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Zhou Q, Zheng Z, Yin S, Duan D, Liao X, Xiao Y, He J, Zhong J, Zeng Z, Su L, Luo L, Dong C, Chen J, Li J. Nicotinamide mitigates visceral leishmaniasis by regulating inflammatory response and enhancing lipid metabolism. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:288. [PMID: 38971783 PMCID: PMC11227177 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06370-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, treatment regimens for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are limited because of the presence of numerous adverse effects. Nicotinamide, a readily available and cost-effective vitamin, has been widely acknowledged for its safety profile. Several studies have demonstrated the anti-leishmanial effects of nicotinamide in vitro. However, the potential role of nicotinamide in Leishmania infection in vivo remains elusive. METHODS In this study, we assessed the efficacy of nicotinamide as a therapeutic intervention for VL caused by Leishmania infantum in an experimental mouse model and investigated its underlying molecular mechanisms. The potential molecular mechanism was explored through cytokine analysis, examination of spleen lymphocyte subsets, liver RNA-seq analysis, and pathway validation. RESULTS Compared to the infection group, the group treated with nicotinamide demonstrated significant amelioration of hepatosplenomegaly and recovery from liver pathological damage. The NAM group exhibited parasite reduction rates of 79.7% in the liver and 86.7% in the spleen, respectively. Nicotinamide treatment significantly reduced the activation of excessive immune response in infected mice, thereby mitigating hepatosplenomegaly and injury. Furthermore, nicotinamide treatment enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation by upregulating key enzymes to maintain lipid homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide initial evidence supporting the safety and therapeutic efficacy of nicotinamide in the treatment of Leishmania infection in BALB/c mice, suggesting its potential as a viable drug for VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiwan Zheng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dengbinpei Duan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuechun Liao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuying Xiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinlei He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
| | - Junchao Zhong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng Zeng
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Su
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Luo
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxia Dong
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China
- Chong Qing Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China.
| | - Jiao Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Sichuan-Chongqing jointly-established Research Platform of Zoonosis, Chengdu, China.
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Guhe V, Singh S. Targeting peptide based therapeutics: Integrated computational and experimental studies of autophagic regulation in host-parasite interaction. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300679. [PMID: 38317307 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania major, exhibits significant public health challenge worldwide. With limited treatment options available, the identification of novel therapeutic targets is of paramount importance. Present study manifested the crucial role of ATG8 protein as a potential target in combating L. major infection. Using machine learning algorithms, we identified non-conserved motifs within the ATG8 in L. major. Subsequently, a peptide library was generated based on these motifs, and three peptides were selected for further investigation through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) experiments confirmed the direct interaction between ATG8 and the identified peptides. Remarkably, these peptides demonstrated the ability to cross the parasite membrane and exert profound effects on L. major. Peptide treatment significantly impacted parasite survival, inducing alterations in the cell cycle and morphology. Furthermore, the peptides were found to modulate autophagosome formation, particularly under starved conditions, indicating their involvement in autophagy regulation within L. major. In vitro studies revealed that the selected peptides effectively decreased the parasite load within the infected host cells. Encouragingly, in vivo experiments corroborated these findings, demonstrating a reduction in parasite burden upon peptide administration. Additionally, the peptides were observed to affect the levels of LC3II, a known autophagy marker within the host cells. Collectively, our findings highlight the efficacy of these novel peptides in targeting L. major ATG8 and disrupting parasite survival, wherein P2 is showing prominent effect on L. major as compared to P1. These results provide valuable insights into the development of innovative therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrushali Guhe
- Systems Medicine Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India Phone
| | - Shailza Singh
- Systems Medicine Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, SP Pune University Campus, Pune, 411007, India Phone
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3
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Banerjee S, Gadpayle MP, Samanta S, Dutta P, Das S, Datta R, Maiti S. Role of Macrophage PIST Protein in Regulating Leishmania major Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1414-1428. [PMID: 38556987 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PDZ protein interacting specifically with Tc10 or PIST is a mammalian trans-Golgi resident protein that regulates subcellular sorting of plasma membrane receptors. PIST has recently emerged as a key player in regulating viral pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the involvement of PIST in parasitic infections remains unexplored. Leishmania parasites infiltrate their host macrophage cells through phagocytosis, where they subsequently multiply within the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Host cell autophagy has been found to be important in regulating this parasite infection. Since PIST plays a pivotal role in triggering autophagy through the Beclin 1-PI3KC3 pathway, it becomes interesting to identify the status of PIST during Leishmania infection. We found that while macrophage cells are infected with Leishmania major (L. major), the expression of PIST protein remains unaltered; however, it traffics from the Golgi compartment to PV. Further, we identified that in L. major-infected macrophage cells, PIST associates with the autophagy regulatory protein Beclin 1 within the PVs; however, PIST does not interact with LC3. Reduction in PIST protein through siRNA silencing significantly increased parasite burden, whereas overexpression of PIST in macrophages restricted L. major infectivity. Together, our study reports that the macrophage PIST protein is essential in regulating L. major infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Kolkata (IISER-Kolkata), Mohanpur Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal 741 246, India
| | - Mandip Pratham Gadpayle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Kolkata (IISER-Kolkata), Mohanpur Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal 741 246, India
| | - Suman Samanta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Kolkata (IISER-Kolkata), Mohanpur Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal 741 246, India
| | - Priyanka Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Kolkata (IISER-Kolkata), Mohanpur Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal 741 246, India
| | - Swagata Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Kolkata (IISER-Kolkata), Mohanpur Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal 741 246, India
| | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Kolkata (IISER-Kolkata), Mohanpur Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal 741 246, India
| | - Sankar Maiti
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education & Research Kolkata (IISER-Kolkata), Mohanpur Campus, Kolkata, West Bengal 741 246, India
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4
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Tan YJ, Jin Y, Zhou J, Yang YF. Lipid droplets in pathogen infection and host immunity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:449-464. [PMID: 37993536 PMCID: PMC10834987 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
As the hub of cellular lipid metabolism, lipid droplets (LDs) have been linked to a variety of biological processes. During pathogen infection, the biogenesis, composition, and functions of LDs are tightly regulated. The accumulation of LDs has been described as a hallmark of pathogen infection and is thought to be driven by pathogens for their own benefit. Recent studies have revealed that LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators contribute to effective immunological responses to pathogen infection by promoting host stress tolerance and reducing toxicity. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate roles of LDs in governing the replication and assembly of a wide spectrum of pathogens within host cells. We also discuss the regulatory function of LDs in host immunity and highlight the potential for targeting LDs for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Tan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yun-Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
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5
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Reyaz E, Puri N, Selvapandiyan A. Global Remodeling of Host Proteome in Response to Leishmania Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:5-19. [PMID: 38084821 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses an intrinsic ability to modulate a multitude of pathways in the host, toward aiding its own proliferation. In response, the host reprograms its cellular, immunological, and metabolic machinery to evade the parasite's lethal impact. Besides inducing various antioxidant signaling pathways to counter the elevated stress response proteins like heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Leishmania also attempts to delay host cell apoptosis by promoting anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2. The downstream modulation of apoptotic proteins is regulated by effector pathways, including the PI3K/Akt survival pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and STAT phosphorylation. In addition, Leishmania assists in its infection in a time-dependent manner by modulating the level of various proteins of autophagic machinery. Immune effector cells, such as mast cells and neutrophils, entrap and kill the pathogen by secreting various granular proteins. In contrast, the host macrophages exert their leishmanicidal effect by secreting various cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-12, etc. An interplay of various signaling pathways occurs in an organized network that is highly specific to both pathogen and host species. This Review analyzes the modulation of expression of proteins, including the cytokines, providing a realistic approach toward understanding the pathophysiology of disease and predicting some prominent markers for disease intervention and vaccine support strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enam Reyaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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6
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Aguilera MO, Delgui LR, Reggiori F, Romano PS, Colombo MI. Autophagy as an innate immunity response against pathogens: a Tango dance. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:140-166. [PMID: 38101809 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular infections as well as changes in the cell nutritional environment are main events that trigger cellular stress responses. One crucial cell response to stress conditions is autophagy. During the last 30 years, several scenarios involving autophagy induction or inhibition over the course of an intracellular invasion by pathogens have been uncovered. In this review, we will present how this knowledge was gained by studying different microorganisms. We intend to discuss how the cell, via autophagy, tries to repel these attacks with the objective of destroying the intruder, but also how some pathogens have developed strategies to subvert this. These two fates can be compared with a Tango, a dance originated in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in which the partner dancers are in close connection. One of them is the leader, embracing and involving the partner, but the follower may respond escaping from the leader. This joint dance is indeed highly synchronized and controlled, perfectly reflecting the interaction between autophagy and microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton O Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Odontología, Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Laura R Delgui
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies (AIAS), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Patricia S Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y la célula hospedadora - Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María I Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Centro Universitario M5502JMA, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo (UNCuyo), Mendoza, Argentina
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7
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Hammad M, Raftari M, Cesário R, Salma R, Godoy P, Emami SN, Haghdoost S. Roles of Oxidative Stress and Nrf2 Signaling in Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic Cells: A Possible General Mechanism of Resistance to Therapy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1371. [PMID: 37507911 PMCID: PMC10376708 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The coordinating role of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cellular function is undeniable. Evidence indicates that this transcription factor exerts massive regulatory functions in multiple signaling pathways concerning redox homeostasis and xenobiotics, macromolecules, and iron metabolism. Being the master regulator of antioxidant system, Nrf2 controls cellular fate, influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, resistance to therapy, and senescence processes, as well as infection disease success. Because Nrf2 is the key coordinator of cell defence mechanisms, dysregulation of its signaling has been associated with carcinogenic phenomena and infectious and age-related diseases. Deregulation of this cytoprotective system may also interfere with immune response. Oxidative burst, one of the main microbicidal mechanisms, could be impaired during the initial phagocytosis of pathogens, which could lead to the successful establishment of infection and promote susceptibility to infectious diseases. There is still a knowledge gap to fill regarding the molecular mechanisms by which Nrf2 orchestrates such complex networks involving multiple pathways. This review describes the role of Nrf2 in non-pathogenic and pathogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Hammad
