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León-Sicairos CR, Figueroa-Angulo EE, Calla-Choque JS, Arroyo R. The Non-Canonical Iron-Responsive Element of IRE-tvcp12 Hairpin Structure at the 3'-UTR of Trichomonas vaginalis TvCP12 mRNA That Binds TvHSP70 and TvACTN-3 Can Regulate mRNA Stability and Amount of Protein. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040586. [PMID: 37111472 PMCID: PMC10143249 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is one of the most common sexually transmitted parasites in humans. This protozoan has high iron requirements for growth, metabolism, and virulence. However, iron concentrations also differentially modulate T. vaginalis gene expression as in the genes encoding cysteine proteinases TvCP4 and TvCP12. Our goal was to identify the regulatory mechanism mediating the upregulation of tvcp12 under iron-restricted (IR) conditions. Here, we showed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunocytochemistry assays that IR conditions increase mRNA stability and amount of TvCP12. RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay (REMSA), UV cross-linking, and competition assays demonstrated that a non-canonical iron-responsive element (IRE)-like structure at the 3'-untranslated region of the tvcp12 transcript (IRE-tvcp12) specifically binds to human iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) and to atypical RNA-binding cytoplasmic proteins from IR trichomonads, such as HSP70 and α-Actinin 3. These data were confirmed by REMSA supershift and Northwestern blot assays. Thus, our findings show that a positive gene expression regulation under IR conditions occurs at the posttranscriptional level possibly through RNA-protein interactions between atypical RNA-binding proteins and non-canonical IRE-like structures at the 3'-UTR of the transcript by a parallel mechanism to the mammalian IRE/IRP system that can be applied to other iron-regulated genes of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia R León-Sicairos
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Elisa E Figueroa-Angulo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Jaeson S Calla-Choque
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center of Research and Advanced Studies of IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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2
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Rivera-Rivas LA, Arroyo R. Iron restriction increases the expression of a cytotoxic cysteine proteinase TvCP2 by a novel mechanism of tvcp2 mRNA alternative polyadenylation in Trichomonas vaginalis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194935. [PMID: 37011833 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis TvCP2 (TVAG_057000) is a cytotoxic cysteine proteinase (CP) expressed under iron-limited conditions. This work aimed to identify one of the mechanisms of tvcp2 gene expression regulation by iron at the posttranscriptional level. We checked tvcp2 mRNA stability under both iron-restricted (IR) and high iron (HI) conditions in the presence of actinomycin D. Greater stability of the tvcp2 mRNA under the IR than in HI conditions was observed, as expected. In silico analysis of the 3' regulatory region showed the presence of two putative polyadenylation signals in the tvcp2 transcript. By 3'-RACE assays, we demonstrated the existence of two isoforms of the tvcp2 mRNA with different 3'-UTR that resulted in more TvCP2 protein under IR than in HI conditions detected by WB assays. Additionally, we searched for homologs of the trichomonad polyadenylation machinery by an in silico analysis in the genome database, TrichDB. 16 genes that encode proteins that could be part of the trichomonad polyadenylation machinery were found. qRT-PCR assays showed that most of these genes were positively regulated by iron. Thus, our results show the presence of alternative polyadenylation as a novel iron posttranscriptional regulatory mechanism in T. vaginalis for the tvcp2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alberto Rivera-Rivas
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Benítez-Cardoza CG, Brieba LG, Arroyo R, Rojo-Domínguez A, Vique-Sánchez JL. Synergistic effect of compounds directed to triosephosphate isomerase, a combination to develop drug against trichomoniasis. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200046. [PMID: 35332589 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The development of new drugs is continuous in the world; currently, saving resources (both economic ones and time) and preventing secondary effects have become a necessity for drug developers. Trichomoniasis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted infection affecting more than 270 million people around the world. In our research group, we focussed on developing a selective and more effective drug against Trichomonas vaginalis, and we previously reported on a compound, called A4, which had a trichomonacidal effect. Later, we determined another compound, called D4, which also had a trichomonacidal effect together with favorable toxicity results. Both A4 and D4 are directed at the enzyme triosephosphate isomerase. Thus, we made combinations between the two compounds, in which we determined a synergistic effect against T. vaginalis, determining the IC50 and the toxicity of the best relationship to obtain the trichomonacidal effect. With these results, we can propose a combination of compounds that represents a promising alternative for the development of a new therapeutic strategy against trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G Benítez-Cardoza
- Laboratorio de Investigación Bioquímica, ENMyH-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis G Brieba
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Guanajuato, México
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Arturo Rojo-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José L Vique-Sánchez
- Facultad de Medicina Mexicali, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, México
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4
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Triosephosphate isomerase as a therapeutic target against trichomoniasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 246:111413. [PMID: 34537286 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted infection, caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis, affecting millions of people worldwide. The main treatment against trichomoniasis is metronidazole and other nitroimidazole derivatives, but up to twenty percent of clinical cases of trichomoniasis are resistant to these drugs. In this study, we used high-performance virtual screening to search for molecules that specifically bind to the protein, triosephosphate isomerase from T. vaginalis (TvTIM). By in silico molecular docking analysis, we selected six compounds from a chemical library of almost 500,000 compounds. While none of the six inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant triosephosphate isomerase isoforms, one compound (A4; 3,3'-{[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]methylene}bis(4- hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one) altered their fluorescence emission spectra, suggesting that this chemical might interfere in an important non-glycolytic function of TvTIM. In vitro assays demonstrate that A4 is not cytotoxic but does have trichomonacidal impact on T. vaginalis cultures. With these results, we propose this compound as a potential drug with a new therapeutic target against Trichomonas vaginalis.
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The effect of iron on Trichomonas vaginalis TvCP2: a cysteine proteinase found in vaginal secretions of trichomoniasis patients. Parasitology 2020; 147:760-774. [PMID: 32174285 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) induces host cell damage through cysteine proteinases (CPs) modulated by iron. An immunoproteomic analysis showed that trichomoniasis patient sera recognize various CPs, also some of them are present in vaginal washes (VWs). Thus, the goal of this work was to determine whether TvCP2 is expressed during infection and to assess the effect of iron on TvCP2 expression, localization and contribution to in vitro cellular damage. Western-blotting (WB) assays using TvCP2r and vaginitis patient serum samples showed that 6/9 Tv (+) but none of the Tv (-) patient sera recognized TvCP2r. WB using an anti-TvCP2r antibody and VWs from the same patients showed that in all of the Tv (+) but none of the Tv (-) VWs, the anti-TvCP2r antibody detected a 27 kDa protein band that corresponded to the mature TvCP2, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. Iron decreased the amount of TvCP2 mRNA and the protein localized on the parasite surface and cytoplasmic vesicles concomitant with the cytotoxic effect of TvCP2 on HeLa cells. Parasites pretreated with the anti-TvCP2r antibody also showed reduced levels of cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in HeLa cell monolayers. In conclusion, these results show that TvCP2 is expressed during trichomonal infection and plays an important role in the in vitro HeLa cell cytotoxic damage under iron-restricted conditions.
