [PMID: 21439073 PMCID: PMC3071341 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Innate immunity is the ancient defense system of multicellular organisms against microbial infection. The basis of this first line of defense resides in the recognition of unique motifs conserved in microorganisms, and absent in the host. Peptidoglycans, structural components of bacterial cell walls, are recognized by Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs). PGRPs are present in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Although some evidence for similarities and differences in function and structure between them has been found, their evolutionary history and phylogenetic relationship have remained unclear. Such studies have been severely hampered by the great extent of sequence divergence among vertebrate and invertebrate PGRPs. Here we investigate the birth and death processes of PGRPs to elucidate their origin and diversity. Results We found that (i) four rounds of gene duplication and a single domain duplication have generated the major variety of present vertebrate PGRPs, while in invertebrates more than ten times the number of duplications are required to explain the repertoire of present PGRPs, and (ii) the death of genes in vertebrates appears to be almost null whereas in invertebrates it is frequent. Conclusion These results suggest that the emergence of new PGRP genes may have an impact on the availability of the repertoire and its function against pathogens. These striking differences in PGRP evolution of vertebrates and invertebrates should reflect the differences in the role of their innate immunity. Insights on the origin of PGRP genes will pave the way to understand the evolution of the interaction between host and pathogens and to lead to the development of new treatments for immune diseases that involve proteins related to the recognition of self and non-self.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Montaño
- Department of Biosystems Science, School of Advanced Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Shonan Village, Hayama, 240-0193, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zaidman-Rémy A, Poidevin M, Hervé M, Welchman DP, Paredes JC, Fahlander C, Steiner H, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Lemaitre B. Drosophila immunity: analysis of PGRP-SB1 expression, enzymatic activity and function. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17231. [PMID: 21364998 PMCID: PMC3041801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan is an essential and specific component of the bacterial cell wall and therefore is an ideal recognition signature for the immune system. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are conserved from insects to mammals and able to bind PGN (non-catalytic PGRPs) and, in some cases, to efficiently degrade it (catalytic PGRPs). In Drosophila, several non-catalytic PGRPs function as selective peptidoglycan receptors upstream of the Toll and Imd pathways, the two major signalling cascades regulating the systemic production of antimicrobial peptides. Recognition PGRPs specifically activate the Toll pathway in response to Lys-type peptidoglycan found in most Gram-positive bacteria and the Imd pathway in response to DAP-type peptidoglycan encountered in Gram-positive bacilli-type bacteria and in Gram-negative bacteria. Catalytic PGRPs on the other hand can potentially reduce the level of immune activation by scavenging peptidoglycan. In accordance with this, PGRP-LB and PGRP-SC1A/B/2 have been shown to act as negative regulators of the Imd pathway. In this study, we report a biochemical and genetic analysis of PGRP-SB1, a catalytic PGRP. Our data show that PGRP-SB1 is abundantly secreted into the hemolymph following Imd pathway activation in the fat body, and exhibits an enzymatic activity towards DAP-type polymeric peptidoglycan. We have generated a PGRP-SB1/2 null mutant by homologous recombination, but its thorough phenotypic analysis did not reveal any immune function, suggesting a subtle role or redundancy of PGRP-SB1/2 with other molecules. Possible immune functions of PGRP-SB1 are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mireille Hervé
- Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire Cellulaire, UMR 8619 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Carina Fahlander
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hakan Steiner
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Toxicology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominique Mengin-Lecreulx
- Institut de Biochimie et Biophysique Moléculaire Cellulaire, UMR 8619 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire du CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- EPFL, Global Health Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Brivio MF, Mastore M, Nappi AJ. A pathogenic parasite interferes with phagocytosis of insect immunocompetent cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:991-998. [PMID: 20457179 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis activity of hemocytes of the host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) was modulated by the infection of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae (Rahbditida) and was found to be correlated with the opsonization of bacteria by hemolymph factors. The presence of nematodes resulted in a significative decrease in phagocytosis of bacteria by host hemocytes, both in in vivo and in in vitro assays. Host interacting proteins (HIPs), which appear to function as opsonic factors and are essential to perform immune responses, were removed by S. feltiae from host hemolymph, by means of its epicuticle binding properties. Host humoral factors sequestered by the parasite have been identified by monodimensional and 2D electrophoretic analysis. The data suggest that S. feltiae, living in association with symbiontic bacteria (Xenorhabdus nematophilus), develop an immune suppressive strategy to support its bacteria, which diminished the effectiveness of immunological surveillance by the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio F Brivio