- University of Caen Normandy, UMR6252 CIMAP/ARIA, GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Mohammad Raftari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rute Cesário
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rima Salma
- University of Caen Normandy, UMR6252 CIMAP/ARIA, GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Paulo Godoy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Noushin Emami
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, London ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Siamak Haghdoost
- University of Caen Normandy, UMR6252 CIMAP/ARIA, GANIL, 14000 Caen, France
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Advanced Resource Center for HADrontherapy in Europe (ARCHADE), 14000 Caen, France
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8
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Ayilam Ramachandran R, Sanches JM, Robertson DM. The roles of autophagy and mitophagy in corneal pathology: current knowledge and future perspectives. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1064938. [PMID: 37153108 PMCID: PMC10160402 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1064938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cornea is the clear dome that covers the front portion of the globe. The primary functions of the cornea are to promote the refraction of light and to protect the eye from invading pathogens, both of which are essential for the preservation of vision. Homeostasis of each cellular layer of the cornea requires the orchestration of multiple processes, including the ability to respond to stress. One mechanism whereby cells respond to stress is autophagy, or the process of "self-eating." Autophagy functions to clear damaged proteins and organelles. During nutrient deprivation, amino acids released from protein breakdown via autophagy are used as a fuel source. Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, functions to clear damaged mitochondria. Thus, autophagy and mitophagy are important intracellular degradative processes that sustain tissue homeostasis. Importantly, the inhibition or excessive activation of these processes result in deleterious effects on the cell. In the eye, impairment or inhibition of these mechanisms have been associated with corneal disease, degenerations, and dystrophies. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge on autophagy and mitophagy at all layers in the cornea in both non-infectious and infectious corneal disease, dystrophies, and degenerations. It further highlights the critical gaps in our understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction, with implications for novel therapeutics in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose Marcos Sanches
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Danielle M Robertson
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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9
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Romano PS, Akematsu T, Besteiro S, Bindschedler A, Carruthers VB, Chahine Z, Coppens I, Descoteaux A, Alberto Duque TL, He CY, Heussler V, Le Roch KG, Li FJ, de Menezes JPB, Menna-Barreto RFS, Mottram JC, Schmuckli-Maurer J, Turk B, Tavares Veras PS, Salassa BN, Vanrell MC. Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why? AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2149211. [PMID: 37064813 PMCID: PMC10104450 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2149211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic protists are a group of organisms responsible for causing a variety of human diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis, among others. These diseases, which affect more than one billion people globally, mainly the poorest populations, are characterized by severe chronic stages and the lack of effective antiparasitic treatment. Parasitic protists display complex life-cycles and go through different cellular transformations in order to adapt to the different hosts they live in. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation process, has emerged as a key mechanism required for these differentiation processes, as well as other functions that are crucial to parasite fitness. In contrast to yeasts and mammals, protist autophagy is characterized by a modest number of conserved autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) that, even though, can drive the autophagosome formation and degradation. In addition, during their intracellular cycle, the interaction of these pathogens with the host autophagy system plays a crucial role resulting in a beneficial or harmful effect that is important for the outcome of the infection. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on autophagy and other related mechanisms in pathogenic protists and their hosts. We sought to emphasize when, how, and why this process takes place, and the effects it may have on the parasitic cycle. A better understanding of the significance of autophagy for the protist life-cycle will potentially be helpful to design novel anti-parasitic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silvia Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Takahiko Akematsu
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zeinab Chahine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore 21205, MD, USA
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC
| | - Thabata Lopes Alberto Duque
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology.University of Bern. Baltzerstr. 4 3012 Bern
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Feng-Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Betiana Nebai Salassa
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Vanrell
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
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10
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Yim HCH, Chakrabarti A, Kessler S, Morimoto H, Wang D, Sooraj D, Ahmed AU, de la Motte C, Silverman RH, Williams BRG, Sadler AJ. The protein kinase R modifies gut physiology to limit colitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1106737. [PMID: 36875104 PMCID: PMC9981792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we investigate the function of the innate immune molecule protein kinase R (PKR) in intestinal inflammation. To model a colitogenic role of PKR, we determine the physiological response to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) of wild-type and two transgenic mice strains mutated to express either a kinase-dead PKR or to ablate expression of the kinase. These experiments recognize kinase-dependent and -independent protection from DSS-induced weight loss and inflammation, against a kinase-dependent increase in the susceptibility to DSS-induced injury. We propose these effects arise through PKR-dependent alteration of gut physiology, evidenced as altered goblet cell function and changes to the gut microbiota at homeostasis that suppresses inflammasome activity by controlling autophagy. These findings establish that PKR functions as both a protein kinase and a signaling molecule in instituting immune homeostasis in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Chi Ho Yim
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Arindam Chakrabarti
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sean Kessler
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Hiroyuki Morimoto
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Die Wang
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dhanya Sooraj
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Afsar U. Ahmed
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Carol de la Motte
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Bryan RG. Williams
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J. Sadler
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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11
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dos Santos LF, Rodrigues GF, Malvezi AD, de Souza M, Nakama RP, Lovo-Martins MI, Pinge-Filho P. Beneficial effects of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) on the actions of extracellular vesicles shed by Trypanosoma cruzi in macrophages. Parasitol Int 2023; 92:102697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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Guhe V, Ingale P, Tambekar A, Singh S. Systems biology of autophagy in leishmanial infection and its diverse role in precision medicine. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1113249. [PMID: 37152895 PMCID: PMC10160387 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a contentious issue in leishmaniasis and is emerging as a promising therapeutic regimen. Published research on the impact of autophagic regulation on Leishmania survival is inconclusive, despite numerous pieces of evidence that Leishmania spp. triggers autophagy in a variety of cell types. The mechanistic approach is poorly understood in the Leishmania parasite as autophagy is significant in both Leishmania and the host. Herein, this review discusses the autophagy proteins that are being investigated as potential therapeutic targets, the connection between autophagy and lipid metabolism, and microRNAs that regulate autophagy and lipid metabolism. It also highlights the use of systems biology to develop novel autophagy-dependent therapeutics for leishmaniasis by utilizing artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), mathematical modeling, network analysis, and other computational methods. Additionally, we have shown many databases for autophagy and metabolism in Leishmania parasites that suggest potential therapeutic targets for intricate signaling in the autophagy system. In a nutshell, the detailed understanding of the dynamics of autophagy in conjunction with lipids and miRNAs unfolds larger dimensions for future research.
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Chan A, Ayala JM, Alvarez F, Piccirillo C, Dong G, Langlais D, Olivier M. The role of Leishmania GP63 in the modulation of innate inflammatory response to Leishmania major infection. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262158. [PMID: 34972189 PMCID: PMC8719666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania and is known to affect millions of individuals worldwide. In recent years, we have established the critical role played by Leishmania zinc-metalloprotease GP63 in the modulation of host macrophage signalling and functions, favouring its survival and progression within its host. Leishmania major lacking GP63 was reported to cause limited infection in mice, however, it is still unclear how GP63 may influence the innate inflammatory response and parasite survival in an in vivo context. Therefore, we were interested in analyzing the early innate inflammatory events upon Leishmania inoculation within mice and establish whether Leishmania GP63 influences this initial inflammatory response. Experimentally, L. major WT (L. majorWT), L. major GP63 knockout (L. majorKO), or L. major GP63 rescue (L. majorR) were intraperitoneally inoculated in mice and the inflammatory cells recruited were characterized microscopically and by flow cytometry (number and cell type), and their infection determined. Pro-inflammatory markers such as cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs, e.g. exosomes) were monitored and proteomic analysis was performed on exosome contents. Data obtained from this study suggest that Leishmania GP63 does not significantly influence the pathogen-induced inflammatory cell recruitment, but rather their activation status and effector function. Concordantly, internalization of promastigotes during early infection could be influenced by GP63 as fewer L. majorKO amastigotes were found within host cells and appear to maintain in host cells over time. Collectively this study provides a clear analysis of innate inflammatory events occurring during L. major infection and further establish the prominent role of the virulence factor GP63 to provide favourable conditions for host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aretha Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jose-Mauricio Ayala
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill Genome Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - George Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill Genome Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (DL)
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- FOCiS Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail: (MO); (DL)
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14
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Banerjee S, Bose D, Das S, Chatterjee N, Mishra S, Das Saha K. Leishmania donovani infection induce Extracellular signal-regulated kinase ½ (ERK½) mediated lipid droplet generation in macrophages. Mol Immunol 2021; 141:328-337. [PMID: 34953281 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently unfolded mechanisms showed lipid droplet helps in pathogen survival and paralyzes host immune response. In the present study, we showed the extent of lipid droplet(LD) generation in Leishmania donovani infection, the signaling involved, and their function concerning pathogenicity. RAW 264.7 and J774A.1 cells were used to infect with L. donovani and then flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were used to detect lipid droplet generation and subsequent assays. In this study, we showed that L. donovani AG83 (AG83/MHOM/1983) triggers lipid droplet formation in macrophages in a time-dependent manner. We provide novel insight into the signaling molecules which is responsible for LD accumulation. Interestingly, LPG deficient attenuated Leishmania strain UR6 (UR6/MHOM/1978) failed to fuel LD generation. But inhibition of phagosome maturation drastically stimulates LD accumulation in UR6 infected MΦs. Aspirin treatment in AG83 infected MΦs does not only lower LD load but also favors phagolysosome biogenesis and corrects cytokine balance. Employing strategies to circumvent halt in phagosome maturation using drugs that manipulate lipid droplet generation could be used as a therapeutic tool to resist parasite growth in the early hour of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somenath Banerjee