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Kalia N, Singh J, Kaur M. Immunopathology of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Infections: New Aspects and Research Directions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2034. [PMID: 31555269 PMCID: PMC6722227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent vulvovaginal infections (RVVI), a devastating group of mucosal infection, are severely affecting women's quality of life. Our understanding of the vaginal defense mechanisms have broadened recently with studies uncovering the inflammatory nature of bacterial vaginosis, inflammatory responses against novel virulence factors, innate Type 17 cells/IL-17 axis, neutrophils mediated killing of pathogens by a novel mechanism, and oxidative stress during vaginal infections. However, the pathogens have fine mechanisms to subvert or manipulate the host immune responses, hijack them and use them for their own advantage. The odds of hijacking increases, due to impaired immune responses, the net magnitude of which is the result of numerous genetic variations, present in multiple host genes, detailed in this review. Thus, by underlining the role of the host immune responses in disease etiology, modern research has clarified a major hypothesis shift in the pathophilosophy of RVVI. This knowledge can further be used to develop efficient immune-based diagnosis and treatment strategies for this enigmatic disease conditions. As for instance, plasma-derived MBL replacement, adoptive T-cell, and antibody-based therapies have been reported to be safe and efficacious in infectious diseases. Therefore, these emerging immune-therapies could possibly be the future therapeutic options for RVVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namarta Kalia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Jatinder Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
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Glucose-restriction increasesTrichomonas vaginaliscellular damage towards HeLa cells and proteolytic activity of cysteine proteinases (CPs), such as TvCP2. Parasitology 2019; 146:1156-1166. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractTrichomonas vaginalisinduces cellular damage to the host cells (cytotoxicity) through the proteolytic activity of multiple proteinases of the cysteine type (CPs). Some CPs are modulated by environmental factors such as iron, zinc, polyamines, etc. Thus, the goal of this study was to assess the effect of glucose onT. vaginaliscytotoxicity, proteolytic activity and the particular role of TvCP2 (TVAG_057000) during cellular damage. Cytotoxicity assays showed that glucose-restriction (GR) promotes the highest HeLa cell monolayers destruction (~95%) by trichomonads compared to those grown under high glucose (~44%) condition. Zymography and Western blot using different primary antibodies showed that GR increased the proteolytic activity, amount and secretion of certain CPs, including TvCP2. We further characterized the effect of glucose on TvCP2. TvCP2 increases in GR, localized in vesicles close to the plasma membrane and on the surface ofT. vaginalis. Furthermore, pretreatment of GR-trichomonads with an anti-TvCP2r polyclonal antibody specifically reduced the levels of cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction to HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data show that GR, as a nutritional stress condition, promotes trichomonal cytotoxicity to the host cells, increases trichomonad proteolytic activity and amount of CPs, such as TvCP2 involved in cellular damage.
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Sánchez-Rodríguez DB, Ortega-López J, Cárdenas-Guerra RE, Reséndiz-Cardiel G, Chávez-Munguía B, Lagunes-Guillen A, Arroyo R. Characterization of a novel endogenous cysteine proteinase inhibitor, trichocystatin-3 (TC-3), localized on the surface of Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 102:87-100. [PMID: 30016696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protist responsible for human trichomoniasis. T. vaginalis has three genes encoding for endogenous cysteine proteinase (CP) inhibitors, known as trichocystatin-1 through trichocystatin-3 (TC-1, TC-2, and TC-3). These inhibitors belong to the cystatin family. In this study, we characterized trichocystatin-3 (TC-3), an endogenous cysteine proteinase (CP) inhibitor of T. vaginalis. TC-3 possesses a signal peptide in the N-terminus and two putative glycosylation sites (typical of family 2, cystatins) but lacks the PW motif and cysteine residues (typical of family 1, stefins). Native TC-3 was recognized as an ∼18 kDa protein band in a T. vaginalis protein extract. By confocal microscopy, endogenous TC-3 was found in the Golgi complex, cytoplasm, large vesicles, and the plasma membrane. These localizations are consistent with an in silico prediction. In addition, the purified recombinant protein (TC-3r) functions as an inhibitor of cathepsin L CPs, such as human liver cathepsin L and trichomonad CPs, present in a proteinase-resistant extract (PRE). Via a pull-down assay using TC-3r as bait and PRE, we identified several trichomonad CPs targeted by TC-3, primarily TvCP3. These CP-TC-3 interactions occur in vesicles, in the cytoplasm, and on the parasite surface. In addition, TC-3r showed a protective effect on HeLa cell monolayers by inhibiting trichomonad surface CPs involved in cellular damage. Our results show that the endogenous inhibitor TC-3 plays a key role in the regulation of endogenous CP proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Belén Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Ortega-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elena Cárdenas-Guerra
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Reséndiz-Cardiel
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Anel Lagunes-Guillen
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Delg. Gustavo A Madero, CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Dias-Lopes G, Saboia-Vahia L, Margotti ET, Fernandes NDS, Castro CLDF, Oliveira FO, Peixoto JF, Britto C, Silva FCE, Cuervo P, Jesus JBD. Morphologic study of the effect of iron on pseudocyst formation in Trichomonas vaginalis and its interaction with human epithelial cells. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:664-673. [PMID: 28953994 PMCID: PMC5607515 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis is the aetiological agent of human trichomoniasis, which is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in humans. Iron is an important element for the survival of this parasite and the colonisation of the host urogenital tract. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the effects of iron on parasite proliferation in the dynamics of pseudocyst formation and morphologically characterised iron depletion-induced pseudocysts. METHODS We performed structural and ultrastructural analyses using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. FINDINGS It was observed that iron depletion (i) interrupts the proliferation of T. vaginalis, (ii) induces morphological changes in typical multiplicative trophozoites to spherical non-proliferative, non-motile pseudocysts, and (iii) induces the arrest of cell division at different stages of the cell cycle; (iv) iron is the fundamental element for the maintenance of typical trophozoite morphology; (v) pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are viable and reversible forms; and, finally, (vi) we demonstrated that pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are able to interact with human epithelial cells maintaining their spherical forms. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that pseudocysts could be induced as a response to iron nutritional stress and could have a potential role in the transmission and infection of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovane Dias-Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Saboia-Vahia
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Eliane Trindade Margotti
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil
| | - Nilma de Souza Fernandes
- Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Francisco Odencio Oliveira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Juliana Figueiredo Peixoto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Constança Britto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernando Costa E Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - José Batista de Jesus
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina, São João Del Rei, MG, Brasil