- Lab of Comparative Immunology, DBSF, University of Insubria, via JH Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kern T, Giffard M, Hediger S, Amoroso A, Giustini C, Bui NK, Joris B, Bougault C, Vollmer W, Simorre JP. Dynamics Characterization of Fully Hydrated Bacterial Cell Walls by Solid-State NMR: Evidence for Cooperative Binding of Metal Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:10911-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja104533w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kern
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde Giffard
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Hediger
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Amoroso
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Giustini
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nhat Khai Bui
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Bernard Joris
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Bougault
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Simorre
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR5075 (CEA/CNRS/UJF), 38027 Grenoble, France, Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF), FRE3200 (CEA/CNRS), INAC, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France, Centre d’ingénierie des protéines, Institut de Chimie B6A, Université de Liège, Sart-Tilman, B4000 Liège, Belgium, and Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Leung CH, Lam W, Ma DL, Gullen EA, Cheng YC. Butyrate mediates nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation domain (NOD) 2-dependent mucosal immune responses against peptidoglycan. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3529-37. [PMID: 19830732 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between digestive tract microbiological flora and food has an important influence on human health. Butyrate is produced during the fermentation of dietary fibres by intestinal bacteria and plays an important role in the regulation of mucosal immunity. In this report, we studied the impact of butyrate on the defence mechanism against the bacterial membrane component peptidoglycan (PGN). Butyrate was found to enhance PGN-mediated IL-8 and GRO-alpha production. The expression of these chemokines required the activation of NF-kappaB and was dependent on the concentrations of butyrate and PGN. Butyrate was found to up-regulate nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation domain (NOD) 2, but not NOD1 or TLR2. NOD2 up-regulation was mediated by an increase in histone acetylation in the Nod2 promoter region, leading to enhanced PGN-induced IL-8 and GRO-alpha secretion. Knockdown of NOD2 and TLR2 by siRNA significantly reduced PGN-mediated chemokine production, suggesting that both NOD2 and TLR2 are required for maximal response. Our findings provide a better understanding of the mechanism by which butyrate regulates mucosal immunity for normal intestinal function. Based on the results of this study, we infer that dietary fibres can impact inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hang Leung
- The Open Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Institute of Molecular Technology for Drug Discovery and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kerff F, Petrella S, Mercier F, Sauvage E, Herman R, Pennartz A, Zervosen A, Luxen A, Frère JM, Joris B, Charlier P. Specific structural features of the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase AmiD from Escherichia coli and mechanistic implications for enzymes of this family. J Mol Biol 2009; 397:249-59. [PMID: 20036252 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AmiD is the fifth identified N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine zinc amidase of Escherichia coli. This periplasmic lipoprotein is anchored in the outer membrane and has a broad specificity. AmiD is capable of cleaving the intact peptidoglycan (PG) as well as soluble fragments containing N-acetylmuramic acid regardless of the presence of an anhydro form or not, unlike the four other amidases, AmiA, AmiB, AmiC, and AmpD, which have some specificity. AmiD function is, however, not clearly established but it could be part of the enzymatic machinery involved in the PG turnover in E. coli. We solved three structures of the E. coli zinc amidase AmiD devoid of its lipidic anchorage: the holoenzyme, the apoenzyme in complex with the substrate anhydro-N-acetylmuramic-acid-L-Ala-gamma-d-Glu-L-Lys, and the holoenzyme in complex with the L-Ala-gamma-D-Glu-L-Lys peptide, the product of the hydrolysis of this substrate by AmiD. The AmiD structure shows a relatively flexible N-terminal extension that allows an easy reach of the PG by the enzyme inserted into the outer membrane. The C-terminal domain provides a potential extended geometrical complementarity to the substrate. AmiD shares a common fold with AmpD, the bacteriophage T7 lysozyme, and the PG recognition proteins, which are receptor proteins involved in the innate immune responses of a wide range of organisms. Analysis of the different structures reveals the similarity between the catalytic mechanism of zinc amidases of the AmiD family and the thermolysin-related zinc peptidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Kerff
- Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 17, Bât B5a, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fujimoto Y, Konishi Y, Kubo O, Hasegawa M, Inohara N, Fukase K. Synthesis of crosslinked peptidoglycan fragments for investigation of their immunobiological functions. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
43
|
Fittipaldi N, Sekizaki T, Takamatsu D, de la Cruz Domínguez-Punaro M, Harel J, Bui NK, Vollmer W, Gottschalk M. Significant contribution of thepgdAgene to the virulence ofStreptococcus suis. Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:1120-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
44
|
Lhocine N, Ribeiro PS, Buchon N, Wepf A, Wilson R, Tenev T, Lemaitre B, Gstaiger M, Meier P, Leulier F. PIMS modulates immune tolerance by negatively regulating Drosophila innate immune signaling. Cell Host Microbe 2008; 4:147-58. [PMID: 18692774 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Metazoans tolerate commensal-gut microbiota by suppressing immune activation while maintaining the ability to launch rapid and balanced immune reactions to pathogenic bacteria. Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the establishment of this threshold. We report that a recently identified Drosophila immune regulator, which we call PGRP-LC-interacting inhibitor of Imd signaling (PIMS), is required to suppress the Imd innate immune signaling pathway in response to commensal bacteria. pims expression is Imd (immune deficiency) dependent, and its basal expression relies on the presence of commensal flora. In the absence of PIMS, resident bacteria trigger constitutive expression of antimicrobial peptide genes (AMPs). Moreover, pims mutants hyperactivate AMPs upon infection with Gram-negative bacteria. PIMS interacts with the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP-LC), causing its depletion from the plasma membrane and shutdown of Imd signaling. Therefore, PIMS is required to establish immune tolerance to commensal bacteria and to maintain a balanced Imd response following exposure to bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nouara Lhocine
- CNRS, Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, UPR2167, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91198, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang L, Gilbert RJC, Atilano ML, Filipe SR, Gay NJ, Ligoxygakis P. Peptidoglycan recognition protein-SD provides versatility of receptor formation in Drosophila immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:11881-6. [PMID: 18697931 PMCID: PMC2575254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710092105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, the enzymatic activity of the glucan binding protein GNBP1 is needed to present Gram-positive peptidoglycan (PG) to peptidoglycan recognition protein SA (PGRP-SA). However, an additional PGRP (PGRP-SD) has been proposed to play a partially redundant role with GNBP1 and PGRP-SA. To reconcile the genetic results with events at the molecular level, we investigated how PGRP-SD participates in the sensing of Gram-positive bacteria. PGRP-SD enhanced the binding of GNBP1 to Gram-positive PG. PGRP-SD interacted with GNBP1 and enhanced the interaction between GNBP1 and PGRP-SA. A complex containing all three proteins could be detected in native gels in the presence of PG. In solution, addition of a highly purified PG fragment induced the occurrence not only of the ternary complex but also of dimeric subcomplexes. These results indicate that the interplay between the binding affinities of different PGRPs provides sufficient flexibility for the recognition of the highly diverse Gram-positive PG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- *Genetics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. C. Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Magda L. Atilano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Sergio R. Filipe
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; and
| | - Nicholas J. Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- *Genetics Unit, Department of Biochemistry, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
RNAi suppression of zebrafish peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 (zfPGRP6) mediated differentially expressed genes involved in Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and caused increased susceptibility to Flavobacterium columnare. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:295-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
47
|
How bacteria consume their own exoskeletons (turnover and recycling of cell wall peptidoglycan). Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:211-27, table of contents. [PMID: 18535144 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00027-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The phenomenon of peptidoglycan recycling is reviewed. Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli break down and reuse over 60% of the peptidoglycan of their side wall each generation. Recycling of newly made peptidoglycan during septum synthesis occurs at an even faster rate. Nine enzymes, one permease, and one periplasmic binding protein in E. coli that appear to have as their sole function the recovery of degradation products from peptidoglycan, thereby making them available for the cell to resynthesize more peptidoglycan or to use as an energy source, have been identified. It is shown that all of the amino acids and amino sugars of peptidoglycan are recycled. The discovery and properties of the individual proteins and the pathways involved are presented. In addition, the possible role of various peptidoglycan degradation products in the induction of beta-lactamase is discussed.