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipayan Bose
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhadip Das
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nabanita Chatterjee
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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15
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Monson EA, Trenerry AM, Laws JL, Mackenzie JM, Helbig KJ. Lipid droplets and lipid mediators in viral infection and immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa066. [PMID: 33512504 PMCID: PMC8371277 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) contribute to key pathways important for the physiology and pathophysiology of cells. In a homeostatic view, LDs regulate the storage of neutral lipids, protein sequestration, removal of toxic lipids and cellular communication; however, recent advancements in the field show these organelles as essential for various cellular stress response mechanisms, including inflammation and immunity, with LDs acting as hubs that integrate metabolic and inflammatory processes. The accumulation of LDs has become a hallmark of infection, and is often thought to be virally driven; however, recent evidence is pointing to a role for the upregulation of LDs in the production of a successful immune response to viral infection. The fatty acids housed in LDs are also gaining interest due to the role that these lipid species play during viral infection, and their link to the synthesis of bioactive lipid mediators that have been found to have a very complex role in viral infection. This review explores the role of LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators during viral infections and poses a paradigm shift in thinking in the field, whereby LDs may play pivotal roles in protecting the host against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony A Monson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Alice M Trenerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Jay L Laws
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Karla J Helbig
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
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16
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Duque TLA, Serrão TCDSLC, Gonçalves AJDS, Pinto EF, Oliveira-Neto MP, Pirmez C, Pereira LDOR, Menna-Barreto RFS. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis infection promotes macrophage autophagy by a LC3B-dependent and BECLIN1-independent mechanism. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105890. [PMID: 33744245 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is one of the main etiological agents of tegumentary leishmaniasis in Latin America. The establishment of a successful infection in host cells requires several key events including phagocytosis, phagolysosomal maturation impairment, and parasite replication. Autophagy is accountable for the physiological turnover of cellular organelles, degradation of macromolecular structures, and pathogen elimination. In many cases, autophagy control leads to a successful infection, both impairing pathogen elimination or providing nutrients. Here, we have investigated the relationship between autophagy and L. braziliensis infection. We observed that BECLIN1 expression was upregulated early on infection in both in vitro macrophage cultures and biopsies of cutaneous lesions from L. braziliensis infected patients. On the other hand, LC3B expression was downregulated in cutaneous lesions biopsies. A transient pattern of LC3+ cells was observed along L. braziliensis infection, but the number of LC3 puncta did not vary. Additionally, autophagy induction, with rapamycin treatment or through starvation, reduced infection. As expected, rapamycin increased the percentage of LC3+ cells and the number of puncta, but the presence of parasite restricted this effect, indicating LC3-associated autophagy impairment by L. braziliensis. Finally, silencing LC3B but not BECLIN1 promoted infection, confirming BECLIN1 independent and LC3B-related control by the parasite. Taken together, these data indicate macrophage autophagic machinery manipulation by L. braziliensis, resulting in successful establishment and survival into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eduardo Fonseca Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Research, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Claude Pirmez
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Research, IOC, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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17
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Saunders EC, McConville MJ. Immunometabolism of Leishmania granulomas. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:832-844. [PMID: 32780446 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania are parasitic protists that cause a spectrum of diseases in humans characterized by the formation of granulomatous lesions in the skin or other tissues, such as liver and spleen. The extent to which Leishmania granulomas constrain or promote parasite growth is critically dependent on the host T-helper type 1/T-helper type 2 immune response and the localized functional polarization of infected and noninfected macrophages toward a classically (M1) or alternatively (M2) activated phenotype. Recent studies have shown that metabolic reprograming of M1 and M2 macrophages underpins the capacity of these cells to act as permissive or nonpermissive host reservoirs, respectively. In this review, we highlight the metabolic requirements of Leishmania amastigotes and the evidence that these parasites induce and/or exploit metabolic reprogramming of macrophage metabolism. We also focus on recent studies highlighting the role of key macrophage metabolic signaling pathways, such as mechanistic target of rapamycin, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma in regulating the pathological progression of Leishmania granulomas. These studies highlight the intimate connectivity between Leishmania and host cell metabolism, the need to investigate these interactions in vivo and the potential to exploit host cell metabolic signaling pathways in developing new host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Saunders
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Malcolm J McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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18
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Ghartey-Kwansah G, Adu-Nti F, Aboagye B, Ankobil A, Essuman EE, Opoku YK, Abokyi S, Abu EK, Boampong JN. Autophagy in the control and pathogenesis of parasitic infections. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:101. [PMID: 32944216 PMCID: PMC7487832 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy has a crucial role in the defense against parasites. The interplay existing between host autophagy and parasites has varied outcomes due to the kind of host cell and microorganism. The presence of autophagic compartments disrupt a significant number of pathogens and are further cleared by xenophagy in an autolysosome. Another section of pathogens have the capacity to outwit the autophagic pathway to their own advantage. Result To comprehend the interaction between pathogens and the host cells, it is significant to distinguish between starvation-induced autophagy and other autophagic pathways. Subversion of host autophagy by parasites is likely due to differences in cellular pathways from those of ‘classical’ autophagy and that they are controlled by parasites in a peculiar way. In xenophagy clearance at the intracellular level, the pathogens are first ubiquitinated before autophagy receptors acknowledgement, followed by labeling with light chain 3 (LC3) protein. The LC3 in LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is added directly into vacuole membrane and functions regardless of the ULK, an initiation complex. The activation of the ULK complex composed of ATG13, FIP200 and ATG101causes the initiation of host autophagic response. Again, the recognition of PAMPs by conserved PRRs marks the first line of defense against pathogens, involving Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These all important immune-related receptors have been reported recently to regulate autophagy. Conclusion In this review, we sum up recent advances in autophagy to acknowledge and understand the interplay between host and parasites, focusing on target proteins for the design of therapeutic drugs. The target host proteins on the initiation of the ULK complex and PRRs-mediated recognition of PAMPs may provide strong potential for the design of therapeutic drugs against parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Frank Adu-Nti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Radford University College, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Aboagye
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Amandus Ankobil
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, New York, USA
| | - Edward Eyipe Essuman
- US Food and Drugs Administration CBER, OBRR, DETTD 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, White Oak, USA
| | - Yeboah Kwaku Opoku
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Science, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana
| | - Samuel Abokyi
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Johnson Nyarko Boampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Guanylate Binding Proteins Restrict Leishmania donovani Growth in Nonphagocytic Cells Independent of Parasitophorous Vacuolar Targeting. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01464-20. [PMID: 32723921 PMCID: PMC7387799 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01464-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-inducible guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) play important roles in host defense against many intracellular pathogens that reside within pathogen-containing vacuoles (PVs). For instance, members of the GBP family translocate to PVs occupied by the protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma and facilitate PV disruption and lytic parasite killing. While the GBP defense program targeting Toxoplasma has been studied in some detail, the role of GBPs in host defense to other protozoan pathogens is poorly characterized. Here, we report a critical role for both mouse and human GBPs in the cell-autonomous immune response against the vector-borne parasite Leishmania donovani Although L. donovani can infect both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells, it predominantly replicates inside professional phagocytes. The underlying basis for this cell type tropism is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that GBPs restrict growth of L. donovani in both mouse and human nonphagocytic cells. GBP-mediated restriction of L. donovani replication occurs via a noncanonical pathway that operates independent of detectable translocation of GBPs to L. donovan-containing vacuoles (LCVs). Instead of promoting the lytic destruction of PVs, as reported for GBP-mediated killing of Toxoplasma in phagocytic cells, GBPs facilitate the delivery of L. donovani into autolysosomal-marker-positive compartments in mouse embryonic fibroblasts as well as the human epithelial cell line A549. Together our results show that GBPs control a novel cell-autonomous host defense program, which renders nonphagocytic cells nonpermissible for efficient Leishmania replication.IMPORTANCE The obligate intracellular parasite Leishmania causes the disease leishmaniasis, which is transmitted to mammalian hosts, including humans, via the sandfly vector. Following the bite-induced breach of the skin barrier, Leishmania is known to live and replicate predominantly inside professional phagocytes. Although Leishmania is also able to infect nonphagocytic cells, nonphagocytic cells support limited parasitic replication for unknown reasons. In this study, we show that nonphagocytic cells possess an intrinsic property to restrict Leishmania growth. Our study defines a novel role for a family of host defense proteins, the guanylate binding proteins (GBPs), in antileishmanial immunity. Mechanistically, our data indicate that GBPs facilitate the delivery of Leishmania into antimicrobial autolysosomes, thereby enhancing parasite clearance in nonphagocytic cells. We propose that this GBP-dependent host defense program makes nonphagocytic cells an inhospitable host cell type for Leishmania growth.
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Repurposing bioenergetic modulators against protozoan parasites responsible for tropical diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 14:17-27. [PMID: 32829099 PMCID: PMC7452664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis are arthropod-borne, parasitic diseases that constitute a major global health problem. They are generally found in developing countries, where lack of access to preventive tools and treatment hinders their management. Because these parasites share an increased demand on glucose consumption with most cancer cells, six compounds used in anti-tumoral research were selected to be tested as antiparasitic agents in in vitro models of Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, and Plasmodium falciparum: dichloroacetic acid (DCA), 3-bromopyruvic acid (3BP), 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), lonidamine (LND), metformin (MET), and sirolimus (SIR). No parasite-killing activity was found in L. infantum promastigotes, whereas DCA and 3BP reduced the burden of intra-macrophagic amastigotes. For T. brucei all selected compounds, but 2DG, decreased parasite survival. DCA, 2DG, LND and MET showed parasite-killing activity in T. cruzi. Finally, anti-plasmodial activity was found for DCA, 2DG, LND, MET and SIR. These results reinforce the hypothesis that drugs with proven efficacy in the treatment of cancer by interfering with ATP production, proliferation, and survival cell strategies might be useful in treating threatening parasitic diseases and provide new opportunities for their repurposing. Parasitic diseases are prevalent among the poorest of the poor. Some parasitic protists degrade glucose into CO2 even aerobically making this a target. Degrading glucose into CO2 (Warburg effect) is also characteristic for cancer cells. Repurposing cancer glycolysis blockers may provide cost-effective treatments for the poorest.