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Cheng WH, Huang KY, Huang PJ, Lee CC, Yeh YM, Ku FM, Lin R, Cheng ML, Chiu CH, Tang P. γ-Carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase: a novel cell cycle-related basal body protein in the early branching eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:443. [PMID: 28950916 PMCID: PMC5615479 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND γ-Carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase (CMD) participates in the β-ketoadipate pathway, which catalyzes aromatic compounds to produce acetyl- or succinyl-CoA, in prokaryotes and yeast. Our previous study demonstrated that expression of a CMD homologue that contains two signatures (dualCMD) is negatively regulated by iron in Trichomonas vaginalis. However, we were not able to identify the components of the β-ketoadipate pathway in the parasite's genome. These observations prompted us to investigate the biological functions of this novel CMD homologue in T. vaginalis. METHODS The specific anti-TvCMD1 antibody was generated, and the expression of TvCMD1 in T. vaginalis cultured under iron-rich and iron-deficient were evaluated. Phylogenetic, metabolomic and substrate induction (protocatechuate and benzoate) analysis were conducted to clarify the function of dualCMD in trichomonad cells. Subcellular localization of TvCMD1 was observed by confocal microscopy. The cell cycle-related role of TvCMD1 was assessed by treating cells with G2/M inhibitor nocodazole. RESULTS We confirmed that T. vaginalis is not able to catabolize the aromatic compounds benzoate and protocatechuate, which are known substrates of the β-ketoadipate pathway. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we found that TvCMD1 is spatially associated with the basal body, a part of the cytoskeletal organizing center in T. vaginalis. TvCMD1 accumulated upon treatment with the G2/M inhibitor nocodazole. Additionally, TvCMD1 was expressed and transported to/from the basal body during cytokinesis, suggesting that TvCMD1 plays a role in cell division. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that TvCMD1 is unlikely to participate in the β-ketoadipate pathway and demonstrated that it is a novel basal body-localizing (associated) protein. This model sheds light on the importance of genes that are acquired laterally in the coevolution of ancient protists, which surprisingly functions in cell cycle regulation of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology and Parasitology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ching Lee
- Department and Graduate Institute of Computer Science and Information Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ming Yeh
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Man Ku
- Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rose Lin
- Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Petrus Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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11
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Fernández-Martín KG, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Arana-Argáez VE, Alvarez-Sánchez LC, Lara-Riegos JC, Torres-Romero JC. Genome-wide identification, in silico characterization and expression analysis of ZIP-like genes from Trichomonas vaginalis in response to Zinc and Iron. Biometals 2017; 30:663-675. [PMID: 28733845 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements such as Zinc and Iron are essential components of metalloproteins and serve as cofactors or structural elements for enzymes involved in several important biological processes in almost all organisms. Because either excess or insufficient levels of Zn and Fe can be harmful for the cells, the homeostatic levels of these trace minerals must be tightly regulated. The Zinc regulated transporter, Iron regulated transporter-like Proteins (ZIP) comprise a diverse family, with several paralogues in diverse organisms and are considered essential for the Zn and Fe uptake and homeostasis. Zn and Fe has been shown to regulate expression of proteins involved in metabolism and pathogenicity mechanisms in the protozoan pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis, in contrast high concentrations of these elements were also found to be toxic for T. vaginalis trophozoites. Nevertheless, Zn and Fe uptake and homeostasis mechanisms is not yet clear in this parasite. We performed a genome-wide analysis and localized the 8 members of the ZIP gene family in T. vaginalis (TvZIP1-8). The bioinformatic programs predicted that the TvZIP proteins are highly conserved and show similar properties to the reported in other ZIP orthologues. The expression patterns of TvZIP1, 3, 5 and 7 were diminished in presence of Zinc, while the rest of the TvZIP genes showed an unchanged profile in this condition. In addition, TvZIP2 and TvZIP4 showed a differential expression pattern in trophozoites growth under different Iron conditions. These results suggest that TvZIP genes encode membrane transporters that may be responsible for the Zn and Fe acquisition in T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Fernández-Martín
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 x C. 90 Col. Inalámbrica, 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M E Alvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, 03100, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - V E Arana-Argáez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 x C. 90 Col. Inalámbrica, 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - L C Alvarez-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr, Hideyo Noguchi" de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 s/n x C. 90 Col. Inalámbrica, 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J C Lara-Riegos
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 x C. 90 Col. Inalámbrica, 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J C Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 x C. 90 Col. Inalámbrica, 97069, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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12
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Carvajal-Gamez BI, Carrillo LV, Torres-Romero JC, Camacho-Nuez M, Ponce-Regalado MD, Camarillo CL, Alvarez-Sánchez ME. Recombinant Trichomonas vaginalis eIF-5A protein expressed from a eukaryotic system binds specifically to mammalian and putative trichomonal eIF-5A response elements (EREs). Parasitol Int 2016; 65:625-631. [PMID: 27620329 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis eIF-5A-like protein (TveIF-5A) belongs to the highly conserved eIF-5A family of proteins that contains a unique polyamine-derived amino acid, hypusine. Recently, we determined that the polyamine putrescine is required for tveif-5a mRNA stability, and it is necessary for stability and maturation of the TveIF-5A protein. Eukaryotic eIF-5A is known to be involved in mRNA turnover and is capable of sequence-specific RNA binding to eIF-5A response elements (EREs). These ERE sequences are present in diverse mammalian mRNAs, including human cyclooxygenase-2 (cox-2). Here, we cloned the complete coding sequence of TveIF-5A and overexpressed it in a eukaryotic system. The recombinant protein (rTveIF-5A) was purified in soluble form using size-exclusion chromatography. Because of the polyamine-dependent regulation of TvCP39 (a protease of T. vaginalis) at the protein and RNA messenger (mRNA) levels, we looked for an ERE-like structure in the 3' region of tvcp39 mRNA. In RNA gel-shift assays, rTveIF-5A bound to transcripts at the EREs of cox-2 or tvcp39 mRNAs. This work shows the eIF-5A/ERE-like interaction in T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertha Isabel Carvajal-Gamez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 México City, México
| | - Laura Vázquez Carrillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 México City, México
| | - Julio César Torres-Romero
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 613 x C. 90 Col. Inalámbrica, CP 97069 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Minerva Camacho-Nuez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 México City, México
| | - María Dolores Ponce-Regalado
- Departamento de Clínicas, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, México
| | - César López Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 México City, México
| | - María Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 México City, México.
