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Chai W, Yao W, Pan J, Huang Z, Wang B, Xu B, Fan X, He W, Wang W, Zhang W. Moniezia benedeni drives CD3 + T cells residence in the sheep intestinal mucosal effector sites. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1342169. [PMID: 38371601 PMCID: PMC10869452 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1342169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction T cells are the core of the cellular immunity and play a key role in the regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis. In order to explore the impact Moniezia benedeni (M. benedeni) infection on distributions of CD3+ T cells in the small intestine of the sheep. Methods In this study, sheep pET-28a-CD3 recombinant plasmid were constructed and expressed in BL21 receptor cells, then the rabbit anti-sheep CD3 polyclonal antibody was prepared through recombinant protein inducing. The M. benedeni-infected sheep (infection group, n = 6) and healthy sheep (control group, n = 6) were selected, and the distributions of CD3+ T cells in intestinal laminae propria (LP) and mucous epitheliums were observed and analyzed systematically. Results The results showed that the rabbit anti-sheep CD3 polyclonal antibody had good potency and specificity. In the effector area of small intestine, a large number of CD3+ T cells were mainly diffusely distributed in the intestinal LP as well as in the mucous epitheliums, and the densities of intestinal LP from duodenum to jejunum to ileum were 6.01 cells/104 μm2, 7.01 cells/104 μm2 and 6.43 cells/104 μm2, respectively. Their distribution densities in mucous epitheliums were 6.71 cells/104 μm2, 7.93 cells/104 μm2 and 7.21 cells/104 μm2, respectively; in the infected group, the distributions of CD3+ T cells were similar to that of the control group, and the densities in each intestinal segment were all significantly increased (p < 0.05), meanwhile, the total densities of CD3+ T cells in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were increased by 33.43%, 14.50%, and 34.19%. In LP and mucous epitheliums, it was increased by 33.57% and 27.92% in duodenum; by 25.82% and 7.07% in jejunum, and by 27.07% and 19.23% in ileum, respectively. Discussion It was suggested that M. benedeni infection did not change the spatial distributions of CD3+ T cells in the small intestine of sheep, but significantly increased their densities, which lays a foundation for further research on the regulatory mechanism of sheep intestinal mucosal immune system against M. benedeni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wanling Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Lanzhou Safari Park Management Co., Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiping Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wanhong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wangdong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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Azevedo CM, Meira CS, da Silva JW, Moura DMN, de Oliveira SA, da Costa CJ, Santos EDS, Soares MBP. Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products in the Treatment of Schistosomiasis. Molecules 2023; 28:6807. [PMID: 37836650 PMCID: PMC10574020 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that 250 million people worldwide are affected by schistosomiasis. Disease transmission is related to the poor sanitation and hygiene habits that affect residents of impoverished regions in tropical and subtropical countries. The main species responsible for causing disease in humans are Schistosoma Mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. haematobium, each with different geographic distributions. Praziquantel is the drug predominantly used to treat this disease, which offers low effectiveness against immature and juvenile parasite forms. In addition, reports of drug resistance prompt the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Natural products represent an important source of new compounds, especially those obtained from plant sources. This review compiles data from several in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating various compounds and essential oils derived from plants with cercaricidal and molluscicidal activities against both juvenile and adult forms of the parasite. Finally, this review provides an important discussion on recent advances in molecular and computational tools deemed fundamental for more rapid and effective screening of new compounds, allowing for the optimization of time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Machado Azevedo
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (C.M.A.); (C.S.M.)
| | - Cássio Santana Meira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (C.M.A.); (C.S.M.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil; (J.W.d.S.); (E.d.S.S.)
| | - Jaqueline Wang da Silva
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil; (J.W.d.S.); (E.d.S.S.)
| | - Danielle Maria Nascimento Moura
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM-FIOCRUZ/PE), Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (D.M.N.M.); (S.A.d.O.); (C.J.d.C.)
| | - Sheilla Andrade de Oliveira
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM-FIOCRUZ/PE), Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (D.M.N.M.); (S.A.d.O.); (C.J.d.C.)
| | - Cícero Jádson da Costa
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IAM-FIOCRUZ/PE), Recife 50740-465, Brazil; (D.M.N.M.); (S.A.d.O.); (C.J.d.C.)
| | - Emanuelle de Souza Santos
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil; (J.W.d.S.); (E.d.S.S.)
| | - Milena Botelho Pereira Soares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador 40296-710, Brazil; (C.M.A.); (C.S.M.)