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21
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Carfagna IE, Penas FN, Bott E, Lammel EM, Goren NB, Belaunzarán ML, Gimenez G. Involvement of lipids from Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes and amastigotes in macrophage activation. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:104-114. [PMID: 32659595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania are obligate protozoan parasites responsible for substantial public health problems in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, with L. braziliensis being one of the causative agents of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. Macrophages, fundamental cells in the innate inflammatory response against Leishmania, constitute a heterogeneous group with multiple activation phenotypes and functions. The outcome of this infection depends largely on the activation status of macrophages, the first line of mammalian defense and the major target cells for parasite replication. The importance of lipids, the major components of cell membranes, goes beyond their basic structural functions. Lipid bioactive molecules have been described in Leishmania spp., and in the recent years the knowledge about the biological relevance of lipids in particular and their relationship with the immune response is expanding. The present work analyzes the biological effects of L. braziliensis lipids from lysed promastigotes (PRO) to mimic rapid modulatory processes that could occur in the initial steps of infection or the effects of lipids from lysed and incubated promastigotes (PROinc), simulating the parasite lipid degradation processes triggered after parasite lysis that might occur in the mammalian host. To perform these studies, lipid profiles of PRO and PROinc were compared with lipids from amastigotes under similar conditions (AMA and AMAinc), and the effect of these lipid extracts were analyzed on the induction of an inflammatory response in murine peritoneal macrophages: LB induction, COX-2, iNOS and Arginase expression, TNF-α, IL-10 and NO production, Arginase activity and M1/M2 markers mRNA induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Emilce Carfagna
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Nicolás Penas
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Emanuel Bott
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Estela María Lammel
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Beatriz Goren
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Belaunzarán
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guadalupe Gimenez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ghartey-Kwansah G, Aboagye B, Adu-Nti F, Opoku YK, Abu EK. Clearing or subverting the enemy: Role of autophagy in protozoan infections. Life Sci 2020; 247:117453. [PMID: 32088215 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites are evolutionarily divergent, unicellular eukaryotic pathogens representing one of the essential sources of parasitic diseases. These parasites significantly affect the economy and cause public health burdens globally. Protozoan parasites share many cellular features and pathways with their respective host cells. This includes autophagy, a process responsible for self-degradation of the cell's components. There is conservation of the central structural and functional machinery for autophagy in most of the eukaryotic phyla, however, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma possess a decreased number of recognizable autophagy-related proteins (ATG). Plasmodium noticeably lacks clear orthologs of the initiating kinase ATG1/ULK1/2, and both Plasmodium and Toxoplasma lack proteins involved in the nucleation of autophagosomes. These organisms have essential apicoplast, a plastid-like non-photosynthetic organelle, which is an adaptation that is used in penetrating the host cell. Furthermore, available evidence suggests that Leishmania, an intracellular protozoan parasite, induces autophagy in macrophages. The autophagic pathway in Trypanosoma cruzi is activated during metacyclogenesis, a process responsible for the infective forms of parasites. Therefore, numerous pathogens have developed strategies to impair the autophagic mechanism in phagocytes. Regulating autophagy is essential to maintain cellular health as adjustments in the autophagy pathway have been linked to the progression of several physiological and pathological conditions in humans. In this review, we report current advances in autophagy in parasites and their host cells, focusing on the ramifications of these studies in the design of potential anti-protozoan therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Benjamin Aboagye
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Frank Adu-Nti
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yeboah Kwaku Opoku
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Science, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Vivarini ADC, Lopes UG. The Potential Role of Nrf2 Signaling in Leishmania Infection Outcomes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 9:453. [PMID: 31998662 PMCID: PMC6966304 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 [nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)] regulates the expression of a plethora of genes involved in the response to oxidative stress due to inflammation, aging, and tissue damage, among other pathological conditions. Deregulation of this cytoprotective system may also interfere with innate and adaptive immune responses. Oxidative burst, one of the main microbicidal mechanisms, could be impaired during initial phagocytosis of parasites, which could lead to the successful establishment of infection and promote susceptibility to diseases. A wide diversity of infections, mainly those caused by intracellular pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites, modulate the activation of Nrf2 by interfering with post-translational modifications, interactions between different protein complexes and the immune response. Nrf2 may be induced by pathogens via distinct pathways such as those involving the engagement of Toll-like receptors, the activation of PI3K/Akt, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Recent studies have revealed the importance of Nrf2 on leishmaniasis. This mini-review discusses relevant findings that reveal the connection between Leishmania-induced modifications of the host pathways and their relevance to the modulation of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidative response to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aislan de Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Nouwen LV, Everts B. Pathogens MenTORing Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: Manipulation of mTOR and Cellular Metabolism to Promote Immune Escape. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010161. [PMID: 31936570 PMCID: PMC7017145 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells, including macrophages and dendritic cells, represent an important first line of defense against infections. Upon recognition of pathogens, these cells undergo a metabolic reprogramming that supports their activation and ability to respond to the invading pathogens. An important metabolic regulator of these cells is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). During infection, pathogens use host metabolic pathways to scavenge host nutrients, as well as target metabolic pathways for subversion of the host immune response that together facilitate pathogen survival. Given the pivotal role of mTOR in controlling metabolism and DC and macrophage function, pathogens have evolved strategies to target this pathway to manipulate these cells. This review seeks to discuss the most recent insights into how pathogens target DC and macrophage metabolism to subvert potential deleterious immune responses against them, by focusing on the metabolic pathways that are known to regulate and to be regulated by mTOR signaling including amino acid, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and autophagy.
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Duque TL, Siqueira MS, Travassos LH, Moreira OC, Bozza PT, Melo RC, Henriques-Pons A, Menna-Barreto RF. The induction of host cell autophagy triggers defense mechanisms against Trypanosoma cruzi infection in vitro. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2019.151060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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de Carvalho RVH, Lima-Junior DS, da Silva MVG, Dilucca M, Rodrigues TS, Horta CV, Silva ALN, da Silva PF, Frantz FG, Lorenzon LB, Souza MM, Almeida F, Cantanhêde LM, Ferreira RDGM, Cruz AK, Zamboni DS. Leishmania RNA virus exacerbates Leishmaniasis by subverting innate immunity via TLR3-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5273. [PMID: 31754185 PMCID: PMC6872735 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is an important virulence factor associated with the development of mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis, a severe form of the disease. LRV-mediated disease exacerbation relies on TLR3 activation, but downstream mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we combine human and mouse data to demonstrate that LRV triggers TLR3 and TRIF to induce type I IFN production, which induces autophagy. This process results in ATG5-mediated degradation of NLRP3 and ASC, thereby limiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Consistent with the known restricting role of NLRP3 for Leishmania replication, the signaling pathway triggered by LRV results in increased parasite survival and disease progression. In support of this data, we find that lesions in patients infected with LRV+ Leishmania are associated with reduced inflammasome activation and the development of mucocutaneous disease. Our findings reveal the mechanisms triggered by LRV that contribute to the development of the debilitating mucocutaneous form of Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan V H de Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Djalma S Lima-Junior
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius G da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Dilucca
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamara S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina V Horta
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre L N Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick F da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Epigenética, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Epigenética, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas B Lorenzon
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Michel Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Angela K Cruz
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Veras PST, de Menezes JPB, Dias BRS. Deciphering the Role Played by Autophagy in Leishmania Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2523. [PMID: 31736955 PMCID: PMC6838865 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, studies have shown that, depending on parasite species and host background, autophagy can either favor infection or promote parasite clearance. To date, relatively few studies have attempted to assess the role played by autophagy in Leishmania infection. While it has been consistently shown that Leishmania spp. induce autophagy in a variety of cell types, published results regarding the effects of autophagic modulation on Leishmania survival are contradictory. The present review, after a short overview of the general aspects of autophagy, aims to summarize the current body of knowledge surrounding how Leishmania spp. adaptively interact with macrophages, the host cells mainly involved in controlling leishmaniasis. We then explore the scarce studies that have investigated interactions between these parasite species and the autophagic pathway, and finally present a critical perspective on how autophagy influences infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host - Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - CNPq, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Beatriz Rocha Simões Dias
- Laboratory of Host - Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
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Gomez SR, Morgans S, Kristan DM. Rapamycin exposure to host and to adult worms affects life history traits of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107720. [PMID: 31279929 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parasite life history can be affected by conditions of the host and of the external environment. Rapamycin, a known immunosuppressant of mammals, was fed to laboratory mice that were then infected with the Trichostrongylid nematode Heligmosomoides bakeri to determine if host rapamycin exposure would affect parasite survival, growth, and reproduction. In addition, adult worms from control fed mice were directly exposed to rapamycin to assess if rapamycin would affect worm viability and ex vivo reproduction. We found that host ingestion of rapamycin did not affect H. bakeri survival or growth for male or female worms, but female worms had increased reproduction both in vivo and when removed from the host and cultured ex vivo. After direct rapamycin exposure, motility of female worms was greater at low levels of rapamycin compared to high levels of rapamycin or high levels of DMSO (the vehicle used to solubilize rapamycin) in control media, but was similar to females in low levels of DMSO in control media. Male motility was not affected by the presence of rapamycin or DMSO in the media. Ex vivo egg deposition was higher when exposed to rapamycin than when cultured in control media that contained DMSO, regardless of DMSO dose. Overall, we conclude that host ingestion of rapamycin or direct exposure to rapamycin was generally favorable or neutral for parasite life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Gomez
- Department of Biological Sciences, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Scott Morgans
- Department of Biological Sciences, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Deborah M Kristan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA.