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Tolbert MK, Gookin JL. Mechanisms of Tritrichomonas foetus Pathogenicity in Cats with Insights from Venereal Trichomonosis. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:516-26. [PMID: 26946069 PMCID: PMC4913604 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 20 years has passed since trichomonosis was first recognized as a potential cause of diarrhea in domestic cats. Despite progress in confirming disease causation, developing means for diagnosis, and identifying approaches to treatment of the infection, we still know very little about how this parasite causes diarrhea. With increasing recognition of resistance of trichomonosis to treatment with 5‐nitroimidazole drugs, new treatment strategies based on an understanding of disease pathogenesis are needed. In this review, lessons learned from the pathogenesis of venereal trichomonosis in people and cattle are applied to clinical observations of trichomonosis in cats in effort to generate insight into areas where further research may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Tolbert
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN
| | - J L Gookin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Vieira PDB, Silva NLF, Kist LW, Oliveira GMTD, Bogo MR, Carli GAD, Macedo AJ, Tasca T. Iron from haemoglobin and haemin modulates nucleotide hydrolysis in Trichomonas vaginalis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:201-8. [PMID: 25946243 PMCID: PMC4489450 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP may act as a danger signalling molecule, inducing inflammation and
immune responses in infection sites. The ectonucleotidases NTPDase and
ecto-5’-nucleotidase are enzymes that modulate extracellular nucleotide levels; these
enzymes have been previously characterised in Trichomonas vaginalis.
Iron plays an important role in the complex trichomonal pathogenesis. Herein, the
effects of iron on growth, nucleotide hydrolysis and NTPDase gene expression in
T. vaginalis isolates from female and male patients were
evaluated. Iron from different sources sustained T. vaginalis
growth. Importantly, iron from haemoglobin (HB) and haemin (HM) enhanced NTPDase
activity in isolates from female patients and conversely reduced the enzyme activity
in isolates from male patients. Iron treatments could not alter the NTPDase
transcript levels in T. vaginalis. Furthermore, our results reveal a
distinct ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis profile between isolates from female and male
patients influenced by iron from HB and HM. Our data indicate the participation of
NTPDase and ecto-5’-nucleotidase in the establishment of trichomonas infection
through ATP degradation and adenosine production influenced by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | | | - Maurício Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Geraldo Atillio de Carli
- Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Quintas-Granados LI, Carvajal Gamez BI, Villalpando JL, Ortega-Lopez J, Arroyo R, Azuara-Liceaga E, Álvarez-Sánchez ME. Bifunctional activity of deoxyhypusine synthase/hydroxylase from Trichomonas vaginalis. Biochimie 2015; 123:37-51. [PMID: 26410361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Trichomonas vaginalis genome analysis suggested the presence of a putative deoxyhypusine synthase (TvDHS) that catalyzes the posttranslational modification of eIF-5A. Herein, we expressed and purified the recombinant TvDHS (rTvDHS) protein (43 kDa) and the recombinant TveIF-5A (rTveIF-5A) precursor protein (46 kDa). A 41 kDa band of the native TvDHS was recognized by western blot analysis in T. vaginalis total protein extract by a mouse polyclonal anti-rTvDHS antibody. The enzymatic activity of rTvDHS was determined by in vitro rTveIF-5A precursor modification. The modification reaction was performed by using ((3)H)-spermidine, and the biochemical analysis showed that rTvDHS exhibited Km value of 0.6 μM. The rTvDHS activity was inhibited by the spermidine analog, N″-guanyl-1,7-diamino-heptane (GC7). Native gel electrophoresis analysis showed two bands corresponding to an rTvDHS-rTveIF-5A complex and an intermediate form of rTveIF-5A. The two forms were subsequently separated by ion exchange chromatography to identify the hypusine residue by MS/MS analysis. Moreover, mutations in TvDHS showed that the putative HE motif present in this enzyme is involved in the hydroxylation of TveIF-5A. We observed that only hypusine-containing TveIF-5A was bound to an RNA hairpin ERE structure from the cox-2 gene, which contains the AAAUGUCACAC consensus sequence. Interestingly, 2DE-WB assays, using parasites that were grown in DAB-culture conditions and transferred to exogenous putrescine, showed the new isoform of TveIF-5A. In summary, our results indicate that T. vaginalis contains an active TvDHS capable of modifying the precursor TveIF-5A protein, which subsequently exhibits RNA binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Itzel Quintas-Granados
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bertha Isabel Carvajal Gamez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Villalpando
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Ortega-Lopez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elisa Azuara-Liceaga
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo #290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100, Mexico City, Mexico.