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
In the past few years the knowledge of insect defense mechanisms against pathogenic microorganisms and parasites has significantly increased on both the molecular and the organismic level. These investigations have led to new concepts of immune protection also relevant for mammals with the identification of the Toll receptor family as an eminent example. This review provides a brief overview of insect strategies to on the one hand defeat bacterial pathogens while on the other hand cooperating with symbiotic bacteria beneficial for the insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Feldhaar
- Lehrstuhl für Soziobiologie und Verhaltensphysiologie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Autophagic control of listeria through intracellular innate immune recognition in drosophila. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:908-16. [PMID: 18604211 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, an evolutionally conserved homeostatic process for catabolizing cytoplasmic components, has been linked to the elimination of intracellular pathogens during mammalian innate immune responses. However, the mechanisms underlying cytoplasmic infection-induced autophagy and the function of autophagy in host survival after infection with intracellular pathogens remain unknown. Here we report that in drosophila, recognition of diaminopimelic acid-type peptidoglycan by the pattern-recognition receptor PGRP-LE was crucial for the induction of autophagy and that autophagy prevented the intracellular growth of Listeria monocytogenes and promoted host survival after this infection. Autophagy induction occurred independently of the Toll and IMD innate signaling pathways. Our findings define a pathway leading from the intracellular pattern-recognition receptors to the induction of autophagy to host defense.
Collapse
|
50
|
Sorrentino R, de Souza PM, Sriskandan S, Duffin C, Paul-Clark MJ, Mitchell JA. Pattern recognition receptors and interleukin-8 mediate effects of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on lung epithelial cell function. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:864-71. [PMID: 18536738 PMCID: PMC2439843 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lung epithelial cells express pattern recognition receptors, which react to bacteria. We have evaluated the effect of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on interleukin-8 (CXCL8) release from epithelial cells and the integrity of the epithelial barrier. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells and the epithelial cell line A549 were used, and CXCL8 release was measured after exposure to Gram-negative or Gram-positive bacteria. Epithelial barrier function was assessed in monolayer cultures of A549 cells. RESULTS Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae, induced release of CXCL8 from human airway epithelial cells. These bacteria also disrupted barrier function in A549 cells, an effect mimicked by CXCL8 and blocked by specific binding antibodies to CXCL8. Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced greater release of CXCL8 than Gram-positive bacteria. However, Gram-negative bacteria did not affect epithelial barrier function directly, but prevented disruption induced by Gram-positive bacteria. These effects of Gram-negative bacteria on barrier function were mimicked by FK565, an agonist of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) receptor, but not by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 agonist bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Neither the Gram-negative bacteria nor FK565 blocked CXCL8 release. CONCLUSIONS These data show differential functional responses induced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in human lung epithelial cells. The NOD1 receptors may have a role in preventing disruption of the epithelial barrier in lung, during inflammatory states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Sorrentino
- Cardiothoracic Pharmacology Department, Unit of Critical Care Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|