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29
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Evans RJ, Sundaramurthy V, Frickel EM. The Interplay of Host Autophagy and Eukaryotic Pathogens. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:118. [PMID: 30271774 PMCID: PMC6146372 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For intracellular pathogens, host cells provide a replicative niche, but are also armed with innate defense mechanisms to combat the intruder. Co-evolution of host and pathogens has produced a complex interplay of host-pathogen interactions during infection, with autophagy emerging as a key player in the recent years. Host autophagy as a degradative process is a significant hindrance to intracellular growth of the pathogens, but also can be subverted by the pathogens to provide support such as nutrients. While the role of host cell autophagy in the pathogenesis mechanisms of several bacterial and viral pathogens have been extensively studied, less is known for eukaryotic pathogens. In this review, we focus on the interplay of host autophagy with the eukaryotic pathogens Plasmodium spp, Toxoplasma, Leishmania spp and the fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans. The differences between these eukaryotic pathogens in terms of the host cell types they infect, infective strategies and the host responses required to defend against them provide an interesting insight into how they respond to and interact with host cell autophagy. Due to the ability to infect multiple host species and cell types during the course of their usually complex lifestyles, autophagy plays divergent roles even for the same pathogen. The scenario is further compounded since many of the eukaryotic pathogens have their own sets of either complete or partial autophagy machinery. Eukaryotic pathogen-autophagy interplay is thus a complex relationship with many novel insights for the basic understanding of autophagy, and potential for clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Evans
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Host-Toxoplasma Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Dias BRS, de Souza CS, Almeida NDJ, Lima JGB, Fukutani KF, Dos Santos TBS, França-Cost J, Brodskyn CI, de Menezes JPB, Colombo MI, Veras PST. Autophagic Induction Greatly Enhances Leishmania major Intracellular Survival Compared to Leishmania amazonensis in CBA/j-Infected Macrophages. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1890. [PMID: 30158914 PMCID: PMC6104192 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CBA mouse macrophages control Leishmania major infection yet are permissive to Leishmania amazonensis. Few studies have been conducted to assess the role played by autophagy in Leishmania infection. Therefore, we assessed whether the autophagic response of infected macrophages may account for the differential behavior of these two parasite strains. After 24 h of infection, the LC3-II/Act ratio increased in both L. amazonensis- and L. major-infected macrophages compared to uninfected controls, but less than in chloroquine-treated cells. This suggests that L. amazonensis and L. major activate autophagy in infected macrophages, without altering the autophagic flux. Furthermore, L. major-infected cells exhibited higher percentages of DQ-BSA-labeled parasitophorous vacuoles (50%) than those infected by L. amazonensis (25%). However, L. major- and L. amazonensis-induced parasitophorous vacuoles accumulated LysoTracker similarly, indicating that the acidity in both compartment was equivalent. At as early as 30 min, endogenous LC3 was recruited to both L. amazonensis- and L. major-induced parasitophorous vacuoles, while after 24 h a greater percentage of LC3 positive vacuoles was observed in L. amazonensis-infected cells (42.36%) compared to those infected by L. major (18.10%). Noteworthy, principal component analysis (PCA) and an hierarchical cluster analysis completely discriminated L. major-infected macrophages from L. amazonensis-infected cells accordingly to infection intensity and autophagic features of parasite-induced vacuoles. Then, we evaluated whether the modulation of autophagy exerted an influence on parasite infection in macrophages. No significant changes were observed in both infection rate or parasite load in macrophages treated with the autophagic inhibitors wortmannin, chloroquine or VPS34-IN1, as well as with the autophagic inducers rapamycin or physiological starvation, in comparison to untreated control cells. Interestingly, both autophagic inducers enhanced intracellular L. amazonensis and L. major viability, while the pharmacological inhibition of autophagy exerted no effects on intracellular parasite viability. We also demonstrated that autophagy induction reduced NO production by L. amazonensis- and L. major-infected macrophages but not alters arginase activity. These findings provide evidence that although L. amazonensis-induced parasitophorous vacuoles recruit LC3 more markedly, L. amazonensis and L. major similarly activate the autophagic pathway in CBA macrophages. Interestingly, the exogenous induction of autophagy favors L. major intracellular viability to a greater extent than L. amazonensis related to a reduction in the levels of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz R S Dias
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Carina S de Souza
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Niara de Jesus Almeida
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - José G B Lima
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Kiyoshi F Fukutani
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thiale B S Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline França-Cost
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil.,Department of Biointeraction, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Claudia I Brodskyn
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juliana P B de Menezes
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria I Colombo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Histology and Embryology-CONICET, National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Patricia S T Veras
- Laboratory of Parasite-Host Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Salvador, Brazil
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31
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Vallochi AL, Teixeira L, Oliveira KDS, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bozza PT. Lipid Droplet, a Key Player in Host-Parasite Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1022. [PMID: 29875768 PMCID: PMC5974170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (lipid bodies, LDs) are dynamic organelles that have important roles in regulating lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and inflammation. LD biogenesis, composition, and functions are highly regulated and may vary according to the stimuli, cell type, activation state, and inflammatory environment. Increased cytoplasmic LDs are frequently observed in leukocytes and other cells in a number of infectious diseases. Accumulating evidence reveals LDs participation in fundamental mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, including cell signaling and immunity. LDs are sources of eicosanoid production, and may participate in different aspects of innate signaling and antigen presentation. In addition, intracellular pathogens evolved mechanisms to subvert host metabolism and may use host LDs, as ways of immune evasion and nutrients source. Here, we review mechanisms of LDs biogenesis and their contributions to the infection progress, and discuss the latest discoveries on mechanisms and pathways involving LDs roles as regulators of the immune response to protozoan infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lima Vallochi
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patricia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Alcolea PJ, Alonso A, Baugh L, Paisie C, Ramasamy G, Sekar A, Sur A, Jiménez M, Molina R, Larraga V, Myler PJ. RNA-seq analysis reveals differences in transcript abundance between cultured and sand fly-derived Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:476-480. [PMID: 29609036 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is responsible for human and canine leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin, where the major vector is Phlebotomus perniciosus. Because isolation of sufficient parasites from the sand fly gut is technically challenging, axenic cultivation of promastigotes is routinely used to obtain material for biochemical and genetic analyses. Here, we report the use of Spliced Leader RNA-seq (SL-seq) to compare transcript abundance in cultured promastigotes and those obtained from the whole midgut of the sand fly 5 days after infection. SL-seq allows for amplification of RNA from the parasite avoiding contamination with RNA from the gut of the insect. The study has been performed by means of a single technical replicate comparing pools of samples obtained from sand fly-derived (sfPro) and axenic culture promastigotes (acPro). Although there was a moderate correlation (R2 = 0.83) in gene expression, 793 genes showed significantly different (≥2-fold, p <0.05) mRNA levels in sand fly-derived promastigotes and in culture, of which 31 were up-regulated ≥8-fold (p < 10-8 in most cases). These included several genes that are typically up-regulated during metacyclogenesis, suggesting that sand fly-derived promastigotes contain a substantial number of metacyclics, and/or that their differentiation status as metacyclics is more advanced in these populations. Infection experiments and studies evaluating the proportion of metacyclic promastigotes in culture and within the sand fly gut, previously reported by us, support the last hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Alcolea
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA.
| | - Ana Alonso
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Loren Baugh
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | - Carolyn Paisie
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Box 358047, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gowthaman Ramasamy
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | - Aarthi Sekar
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA
| | - Aakash Sur
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Box 358047, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Maribel Jiménez
- Unit of Medical Entomology, Service of Parasitology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Virología e Inmunología Sanitarias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo s/n, Majadahonda 28220, Spain
| | - Ricardo Molina
- Unit of Medical Entomology, Service of Parasitology, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Virología e Inmunología Sanitarias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo s/n, Majadahonda 28220, Spain
| | - Vicente Larraga
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biology of Infections, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Calle Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Peter J Myler
- Center for Infectious Disease Research (formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute), 307 Westlake Avenue N., Seattle, WA 98109-5219, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Box 358047, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Box 359931, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Pinheiro RO, Schmitz V, Silva BJDA, Dias AA, de Souza BJ, de Mattos Barbosa MG, de Almeida Esquenazi D, Pessolani MCV, Sarno EN. Innate Immune Responses in Leprosy. Front Immunol 2018; 9:518. [PMID: 29643852 PMCID: PMC5882777 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease that may present different clinical forms depending on host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. Several studies have clarified the role of various T cell populations in leprosy; however, recent evidences suggest that local innate immune mechanisms are key determinants in driving the disease to its different clinical manifestations. Leprosy is an ideal model to study the immunoregulatory role of innate immune molecules and its interaction with nervous system, which can affect homeostasis and contribute to the development of inflammatory episodes during the course of the disease. Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and keratinocytes are the major cell populations studied and the comprehension of the complex networking created by cytokine release, lipid and iron metabolism, as well as antimicrobial effector pathways might provide data that will help in the development of new strategies for leprosy management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Veronica Schmitz
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - André Alves Dias
- Cellular Microbiology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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34
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de Almeida PE, Toledo DAM, Rodrigues GSC, D'Avila H. Lipid Bodies as Sites of Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis During Chagas Disease: Impact in the Parasite Escape Mechanism. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:499. [PMID: 29616011 PMCID: PMC5869919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During Chagas disease, the Trypanosoma cruzi can induce some changes in the host cells in order to escape or manipulate the host immune response. The modulation of the lipid metabolism in the host phagocytes or in the parasite itself is one feature that has been observed. The goal of this mini review is to discuss the mechanisms that regulate intracellular lipid body (LB) biogenesis in the course of this parasite infection and their meaning to the pathophysiology of the disease. The interaction host–parasite induces LB (or lipid droplet) formation in a Toll-like receptor 2-dependent mechanism in macrophages and is enhanced by apoptotic cell uptake. Simultaneously, there is a lipid accumulation in the parasite due to the incorporation of host fatty acids. The increase in the LB accumulation during infection is correlated with an increase in the synthesis of PGE2 within the host cells and the parasite LBs. Moreover, the treatment with fatty acid synthase inhibitor C75 or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as NS-398 and aspirin inhibited the LB biogenesis and also induced the down modulation of the eicosanoid production and the parasite replication. These findings show that LBs are organelles up modulated during the course of infection. Furthermore, the biogenesis of the LB is involved in the lipid mediator generation by both the macrophages and the parasite triggering escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia E de Almeida