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dos Santos O, de Vargas Rigo G, Frasson AP, Macedo AJ, Tasca T. Optimal Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Trichomonas vaginalis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138331. [PMID: 26393928 PMCID: PMC4579074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is the etiologic agent of trichomonosis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. This infection is associated with several health consequences, including cervical and prostate cancers and HIV acquisition. Gene expression analysis has been facilitated because of available genome sequences and large-scale transcriptomes in T. vaginalis, particularly using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), one of the most used methods for molecular studies. Reference genes for normalization are crucial to ensure the accuracy of this method. However, to the best of our knowledge, a systematic validation of reference genes has not been performed for T. vaginalis. In this study, the transcripts of nine candidate reference genes were quantified using qRT-PCR under different cultivation conditions, and the stability of these genes was compared using the geNorm and NormFinder algorithms. The most stable reference genes were α-tubulin, actin and DNATopII, and, conversely, the widely used T. vaginalis reference genes GAPDH and β-tubulin were less stable. The PFOR gene was used to validate the reliability of the use of these candidate reference genes. As expected, the PFOR gene was upregulated when the trophozoites were cultivated with ferrous ammonium sulfate when the DNATopII, α-tubulin and actin genes were used as normalizing gene. By contrast, the PFOR gene was downregulated when the GAPDH gene was used as an internal control, leading to misinterpretation of the data. These results provide an important starting point for reference gene selection and gene expression analysis with qRT-PCR studies of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odelta dos Santos
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Piccoli Frasson
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiana Tasca
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Cheng WH, Huang KY, Huang PJ, Hsu JH, Fang YK, Chiu CH, Tang P. Nitric oxide maintains cell survival of Trichomonas vaginalis upon iron depletion. Parasit Vectors 2015. [PMID: 26205151 PMCID: PMC4513698 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Iron plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of highly prevalent human trichomoniasis. T. vaginalis resides in the vaginal region, where the iron concentration is constantly changing. Hence, T. vaginalis must adapt to variations in iron availability to establish and maintain an infection. The free radical signaling molecules reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been proven to participate in iron deficiency in eukaryotes. However, little is known about the roles of these molecules in iron-deficient T. vaginalis. Methods T. vaginalis cultured in iron-rich and -deficient conditions were collected for all experiments in this study. Next generation RNA sequencing was conducted to investigate the impact of iron on transcriptome of T. vaginalis. The cell viabilities were monitored after the trophozoites treated with the inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (L-NG-monomethyl arginine, L-NMMA) and proteasome (MG132). Hydrogenosomal membrane potential was measured using JC-1 staining. Results We demonstrated that NO rather than ROS accumulates in iron-deficient T. vaginalis. The level of NO was blocked by MG132 and L-NMMA, indicating that NO production is through a proteasome and arginine dependent pathway. We found that the inhibition of proteasome activity shortened the survival of iron-deficient cells compared with untreated iron-deficient cells. Surprisingly, the addition of arginine restored both NO level and the survival of proteasome-inhibited cells, suggesting that proteasome-derived NO is crucial for cell survival under iron-limited conditions. Additionally, NO maintains the hydrogenosomal membrane potential, a determinant for cell survival, emphasizing the cytoprotective effect of NO on iron-deficient T. vaginalis. Collectively, we determined that NO produced by the proteasome prolonged the survival of iron-deficient T. vaginalis via maintenance of the hydrogenosomal functions. Conclusion The findings in this study provide a novel role of NO in adaptation to iron-deficient stress in T. vaginalis and shed light on a potential therapeutic strategy for trichomoniasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1000-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Yang Huang
- Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Jung Huang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Jo-Hsuan Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Kai Fang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Petrus Tang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Molecular Regulation and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Barratt JLN, Cao M, Stark DJ, Ellis JT. The Transcriptome Sequence of Dientamoeba fragilis Offers New Biological Insights on its Metabolism, Kinome, Degradome and Potential Mechanisms of Pathogenicity. Protist 2015; 166:389-408. [PMID: 26188431 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis is a human bowel parasite with a worldwide distribution. Dientamoeba was once described as a rare and harmless commensal though recent reports suggest it is common and potentially pathogenic. Molecular data on Dientamoeba is scarce which limits our understanding of this parasite. To address this, sequencing of the Dientamoeba transcriptome was performed. Messenger RNA was extracted from cultured Dientamoeba trophozoites originating from clinical stool specimens, and sequenced using Roche GS FLX and Illumina HiSeq technologies. In total 6,595 Dientamoeba transcripts were identified. These sequences were analysed using the BLAST2GO software suite and via BLAST comparisons to sequences available from TrichDB, GenBank, MEROPS and kinase.com. Several novel KEGG pathway maps were generated and gene ontology analysis was also performed. These results are thoroughly discussed guided by knowledge available for other related protozoa. Attention is paid to the novel biological insights afforded by this data including peptidases and kinases of Dientamoeba, as well as its metabolism, novel chemotherapeutics and possible mechanisms of pathogenicity. Currently, this work represents the largest contribution to our understanding of Dientamoeba molecular biology and also represents a major contribution to our understanding of the trichomonads generally, many of which are important pathogens of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel L N Barratt
- University of Technology Sydney, iThree Institute, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia.
| | - Maisie Cao
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Damien J Stark
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia; Division of Microbiology, Sydpath, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - John T Ellis
- University of Technology Sydney, School of Life Sciences, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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Trichomonas vaginalis Cysteine Proteinases: Iron Response in Gene Expression and Proteolytic Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:946787. [PMID: 26090464 PMCID: PMC4450334 DOI: 10.1155/2015/946787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We focus on the iron response of Trichomonas vaginalis to gene family products such as the cysteine proteinases (CPs) involved in virulence properties. In particular, we examined the effect of iron on the gene expression regulation and function of cathepsin L-like and asparaginyl endopeptidase-like CPs as virulence factors. We addressed some important aspects about CPs genomic organization and we offer possible explanations to the fact that only few members of this large gene family are expressed at the RNA and protein levels and the way to control their proteolytic activity. We also summarized all known iron regulations of CPs at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels along with new insights into the possible epigenetic and miRNA processes.