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel S C Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Moreira D, Estaquier J, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Silvestre R. Metabolic Crosstalk Between Host and Parasitic Pathogens. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2018; 109:421-458. [PMID: 30535608 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-74932-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A complex network that embraces parasite-host intrinsic factors and the microenvironment regulated the interaction between a parasite and its host. Nutritional pressures exerted by both elements of this duet thus dictate this host-parasite niche. To survive and proliferate inside a host and a harsh nutritional environment, the parasites modulate different nutrient sensing pathways to subvert host metabolic pathways. Such mechanism is able to change the flux of distinct nutrients/metabolites diverting them to be used by the parasites. Apart from this nutritional strategy, the scavenging of nutrients, particularly host fatty acids, constitutes a critical mechanism to fulfil parasite nutritional requirements, ultimately defining the host metabolic landscape. The host metabolic alterations that result from host-parasite metabolic coupling can certainly be considered important targets to improve diagnosis and also for the development of future therapies. Metabolism is in fact considered a key element within this complex interaction, its modulation being crucial to dictate the final infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Bioloógicas, Faculdade de Farmaácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CNRS FR 3636, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- i3S-Instituto de Investigacão e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências Bioloógicas, Faculdade de Farmaácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Thomas SA, Nandan D, Kass J, Reiner NE. Countervailing, time-dependent effects on host autophagy promotes intracellular survival of Leishmania. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:2617-2630. [PMID: 29269416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for cell survival under stress and has also been implicated in host defense. Here, we investigated the interactions between Leishmania donovani, the main etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, and the autophagic machinery of human macrophages. Our results revealed that during early infection-and via activation of the Akt pathway-Leishmania actively inhibits the induction of autophagy. However, by 24 h, Leishmania switched from being an inhibitor to an overall inducer of autophagy. These findings of a dynamic, biphasic response were based on the accumulation of lipidated light chain 3 (LC3), an autophagosome marker, by Western blotting and confocal fluorescence microscopy. We also present evidence that Leishmania induces delayed host cell autophagy via a mechanism independent of reduced activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Notably, Leishmania actively inhibited mTOR-regulated autophagy even at later stages of infection, whereas there was a clear induction of autophagy via some other mechanism. In this context, we examined host inositol monophosphatase (IMPase), reduced levels of which have been implicated in mTOR-independent autophagy, and we found that IMPase activity is significantly decreased in infected cells. These findings indicate that Leishmania uses an alternative pathway to mTOR to induce autophagy in host macrophages. Finally, RNAi-mediated down-regulation of host autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) or autophagy protein 9A (ATG9A) decreased parasite loads, demonstrating that autophagy is essential for Leishmania survival. We conclude that Leishmania uses an alternative pathway to induce host autophagy while simultaneously inhibiting mTOR-regulated autophagy to fine-tune the timing and magnitude of this process and to optimize parasite survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha A Thomas
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6 and
| | - Devki Nandan
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6 and
| | - Jennifer Kass
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6 and
| | - Neil E Reiner
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6 and .,the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Vivarini ÁDC, Calegari-Silva TC, Saliba AM, Boaventura VS, França-Costa J, Khouri R, Dierckx T, Dias-Teixeira KL, Fasel N, Barral AMP, Borges VM, Van Weyenbergh J, Lopes UG. Systems Approach Reveals Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2/Protein Kinase R Crosstalk in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1127. [PMID: 28959260 PMCID: PMC5605755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites infect macrophages, causing a wide spectrum of human diseases, from cutaneous to visceral forms. In search of novel therapeutic targets, we performed comprehensive in vitro and ex vivo mapping of the signaling pathways upstream and downstream of antioxidant transcription factor [nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)] in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), by combining functional assays in human and murine macrophages with a systems biology analysis of in situ (skin biopsies) CL patient samples. First, we show the PKR pathway controls the expression and activation of Nrf2 in Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro. Nrf2 activation also required PI3K/Akt signaling and autophagy mechanisms. Nrf2- or PKR/Akt-deficient macrophages exhibited increased levels of ROS/RNS and reduced expression of Sod1 Nrf2-dependent gene and reduced parasite load. L. amazonensis counteracted the Nrf2 inhibitor Keap1 through the upregulation of p62 via PKR. This Nrf2/Keap1 observation was confirmed in situ in skin biopsies from Leishmania-infected patients. Next, we explored the ex vivo transcriptome in CL patients, as compared to healthy controls. We found the antioxidant response element/Nrf2 signaling pathway was significantly upregulated in CL, including downstream target p62. In silico enrichment analysis confirmed upstream signaling by interferon and PI3K/Akt, and validated our in vitro findings. Our integrated in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico approach establish Nrf2 as a central player in human cutaneous leishmaniasis and reveal Nrf2/PKR crosstalk and PI3K/Akt pathways as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áislan de Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Teresa Cristina Calegari-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Mattos Saliba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology - FCM/UERJ, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viviane Sampaio Boaventura
- Integrated Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunoregulation, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline França-Costa
- Integrated Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunoregulation, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Khouri
- Integrated Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunoregulation, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tim Dierckx
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karina Luiza Dias-Teixeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aldina Maria Prado Barral
- Integrated Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunoregulation, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Valéria Matos Borges
- Integrated Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunoregulation, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Center of Health Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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38
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Dichiara M, Marrazzo A, Prezzavento O, Collina S, Rescifina A, Amata E. Repurposing of Human Kinase Inhibitors in Neglected Protozoan Diseases. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1235-1253. [PMID: 28590590 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis belong to a group of infectious diseases known as neglected tropical diseases and are induced by infection with protozoan parasites named trypanosomatids. Drugs in current use have several limitations, and therefore new candidate drugs are required. The majority of current therapeutic trypanosomatid targets are enzymes or cell-surface receptors. Among these, eukaryotic protein kinases are a major group of protein targets whose modulation may be beneficial for the treatment of neglected tropical protozoan diseases. This review summarizes the finding of new hit compounds for neglected tropical protozoan diseases, by repurposing known human kinase inhibitors on trypanosomatids. Kinase inhibitors are grouped by human kinase family and discussed according to the screening (target-based or phenotypic) reported for these compounds on trypanosomatids. This collection aims to provide insight into repurposed human kinase inhibitors and their importance in the development of new chemical entities with potential beneficial effects on the diseases caused by trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dichiara
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Orazio Prezzavento
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, V.le Taramelli, 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Rescifina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuele Amata
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria, 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
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39
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Rodríguez NE, Lockard RD, Turcotte EA, Araújo-Santos T, Bozza PT, Borges VM, Wilson ME. Lipid bodies accumulation in Leishmania infantum-infected C57BL/6 macrophages. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28518475 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LBs) are intracellular accumulations of neutral lipids surrounded by a single membrane. These organelles are involved in the production of eicosanoids, which modulate immunity by either promoting or dampening inflammatory responses. Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil, is an intracellular parasite that causes disease by suppressing macrophage microbicidal responses. C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages infected with L. infantum strain LcJ had higher numbers of LB+ cells (P<.0001) and total LBs than noninfected cultures. Large (>3 μm) LBs were present inside parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). These results contrast with those of L. infantum-infected BALB/c macrophages, in which the only LBs are derived from parasite, not macrophage origin. Increased LBs in C57BL/6 macrophages in close association with parasites would position host LBs where they could modulate L. infantum infection. These results imply a potential influence of the host genetics on the role of LBs in host-pathogen interactions. Overall, our data support a model in which the expression, and the role of LBs upon infection, ultimately depends on the specific combination of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Rodríguez
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA
| | - R D Lockard
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA
| | - E A Turcotte
- Department of Biology, University of Northern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA, USA
| | - T Araújo-Santos
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia (UFOB), Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - P T Bozza
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Oswaldo Cruz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - V M Borges
- Gonçalo Moniz Institut, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - M E Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
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40
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Franco LH, Fleuri AKA, Pellison NC, Quirino GFS, Horta CV, de Carvalho RVH, Oliveira SC, Zamboni DS. Autophagy downstream of endosomal Toll-like receptor signaling in macrophages is a key mechanism for resistance to Leishmania major infection. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13087-13096. [PMID: 28607148 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.780981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania In mammalians, these parasites survive and replicate in macrophages and parasite elimination by macrophages is critical for host resistance. Endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been shown to be crucial for resistance to Leishmania major in vivo For example, mice in the resistant C57BL/6 genetic background that are triple-deficient for TLR3, -7, and -9 (Tlr3/7/9-/-) are highly susceptible to L. major infection. Tlr3/7/9-/- mice are as susceptible as mice deficient in MyD88 or UNC93B1, a chaperone required for appropriate localization of endosomal TLRs, but the mechanisms are unknown. Here we found that macrophages infected with L. major undergo autophagy, which effectively accounted for restriction of parasite replication. Signaling via endosomal TLRs was required for autophagy because macrophages deficient for TLR3, -7, and 9, UNC93B1, or MyD88 failed to undergo L. major-induced autophagy. We also confirmed that Myd88-/-, Tlr3/7/9-/-, and Unc93b1-/- cells were highly permissive to L. major replication. Accordingly, shRNA-mediated suppression of Atg5, an E3 ubiquitin ligase essential for autophagosome elongation, in macrophages impaired the restriction of L. major replication in C57BL/6, but did not affect parasite replication in Myd88-/- or Unc93b1-/- macrophages. Rapamycin treatment reduced inflammatory lesions formed in the ears of Leishmania-infected C57BL/6 and Tlr3/7/9-/- mice, indicating that autophagy operates downstream of TLR signaling and is relevant for disease development in vivo Collectively, our results indicate that autophagy contributes to macrophage resistance to L. major replication, and mechanistically explain the previously described endosomal TLR-mediated resistance to L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H Franco
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Anna K A Fleuri
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Natália C Pellison
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Gustavo F S Quirino
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Catarina V Horta
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Renan V H de Carvalho
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
| | - Sérgio C Oliveira
- the Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- From the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900 and
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Arcanjo AF, Nunes MP, Silva-Junior EB, Leandro M, Rocha JDBD, Morrot A, Decote-Ricardo D, Freire-de-Lima CG. B-1 cells modulate the murine macrophage response to Leishmania major infection. World J Biol Chem 2017; 8:151-162. [PMID: 28588758 PMCID: PMC5439166 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v8.i2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the modulatory effect of B-1 cells on murine peritoneal macrophages infected with Leishmania major (L. major) in vitro.
METHODS Peritoneal macrophages obtained from BALB/c and BALB/c XID mice were infected with L. major and cultured in the presence or absence of B-1 cells obtained from wild-type BALB/c mice. Intracellular amastigotes were counted, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) production was quantified in the cellular supernatants using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of the lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were determined using a PGE2 enzyme immunoassay kit (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI), and the number of lipid bodies was quantified in the cytoplasm of infected macrophages in the presence and absence of B-1 cells. Culturing the cells with selective PGE2-neutralizing drugs inhibited PGE2 production and confirmed the role of this lipid mediator in IL-10 production. In contrast, we demonstrated that B-1 cells derived from IL-10 KO mice did not favor the intracellular growth of L. major.
RESULTS We report that B-1 cells promote the growth of L. major amastigotes inside peritoneal murine macrophages. We demonstrated that the modulatory effect was independent of physical contact between the cells, suggesting that soluble factor(s) were released into the cultures. We demonstrated in our co-culture system that B-1 cells trigger IL-10 production by L. major-infected macrophages. Furthermore, the increased secretion of IL-10 was attributed to the presence of the lipid mediator PGE2 in supernatants of L. major-infected macrophages. The presence of B-1 cells also favors the production of lipid bodies by infected macrophages. In contrast, we failed to obtain the same effect on parasite replication inside L. major-infected macrophages when the B-1 cells were isolated from IL-10 knockout mice.