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Hernández HM, Marcet R, Sarracent J. Biological roles of cysteine proteinases in the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:54. [PMID: 25348828 PMCID: PMC4209856 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2014054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human trichomonosis, infection with Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease in the world. The host-parasite interaction and pathophysiological processes of trichomonosis remain incompletely understood. This review focuses on the advancements reached in the area of the pathogenesis of T. vaginalis, especially in the role of the cysteine proteinases. It highlights various approaches made in this field and lists a group of trichomonad cysteine proteinases involved in diverse processes such as invasion of the mucous layer, cytoadherence, cytotoxicity, cytoskeleton disruption of red blood cells, hemolysis, and evasion of the host immune response. A better understanding of the biological roles of cysteine proteinases in the pathogenesis of this parasite could be used in the identification of new chemotherapeutic targets. An additional advantage could be the development of a vaccine in order to reduce transmission of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda M Hernández
- Parasitology Department, "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Ricardo Marcet
- Parasitology Department, "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana 10400, Cuba
| | - Jorge Sarracent
- Parasitology Department, "Pedro Kourí" Tropical Medicine Institute, Havana 10400, Cuba
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Carvajal-Gamez BI, Quintas-Granados LI, Arroyo R, Vázquez-Carrillo LI, Ramón-Luing LDLA, Carrillo-Tapia E, Alvarez-Sánchez ME. Putrescine-dependent re-localization of TvCP39, a cysteine proteinase involved in Trichomonas vaginalis cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107293. [PMID: 25251406 PMCID: PMC4175073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are involved in the regulation of some Trichomonas vaginalis virulence factors such as the transcript, proteolytic activity, and cytotoxicity of TvCP65, a cysteine proteinase (CP) involved in the trichomonal cytotoxicity. In this work, we reported the putrescine effect on TvCP39, other CP that also participate in the trichomonal cytotoxicity. Parasites treated with 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB) (an inhibitor of putrescine biosynthesis), diminished the amount and proteolytic activity of TvCP39 as compared with untreated parasites. Inhibition of putrescine biosynthesis also reduced ∼80% the tvcp39 mRNA levels according to RT-PCR and qRT-PCR assays. Additionally, actinomycin D-treatment showed that the tvcp39 mRNA half-life decreased in the absence of putrescine. However, this reduction was restored by exogenous putrescine addition, suggesting that putrescine is necessary for tvcp39 mRNA stability. TvCP39 was localized in the cytoplasm but, in DAB treated parasites transferred into exogenous putrescine culture media, TvCP39 was re-localized to the nucleus and nuclear periphery of trichomonads. Interestingly, the amount and proteolytic activity of TvCP39 was recovered as well as the tvcp39 mRNA levels were restored when putrescine exogenous was added to the DAB-treated parasites. In conclusion, our data show that putrescine regulate the TvCP39 expression, protein amount, proteolytic activity, and cellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rossana Arroyo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies, IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Eduardo Carrillo-Tapia
- Genomic Sciences Postgraduate, Autonomous University of Mexico City (UACM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Puente-Rivera J, de los Ángeles Ramón-Luing L, Figueroa-Angulo EE, Ortega-López J, Arroyo R. Trichocystatin-2 (TC-2): An endogenous inhibitor of cysteine proteinases in Trichomonas vaginalis is associated with TvCP39. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:255-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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α -Actinin TvACTN3 of Trichomonas vaginalis is an RNA-binding protein that could participate in its posttranscriptional iron regulatory mechanism. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:424767. [PMID: 24719864 PMCID: PMC3955661 DOI: 10.1155/2014/424767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted flagellated protist parasite responsible for trichomoniasis. This parasite is dependent on high levels of iron, favoring its growth and multiplication. Iron also differentially regulates some trichomonad virulence properties by unknown mechanisms. However, there is evidence to support the existence of gene regulatory mechanisms at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels that are mediated by iron concentration in T. vaginalis. Thus, the goal of this study was to identify an RNA-binding protein in T. vaginalis that interacts with the tvcp4 RNA stem-loop structure, which may participate in a posttranscriptional iron regulatory mechanism mediated by RNA-protein interactions. We performed RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay (REMSA) and supershift, UV cross-linking, Northwestern blot, and western blot (WB) assays using cytoplasmic protein extracts from T. vaginalis with the tvcp4 RNA hairpin structure as a probe. We identified a 135-kDa protein isolated by the UV cross-linking assays as α-actinin 3 (TvACTN3) by MALDI-TOF-MS that was confirmed by LS-MS/MS and de novo sequencing. TvACTN3 is a cytoplasmic protein that specifically binds to hairpin RNA structures from trichomonads and humans when the parasites are grown under iron-depleted conditions. Thus, TvACTN3 could participate in the regulation of gene expression by iron in T. vaginalis through a parallel posttranscriptional mechanism similar to that of the IRE/IRP system.
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Cárdenas-Guerra RE, Arroyo R, Rosa de Andrade I, Benchimol M, Ortega-López J. The iron-induced cysteine proteinase TvCP4 plays a key role in Trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:958-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Quintas-Granados LI, Villalpando JL, Vázquez-Carrillo LI, Arroyo R, Mendoza-Hernández G, Álvarez-Sánchez ME. TvMP50 is an immunogenic metalloproteinase during male trichomoniasis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1953-64. [PMID: 23579185 PMCID: PMC3708178 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis, a human urogenital tract parasite, is capable of surviving in the male microenvironment, despite of the presence of Zn(2+). Concentrations > 1.6 mM of Zn(2+) have a trichomonacidal effect; however, in the presence of ≤1.6 mM Zn(2+), several trichomonad proteins are up- or down-regulated. Herein, we analyzed the proteome of a T. vaginalis male isolate (HGMN01) grown in the presence of Zn(2+) and found 32 protein spots that were immunorecognized by male trichomoniasis patient serum. Using mass spectrometry (MS), the proteins were identified and compared with 23 spots that were immunorecognized in the proteome of a female isolate using the same serum. Interestingly, we found a 50-kDa metallopeptidase (TvMP50). Unexpectedly, this proteinase was immunodetected by the serum of male trichomoniasis patients but not by the female patient serum or sera from healthy men and women. We analyzed the T. vaginalis genome and localized the mp50 gene in locus TVAG_403460. Using an RT-PCR assay, we amplified a 1320-bp mp50 mRNA transcript that was expressed in the presence of Zn(2+) in the HGMN01 and CNCD147 T. vaginalis isolates. According to a Western blot assay, native TvMP50 was differentially expressed in the presence of Zn(2+). The TvMP50 proteolytic activity increased in the presence of Zn(2+) in both isolates and was inhibited by EDTA but not by ptosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK), E64, leupeptin, or phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride. Furthermore, the recombinant TvMP50 had proteolytic activity that was inhibited by EDTA. These data suggested that TvMP50 is immunogenic during male trichomoniasis, and Zn(2+) induces its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Itzel Quintas-Granados
- From the ‡Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100. México D.F., México
| | - José Luis Villalpando
- From the ‡Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100. México D.F., México
| | - Laura Isabel Vázquez-Carrillo
- From the ‡Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100. México D.F., México
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- §Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av IPN 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco CP 07360. México D.F., México
| | - Guillermo Mendoza-Hernández
- ¶Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - María Elizbeth Álvarez-Sánchez
- From the ‡Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100. México D.F., México
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The TvLEGU-1, a legumain-like cysteine proteinase, plays a key role in Trichomonas vaginalis cytoadherence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:561979. [PMID: 23509742 PMCID: PMC3581150 DOI: 10.1155/2013/561979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this paper was to characterize a Trichomonas vaginalis cysteine proteinase (CP) legumain-1 (TvLEGU-1) and determine its potential role as a virulence factor during T. vaginalis infection. A 30-kDa band, which migrates in three protein spots (pI~6.3, ~6.5, and ~6.7) with a different type and level of phosphorylation, was identified as TvLEGU-1 by one- and two-dimensional Western blot (WB) assays, using a protease-rich trichomonad extract and polyclonal antibodies produced against the recombinant TvLEGU-1 (anti-TvLEGU-1r). Its identification was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Immunofluorescence, cell binding, and WB assays showed that TvLEGU-1 is upregulated by iron at the protein level, localized on the trichomonad surface and in lysosomes and Golgi complex, bound to the surface of HeLa cells, and was found in vaginal secretions. Additionally, the IgG and Fab fractions of the anti-TvLEGU-1r antibody inhibited trichomonal cytoadherence up to 45%. Moreover, the Aza-Peptidyl Michael Acceptor that inhibited legumain proteolytic activity in live parasites also reduced levels of trichomonal cytoadherence up to 80%. In conclusion, our data show that the proteolytic activity of TvLEGU-1 is necessary for trichomonal adherence. Thus, TvLEGU-1 is a novel virulence factor upregulated by iron. This is the first report that a legumain-like CP plays a role in a pathogen cytoadherence.