CONCLUSION Our results show that elevated levels of PGE2 and IL-10 produced by B-1 cells increase L. major growth, as indicated by the number of parasites in cell cultures.
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Silva BJDA, Barbosa MGDM, Andrade PR, Ferreira H, Nery JADC, Côrte-Real S, da Silva GMS, Rosa PS, Fabri M, Sarno EN, Pinheiro RO. Autophagy Is an Innate Mechanism Associated with Leprosy Polarization. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006103. [PMID: 28056107 PMCID: PMC5215777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that may present different clinical forms according to the immune response of the host. Levels of IFN-γ are significantly raised in paucibacillary tuberculoid (T-lep) when compared with multibacillary lepromatous (L-lep) patients. IFN-γ primes macrophages for inflammatory activation and induces the autophagy antimicrobial mechanism. The involvement of autophagy in the immune response against Mycobacterium leprae remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrated by different autophagic assays that LC3-positive autophagosomes were predominantly observed in T-lep when compared with L-lep lesions and skin-derived macrophages. Accumulation of the autophagic receptors SQSTM1/p62 and NBR1, expression of lysosomal antimicrobial peptides and colocalization analysis of autolysosomes revealed an impairment of the autophagic flux in L-lep cells, which was restored by IFN-γ or rapamycin treatment. Autophagy PCR array gene-expression analysis revealed a significantly upregulation of autophagy genes (BECN1, GPSM3, ATG14, APOL1, and TPR) in T-lep cells. Furthermore, an upregulation of autophagy genes (TPR, GFI1B and GNAI3) as well as LC3 levels was observed in cells of L-lep patients that developed type 1 reaction (T1R) episodes, an acute inflammatory condition associated with increased IFN-γ levels. Finally, we observed increased BCL2 expression in L-lep cells that could be responsible for the blockage of BECN1-mediated autophagy. In addition, in vitro studies demonstrated that dead, but not live M. leprae can induce autophagy in primary and lineage human monocytes, and that live mycobacteria can reduce the autophagy activation triggered by dead mycobacteria, suggesting that M. leprae may hamper the autophagic machinery as an immune escape mechanism. Together, these results indicate that autophagy is an important innate mechanism associated with the M. leprae control in skin macrophages. Leprosy is an interesting model to study immune responses in humans due to the dichotomy observed among the poles of the disease. While in the self-limited tuberculoid form (T-lep) there are high systemic levels of the cytokine IFN-γ, in the clinically progressive lepromatous form (L-lep) low IFN-γ levels are found. IFN-γ activates an antimicrobial mechanism called autophagy, which has been implicated in control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. However, the role played by autophagy in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy remains unknown. Here we show that autophagy was differentially regulated in T-lep and L-lep patients. In T-lep skin lesion cells autophagy contributes for bacilli control, whereas in L-lep cells the BCL2-mediated block of autophagy promotes the mycobacterial persistence. We also observed that IFN-γ may counteract the inhibition of autophagy triggered by M. leprae infection in L-lep macrophages. In addition, the levels of autophagy were restored in L-lep patients who developed the reversal reaction, an inflammatory state associated with augmented IFN-γ, which is the most important cause of nerve damage and deformities in leprosy. These findings suggest that the modulation of autophagy has the potential to be useful in the treatment of the disease, and provides new insights to prevent leprosy reactional episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Priscila Ribeiro Andrade
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helen Ferreira
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Suzana Côrte-Real
- Structural Biology Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mario Fabri
- Department of Dermatology; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine; University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Leprosy Laboratory; Oswaldo Cruz Institute; Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Parihar SP, Hartley MA, Hurdayal R, Guler R, Brombacher F. Topical Simvastatin as Host-Directed Therapy against Severity of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33458. [PMID: 27632901 PMCID: PMC5025842 DOI: 10.1038/srep33458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that statins mediate protection against intracellular pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes in mice. Here, we investigated the immunomodulatory potential of simvastatin as a topical or systemic host-directed drug therapy in controlling inflammatory responses in an experimental mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major (LV39). In an ear infection model, topical application of simvastatin directly on established lesions significantly reduced severity of the disease reflected by ear lesion size and ulceration. The host protective effect was further accompanied by decreased parasite burden in the ear and draining lymph nodes in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Pre-treatment of these mice on a low-fat cholesterol diet and systemic simvastatin also reduced footpad swelling, as well as parasite burdens and ulceration/necrosis in the more robust footpad infection model, demonstrating the prophylactic potential of simvastatin for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mechanistically, following L. major infection, simvastatin-treated primary macrophages responded with significantly reduced cholesterol levels and increased production of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, simvastatin-treated macrophages displayed enhanced phagosome maturation, as revealed by increased LAMP-3 expression in fluorescent microscopy and Western blot analysis. These findings demonstrate that simvastatin treatment enhances host protection against L. major by increasing macrophage phagosome maturation and killing effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, CH1066, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Hurdayal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch-7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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Singh AK, Pandey RK, Shaha C, Madhubala R. MicroRNA expression profiling of Leishmania donovani-infected host cells uncovers the regulatory role of MIR30A-3p in host autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 12:1817-1831. [PMID: 27459332 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1203500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is an obligate intracellular parasite that replicates inside phagolysosomes or parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. It reprograms macrophages and produces a metabolic state conducive to successful infection and multiplication. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small 22 to 24 nucleotide noncoding regulatory RNAs alter the gene expression and consequently proteome output by targeting mRNAs, may play a regulatory role in modulating host cell functions. In the present study, we demonstrate the novel regulatory role of host microRNA, MIR30A-3p in modulation of host cell macroautophagy/autophagy after infection with L. donovani. Our in vitro studies showed that MIR30A-3p expression was significantly enhanced after L. donovani infection in a time-dependent manner. Transient transfection with a MIR30A-3p inhibitor followed by L. donovani infection promoted the autophagic response and decreased the intracellular parasite burden in both THP-1 cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages (HsMDM). BECN1/Beclin 1, the mammalian ortholog of yeast Vps30/Atg6, is a key autophagy-promoting protein that plays a key role in the regulation of cell death and survival. We report BECN1-dependent modulation of host cell autophagy in response to L. donovani infection. Pretreatment of L. donovani-infected macrophages with the MIR30A-3p mimic decreased and with antagomir increased the expression of BECN1 protein. We demonstrate that BECN1 is a potential target of MIR30A-3p and this miRNA negatively regulates BECN1 expression. Our present study reveals for the first time a novel role of MIR30A-3p in regulating autophagy-mediated L. donovani elimination by targeting BECN1. The present study has significant impact for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Singh
- a School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Pandey
- b Cell Death and Differentiation Research Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , New Delhi , India
| | - Chandrima Shaha
- b Cell Death and Differentiation Research Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , New Delhi , India
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- a School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
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DeSouza-Vieira T, Guimarães-Costa A, Rochael NC, Lira MN, Nascimento MT, Lima-Gomez PDS, Mariante RM, Persechini PM, Saraiva EM. Neutrophil extracellular traps release induced by Leishmania: role of PI3Kγ, ERK, PI3Kσ, PKC, and [Ca2+]. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:801-810. [PMID: 27154356 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0615-261rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon in vitro stimulation, neutrophils undergo a cell death named netosis. This process is characterized by extracellular release of chromatin scaffold associated with granular and cytoplasmic proteins, which together, ensnare and kill microbes. We have previously described that interaction of Leishmania amazonensis with human neutrophils leads to the release of neutrophil extracellular traps, which trap and kill the parasite. However, the signaling leading to Leishmania induced netosis is still unknown. Thus, we sought to evaluate signaling events that drive L. amazonensis induced neutrophil extracellular trap release from human neutrophils. Here, we found that PI3K, independently of protein kinase B, has a role in parasite-induced netosis. We also described that the main isoforms involved are PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ, which work in reactive oxygen species-dependent and -independent ways, respectively. We demonstrated that activation of ERK downstream of PI3Kγ is important to trigger reactive oxygen species-dependent, parasite-induced netosis. Pharmacological inhibition of protein kinase C also significantly decreased parasite-induced neutrophil extracellular trap release. Intracellular calcium, regulated by PI3Kδ, represents an alternative reactive oxygen species-independent pathway of netosis stimulated by L. amazonensis Finally, intracellular calcium mobilization and reactive oxygen species generation are the major regulators of parasite-induced netosis. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the signaling behind netosis induced by interactions between Leishmania and neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago DeSouza-Vieira
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson Guimarães-Costa
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia C Rochael
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria N Lira
- Laboratório de Imunobiofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle T Nascimento
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Phillipe de Souza Lima-Gomez
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Mariante
- Laboratório de Neurogênese, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Brazil
| | - Pedro M Persechini
- Laboratório de Imunobiofísica, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elvira M Saraiva
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
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Toledo DAM, D'Avila H, Melo RCN. Host Lipid Bodies as Platforms for Intracellular Survival of Protozoan Parasites. Front Immunol 2016; 7:174. [PMID: 27199996 PMCID: PMC4853369 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens induce several changes in the host cell signaling and trafficking mechanisms in order to evade and manipulate the immune response. One prominent pathogen-mediated change is the formation of lipid-rich organelles, termed lipid bodies (LBs) or lipid droplets, in the host cell cytoplasm. Protozoan parasites, which contribute expressively to the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, are able to induce LB genesis in non-immune and immune cells, mainly macrophages, key players in the initial resistance to the infection. Under host–parasite interaction, LBs not only accumulate in the host cytoplasm but also relocate around and move into parasitophorous vacuoles. There is increasing evidence that protozoan parasites may target host-derived LBs either for gaining nutrients or for escaping the host immune response. Newly formed, parasite-induced LBs may serve as lipid sources for parasite growth and also produce inflammatory mediators that potentially act in the host immune response deactivation. In this mini review, we summarize current knowledge on the formation and role of host LBs as sites exploited by intracellular protozoan parasites as a strategy to maintain their own survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A M Toledo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF) , Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Heloísa D'Avila
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF) , Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF) , Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais , Brazil