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The effects of environmental factors on the virulence of Trichomonas vaginalis. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1411-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Trichomoniasis and lactoferrin: future prospects. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 2012:536037. [PMID: 22988421 PMCID: PMC3439953 DOI: 10.1155/2012/536037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan which infects the urogenital tract and requires iron as an essential nutrient. Iron is known to upregulate various adhesins required for cytoadherance and other factors involved in pathogenesis. At mucosal surfaces, iron is chelated by lactoferrin resulting in low levels of free iron. However, pathogens have evolved mechanisms for an increased uptake of iron. The present review highlights the role of iron in survival of Trichomonas during fluctuating concentrations of iron at mucosal surfaces during the menstrual cycle. Future prospects in terms of new drug and vaccine targets related to iron and its receptors have also been described.
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Cellular and biochemical characterization of two closely related triosephosphate isomerases from Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology 2012; 139:1729-38. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201200114x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase catalyses the isomerization between glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Here we report that Trichomonas vaginalis contains 2 fully functional tpi genes. Both genes are located in separated chromosomal context with different promoter regulatory elements and encode ORFs of 254 amino acids; the only differences between them are the character of 4 amino acids located in α-helices 1, 2 and 8. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR assays showed that tpi2 transcript is approximately 3·3-fold more abundant than tpi1. Using an anti-TvTIM2 polyclonal antibody it was demonstrated that TIM proteins have a cytoplasmic localization and both enzymes are able to complement an Escherichia coli strain carrying a deletion of its endogenous tpi gene. Both TIM proteins assemble as dimers and their secondary structure assessment is essentially identical to TIM from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The kinetic catalytic constants of the recombinant enzymes using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate as substrate are similar to the catalytic constants of TIMs from other organisms including parasitic protozoa. As T. vaginalis depends on glycolysis for ATP production, we speculate 2 possible reasons to maintain a duplicated tpi copy on its genome: an increase in gene dosage or an early event of neofunctionalization of TIM as a moonlighting protein.
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Muñoz C, Pérez M, Orrego PR, Osorio L, Gutiérrez B, Sagua H, Castillo JL, Martínez-Oyanedel J, Arroyo R, Meza-Cervantez P, da Silveira JF, Midlej V, Benchimol M, Cordero E, Morales P, Araya JE, González J. A protein phosphatase 1 gamma (PP1γ) of the human protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is involved in proliferation and cell attachment to the host cell. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:715-27. [PMID: 22713760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, evidence for a critical role of Trichomonas vaginalis protein phosphatase 1 gamma (TvPP1γ) in proliferation and attachment of the parasite to the mammalian cell is provided. Firstly, proliferation and attachment of T. vaginalis parasites to HeLa cells was blocked by calyculin A (CA), a potent PP1 inhibitor. Secondly, it was demonstrated that the enzyme activity of native and recombinant TvPP1γ proteins was inhibited by CA. Thirdly, reverse genetic studies confirmed that antisense oligonucleotides targeted to PP1γ but not PP1α or β inhibited proliferation and attachment of trichomonads CA-treated parasites underwent cytoskeletal modifications, including a lack of axostyle typical labelling, suggesting that cytoskeletal phosphorylation could be regulated by a CA-sensitive phosphatase where the role of PP1γ could not be ruled out. Analysis of subcellular distribution of TvPP1γ by cell fractionation and electron microscopy demonstrated the association between TvPP1γ and the cytoskeleton. The expression of adhesins, AP120 and AP65, at the cell surface was also inhibited by CA. The concomitant inhibition of expression of adhesins and changes in the cytoskeleton in CA-treated parasites suggest a specific role for PP1γ -dependent dephosphorylation in the early stages of the host-parasite interaction. Molecular modelling of TvPP1γ showed the conservation of residues critical for maintaining proper folding into the gross structure common to PP1 proteins. Taken together, these results suggest that TvPP1γ could be considered a potential novel drug target for treatment of trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Muñoz
- Department of Medical Technology, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, P.O. Box 170, Chile
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Meza-Cervantez P, González-Robles A, Cárdenas-Guerra RE, Ortega-López J, Saavedra E, Pineda E, Arroyo R. Pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO) is a surface-associated cell-binding protein in Trichomonas vaginalis and is involved in trichomonal adherence to host cells. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:3469-3482. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.053033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trichomonas vaginalis 120 kDa protein adhesin (AP120) is induced under iron-rich conditions and has sequence homology with pyruvate : ferredoxin oxidoreductase A (PFO A), a hydrogenosomal enzyme that is absent in humans. This homology raises the possibility that, like AP120, PFO might be localized to the parasite surface and participate in cytoadherence. Here, the cellular localization and function of PFO that was expressed under various iron concentrations was investigated using a polyclonal antibody generated against the 50 kDa recombinant C-terminal region of PFO A (anti-PFO50). In Western blot assays, this antibody recognized a 120 kDa protein band in total protein extracts, and proteins with affinity to the surface of HeLa cells from parasites grown under iron-rich conditions. In addition to localization that is typical of hydrogenosomal proteins, PFOs that were expressed under iron-rich conditions were found to localize at the surface. This localization was demonstrated using immunofluorescence and co-localization assays, as well as immunogold transmission electron microscopy. In addition to describing its enzyme activity, we describe a novel function in trichomonal host interaction for the PFO localized on the parasite surface. The anti-PFO50 antibody reduced the levels of T. vaginalis adherence to HeLa cell monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner. Thus, T. vaginalis PFO is an example of a surface-associated cell-binding protein that lacks enzyme activity and that is involved in cytoadherence. Additionally, PFO behaves like AP120 in parasites grown under iron-rich conditions. Therefore, these data suggest that AP120 and PFO A are encoded by the same gene, namely pfo a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Meza-Cervantez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, Mexico
| | - Arturo González-Robles
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, Mexico
| | - Rosa Elena Cárdenas-Guerra
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, Mexico
| | - Jaime Ortega-López
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, Mexico
| | - Emma Saavedra
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México DF, Mexico
| | - Erika Pineda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, México DF, Mexico
| | - Rossana Arroyo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), México DF, Mexico
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Identification and characterization of the immunogenic cytotoxic TvCP39 proteinase gene of Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 43:1500-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Smith A, Johnson P. Gene expression in the unicellular eukaryote Trichomonas vaginalis. Res Microbiol 2011; 162:646-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Identification and characterization of a surface-associated, subtilisin-like serine protease inTrichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology 2010; 137:1621-35. [DOI: 10.1017/s003118201000051x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYTrichomonas vaginalisis a protozoan parasite causing trichomonosis, a sexually transmitted infection in humans. This parasite has numerous proteases, most of which are cysteine proteases that appear to be involved in adherence and cytotoxicity of host cells. In this report we identify and characterize a putative subtilisin-like serine protease (SUB1). Thesub1gene encodes a 101-kDa protein.In silicoanalyses predict signal and pro-peptides at the N-terminus, and a transmembrane helix at the carboxy-terminal region. Thesub1gene was found as single copy by Southern analysis, albeit additional serine protease related genes are annotated in theT. vaginalisgenome. The expression ofsub1could only be detected by RT-PCR and Ribonuclease Protection Assays, suggesting a low abundant mRNA. Thesub1gene transcription start site was correctly assigned by RPA. The transcript abundance was found to be modulated by the availability of iron in the growth medium. Antibodies raised to a specific SUB1 peptide recognized a single protein band (~82 kDa) in Western blots, possibly representing the mature form of the protein. Immunofluorescence showed SUB1 on the trichomonad surface, and in dispersed vesicles throughout the cytoplasm. A bioinformatic analysis of genes annotated as serine proteases in theT. vaginalisgenome is also presented. To our knowledge this is the first putative serine protease experimentally described forT. vaginalis.
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Escario A, Gómez Barrio A, Simons Diez B, Escario J. Immunohistochemical study of the vaginal inflammatory response in experimental trichomoniasis. Acta Trop 2010; 114:22-30. [PMID: 20025844 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, the acute and subchronical inflammatory processes of the vaginal epithelial were studied in mice experimentally infected with two Trichomonas vaginalis strains of different pathogenicity, by means of histological and immunological methods. There was an increase in the stratified epithelium layers as well as edema produced by the increase of vascularization in the propia submucosa and infiltration of leukocytes. The proliferation of the vaginal epithelium favors the settlement and persistence of the parasitic infection. All of the findings corresponded with signs of a systemic disease being observed in the animals, including significant weight loss and also intestinal invasion. The entire inflammatory process has been corroborated by studies of adhesion molecules such as E-Selectin, VCAM-1 and PECAM-1. A correlation between the time of appearance and the perseverance of the inflammatory process with E-Selectin and VCAM-1 expression was observed, but not with PECAM-1. The strain with a higher pathogenicity was able to invade deep vaginal tissues and thus, parasites could not be detected by vaginal washings. This may be an important cause of diagnosis and treatment failure. Also, by the different localization of trichomonads, it appeared that the battle between host and parasite took place in different areas dependent upon the characteristics of the strain.
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Regulation of gene expression in protozoa parasites. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:726045. [PMID: 20204171 PMCID: PMC2830571 DOI: 10.1155/2010/726045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with protozoa parasites are associated with high burdens of morbidity and mortality across the developing world. Despite extensive efforts to control the transmission of these parasites, the spread of populations resistant to drugs and the lack of effective vaccines against them contribute to their persistence as major public health problems. Parasites should perform a strict control on the expression of genes involved in their pathogenicity, differentiation, immune evasion, or drug resistance, and the comprehension of the mechanisms implicated in that control could help to develop novel therapeutic strategies. However, until now these mechanisms are poorly understood in protozoa. Recent investigations into gene expression in protozoa parasites suggest that they possess many of the canonical machineries employed by higher eukaryotes for the control of gene expression at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and epigenetic levels, but they also contain exclusive mechanisms. Here, we review the current understanding about the regulation of gene expression in Plasmodium sp., Trypanosomatids, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis.
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Carvajal-Gamez B, Arroyo R, Lira R, López-Camarillo C, Alvarez-Sánchez ME. Identification of two novel Trichomonas vaginalis eif-5a genes. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010; 10:284-91. [PMID: 20060503 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) is highly conserved and is the only protein that is known to contain the unique and essential amino acid residue hypusine. Synthesis of hypusine is essential for the function of eIF5A in eukaryotic cell proliferation and survival. In this study, we identified two novel eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) genes in Trichomonas vaginalis. The tveif-5a1 and tveif-5a2 putative genes were localized in different contigs, both containing ORFs encoding proteins of 168 amino acids that share high sequence identity with eIF-5A sequences from other eukaryotic organisms. A phylogenetic tree constructed with TveIF-5A1 and TveIF-5A2 from T. vaginalis and 13 other eIF-5A sequences of eukaryotic and archaebacterial origin revealed that both trichomonal TveIF-5As show the highest degree of similarity to bacteria. Using an anti-TveIF-5A antibody, we detected two protein bands and spots of 19 and 20kDa with isoelectric points (pI) of 5.2 and 5.5, respectively, by one and two-dimensional Western blot assays. In addition, we used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to demonstrate that both of these tveif-5a genes are expressed in T. vaginalis. Immunofluorescence assays showed that the TveIF-5A protein was dispersed throughout the parasite cytoplasm. In conclusion, T. vaginalis has two eif-5a genes, and both genes are expressed as highly conserved proteins of 19kDa, which are localized in the cytoplasm of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Carvajal-Gamez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM). San Lorenzo # 290, Col. Del Valle, CP 03100 Mexico City, Mexico
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Responsiveness of Trichomonas vaginalis to iron concentrations: Evidence for a post-transcriptional iron regulation by an IRE/IRP-like system. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1065-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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