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Rabhi S, Rabhi I, Trentin B, Piquemal D, Regnault B, Goyard S, Lang T, Descoteaux A, Enninga J, Guizani-Tabbane L. Lipid Droplet Formation, Their Localization and Dynamics during Leishmania major Macrophage Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148640. [PMID: 26871576 PMCID: PMC4752496 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania, the causative agent of vector-borne diseases, known as leishmaniases, is an obligate intracellular parasite within mammalian hosts. The outcome of infection depends largely on the activation status of macrophages, the first line of mammalian defense and the major target cells for parasite replication. Understanding the strategies developed by the parasite to circumvent macrophage defense mechanisms and to survive within those cells help defining novel therapeutic approaches for leishmaniasis. We previously showed the formation of lipid droplets (LDs) in L. major infected macrophages. Here, we provide novel insights on the origin of the formed LDs by determining their cellular distribution and to what extent these high-energy sources are directed to the proximity of Leishmania parasites. We show that the ability of L. major to trigger macrophage LD accumulation is independent of parasite viability and uptake and can also be observed in non-infected cells through paracrine stimuli suggesting that LD formation is from cellular origin. The accumulation of LDs is demonstrated using confocal microscopy and live-cell imagin in parasite-free cytoplasmic region of the host cell, but also promptly recruited to the proximity of Leishmania parasites. Indeed LDs are observed inside parasitophorous vacuole and in parasite cytoplasm suggesting that Leishmania parasites besides producing their own LDs, may take advantage of these high energy sources. Otherwise, these LDs may help cells defending against parasitic infection. These metabolic changes, rising as common features during the last years, occur in host cells infected by a large number of pathogens and seem to play an important role in pathogenesis. Understanding how Leishmania parasites and different pathogens exploit this LD accumulation will help us define the common mechanism used by these different pathogens to manipulate and/or take advantage of this high-energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Rabhi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Parasitologies médicales biotechnologies et Biomolecules, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur – B. P. 74, 1002, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
- Université de carthage, Sidi Bou Said, Avenue de la République – B. P .77. 1054, Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Imen Rabhi
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Parasitologies médicales biotechnologies et Biomolecules, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur – B. P. 74, 1002, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
- Biotechnology and Bio-Geo Resources Valorization Laboratory (LR11ES31); Higher Institute for Biotechnology - University of Manouba, Biotechpole of Sidi Thabet, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Bernadette Trentin
- Acobiom Cap Delta-Biopôle Euromédecine II. 1682, rue de la Valsière – 34184, Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - David Piquemal
- Acobiom Cap Delta-Biopôle Euromédecine II. 1682, rue de la Valsière – 34184, Montpellier, Cedex 4, France
| | - Béatrice Regnault
- DNA Chip Platform, Genopole, Institut Pasteur de Paris, 25–28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Laboratoire des Processus infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, 26 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Thierry Lang
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Laboratoire des Processus infectieux à Trypanosomatidés, 26 rue du Dr Roux, 75724, Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS-Institut Armand Frappier and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, 531, boulevard des Prairies, Laval (Québec), H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Jost Enninga
- Institut Pasteur, Dynamics of host-pathogen interactions Unit, 25 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris, France
| | - Lamia Guizani-Tabbane
- Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Laboratoire de Parasitologies médicales biotechnologies et Biomolecules, University of Tunis El Manar, 13, Place Pasteur – B. P. 74, 1002, Tunis-Belvedere, Tunisia
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Crauwels P, Bohn R, Thomas M, Gottwalt S, Jäckel F, Krämer S, Bank E, Tenzer S, Walther P, Bastian M, van Zandbergen G. Apoptotic-like Leishmania exploit the host's autophagy machinery to reduce T-cell-mediated parasite elimination. Autophagy 2016; 11:285-97. [PMID: 25801301 PMCID: PMC4502818 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2014.998904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a well-defined cellular process in which a cell dies, characterized by cell shrinkage and DNA fragmentation. In parasites like Leishmania, the process of apoptosis-like cell death has been described. Moreover upon infection, the apoptotic-like population is essential for disease development, in part by silencing host phagocytes. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of how apoptosis in unicellular organisms may support infectivity remains unclear. Therefore we investigated the fate of apoptotic-like Leishmania parasites in human host macrophages. Our data showed—in contrast to viable parasites—that apoptotic-like parasites enter an LC3+, autophagy-like compartment. The compartment was found to consist of a single lipid bilayer, typical for LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). As LAP can provoke anti-inflammatory responses and autophagy modulates antigen presentation, we analyzed how the presence of apoptotic-like parasites affected the adaptive immune response. Macrophages infected with viable Leishmania induced proliferation of CD4+ T-cells, leading to a reduced intracellular parasite survival. Remarkably, the presence of apoptotic-like parasites in the inoculum significantly reduced T-cell proliferation. Chemical induction of autophagy in human monocyte-derived macrophage (hMDM), infected with viable parasites only, had an even stronger proliferation-reducing effect, indicating that host cell autophagy and not parasite viability limits the T-cell response and enhances parasite survival. Concluding, our data suggest that apoptotic-like Leishmania hijack the host cells´ autophagy machinery to reduce T-cell proliferation. Furthermore, the overall population survival is guaranteed, explaining the benefit of apoptosis-like cell death in a single-celled parasite and defining the host autophagy pathway as a potential therapeutic target in treating Leishmaniasis.
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Key Words
- ANXA5, annexin V
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
- CM, complete medium
- IF, immunofluorescence
- IL, interleukin
- LAP
- LAP, LC3-associated phagocytosis
- Lm, Leishmania
- MACS, magnetic-associated cell sorting
- MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- T-cell proliferation
- TGFB, transforming growth factor
- anti-inflammatory
- apoptotic-like Leishmania
- autophagy
- hMDM, human monocyte derived macrophage
- human primary macrophages
- immune evasion
- log.ph, logarithmic phase
- stat.ph, stationary phase
- β; TT, tetanus toxoid
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Crauwels
- a Division of Immunology ; Paul-Ehrlich-Institute ; Langen , Germany
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Collier MA, Peine KJ, Gautam S, Oghumu S, Varikuti S, Borteh H, Papenfuss TL, Sataoskar AR, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Host-mediated Leishmania donovani treatment using AR-12 encapsulated in acetalated dextran microparticles. Int J Pharm 2016; 499:186-194. [PMID: 26768723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by parasites of Leishmania sp., which effects nearly 12 million people worldwide and is associated with treatment complications due to widespread parasite resistance toward pathogen-directed therapeutics. The current treatments for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), the systemic form of the disease, involve pathogen-mediated drugs and have long treatment regimens, increasing the risk of forming resistant strains. One way to limit emergence of resistant pathogens is through the use of host-mediated therapeutics. The host-mediated therapeutic AR-12, which is FDA IND-approved for cancer treatment, has shown activity against a broad spectrum of intracellular pathogens; however, due to hydrophobicity and toxicity, it is difficult to reach therapeutic doses. We have formulated AR-12 into microparticles (AR-12/MPs) using the novel biodegradable polymer acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) and used this formulation for the systemic treatment of VL. Treatment with AR-12/MPs significantly reduced liver, spleen, and bone marrow parasite loads in infected mice, while combinatorial therapies with amphotericin B had an even more significant effect. Overall, AR-12/MPs offer a unique, host-mediated therapy that could significantly reduce the emergence of drug resistance in the treatment of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Collier
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - K J Peine
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - S Gautam
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - S Oghumu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State's Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - S Varikuti
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State's Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - H Borteh
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - T L Papenfuss
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State's Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - A R Sataoskar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - E M Bachelder
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - K M Ainslie
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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50
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Frank B, Marcu A, de Oliveira Almeida Petersen AL, Weber H, Stigloher C, Mottram JC, Scholz CJ, Schurigt U. Autophagic digestion of Leishmania major by host macrophages is associated with differential expression of BNIP3, CTSE, and the miRNAs miR-101c, miR-129, and miR-210. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:404. [PMID: 26226952 PMCID: PMC4521392 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy participates in innate immunity by eliminating intracellular pathogens. Consequently, numerous microorganisms have developed strategies to impair the autophagic machinery in phagocytes. In the current study, interactions between Leishmania major (L. m.) and the autophagic machinery of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were analyzed. METHODS BMDM were generated from BALB/c mice, and the cells were infected with L. m. promastigotes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography were used to investigate the ultrastructure of BMDM and the intracellular parasites. Affymetrix chip analyses were conducted to identify autophagy-related messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). The protein expression levels of autophagy related 5 (ATG5), BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa protein-interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), cathepsin E (CTSE), mechanistic target of rapamycin (MTOR), microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B), and ubiquitin (UB) were investigated through western blot analyses. BMDM were transfected with specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against autophagy-related genes and with mimics or inhibitors of autophagy-associated miRNAs. The infection rates of BMDM were determined by light microscopy after a parasite-specific staining. RESULTS The experiments demonstrated autophagy induction in BMDM after in vitro infection with L. m.. The results suggested a putative MTOR phosphorylation-dependent counteracting mechanism in the early infection phase and indicated that intracellular amastigotes were cleared by autophagy in BMDM in the late infection phase. Transcriptomic analyses and specific downregulation of protein expression with siRNAs suggested there is an association between the infection-specific over expression of BNIP3, as well as CTSE, and the autophagic activity of BMDM. Transfection with mimics of mmu-miR-101c and mmu-miR-129-5p, as well as with an inhibitor of mmu-miR-210-5p, demonstrated direct effects of the respective miRNAs on parasite clearance in L. m.-infected BMDM. Furthermore, Affymetrix chip analyses revealed a complex autophagy-related RNA network consisting of differentially expressed mRNAs and miRNAs in BMDM, which indicates high glycolytic and inflammatory activity in the host macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Autophagy in L. m.-infected host macrophages is a highly regulated cellular process at both the RNA level and the protein level. Autophagy has the potential to clear parasites from the host. The results obtained from experiments with murine host macrophages could be translated in the future to develop innovative and therapeutic antileishmanial strategies for human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Frank
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Ana Marcu
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Antonio Luis de Oliveira Almeida Petersen
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biointervenção, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-BA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Heike Weber
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Division of Electron Microscopy, Biocenter of the University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Claus Juergen Scholz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Uta Schurigt
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2/D15, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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