- SENAI Institute of Innovation in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, Brazil; (J.W.d.S.); (E.d.S.S.)
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Winkelmann F, Rabes A, Reinholdt C, Koslowski N, Koczan D, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. Sex-Specific Modulation of the Host Transcriptome in the Spleen of Schistosoma mansoni-Infected Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:893632. [PMID: 35865813 PMCID: PMC9294737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.893632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is a severe parasitic disease that is primarily driven by the host’s immune response to schistosome eggs trapped in tissue and by the granulomatous inflammatory and fibrotic reaction they cause. Despite significant progress in understanding the complex immunological processes involved in the relationship between schistosomes and their host, neither an effective vaccine against the infection nor anti-fibrotic drugs currently exists, making the search for new targets for schistosome drugs and vaccine candidates even more important. In order to identify new molecular targets for defense against or elimination of the parasite, we investigate herein the interplay between the host and male or female schistosomes, clearly separating this from the action of the parasite eggs. Methods For this purpose, we infected 6–8-week-old female NMRI mice with 100 male (M), female (F), or both (MF) S. mansoni cercariae and performed a comparative transcriptomic and flow cytometric analysis of their spleens. Results Principal component analysis of a total of 22,207 transcripts showed a clear clustering of the experimental groups. We identified a total of 1,293 genes in group M, 512 genes in group F, and 4,062 genes in group MF that were differentially expressed compared to naive controls. The highest percentage of regulated genes (2,972; 65.9%) was found in group MF alone, but there was a large overlap between groups M and MF (798; 17.7%) and a small overlap between groups F and MF (91; 2.0%). Only 4.5% of genes (201) were revealed to be regulated in all experimental groups (M/F/MF). In addition, we were able to show that both worm sexes trigger immune responses in an egg-independent manner (non-polarized Th1 and Th2 response), with female worms exerting less regulatory influence than males. Conclusion Our data show that adult schistosomes trigger sex-specific, egg-independent immune responses. The lists of genes regulated by adult female or male worms presented here may be useful in deciphering host–parasite interactions to identify targets for schistosome elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Winkelmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Rabes
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Cindy Reinholdt
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Koslowski
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C. Reisinger
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Sombetzki
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martina Sombetzki,
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Schistosomicidal efficacy of bee venom-loaded pluronic F127 nanomicelles in S. mansoni infected CD1 mice. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Idro R, Ogwang R, Barragan A, Raimondo JV, Masocha W. Neuroimmunology of Common Parasitic Infections in Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791488. [PMID: 35222377 PMCID: PMC8866860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections of the central nervous system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. The neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of these infections result from a complex interplay between the parasites and the host inflammatory response. Here we review some of the diseases caused by selected parasitic organisms known to infect the nervous system including Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei spp., and Taenia solium species. For each parasite, we describe the geographical distribution, prevalence, life cycle, and typical clinical symptoms of infection and pathogenesis. We pay particular attention to how the parasites infect the brain and the interaction between each organism and the host immune system. We describe how an understanding of these processes may guide optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of disease pathophysiology and call for increased interrogation of these often-neglected disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Idro
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Ogwang
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Valentino Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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Oliveira NF, Silva CLM. Unveiling the Potential of Purinergic Signaling in Schistosomiasis Treatment. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:193-204. [PMID: 32972342 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200924115113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease. It is related to long-lasting granulomatous fibrosis and inflammation of target organs, and current sub-optimal pharmacological treatment creates global public health concerns. Intravascular worms and eggs release antigens and extracellular vesicles that target host endothelial cells, modulate the immune system, and stimulate the release of damageassociated molecular patterns (DAMPs). ATP, one of the most studied DAMPs, triggers a cascade of autocrine and paracrine actions through purinergic P2X and P2Y receptors, which are shaped by ectonucleotidases (CD39). Both P2 receptor families, and in particular P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y12, and P2X7 receptors, have been attracting increasing interest in several inflammatory diseases and drug development. Current data obtained from the murine model unveiled a CD39-ADP-P2Y1/P2Y12 receptors signaling pathway linked to the liver and mesenteric exacerbations of schistosomal inflammation. Therefore, we proposed that members of this purinergic signaling could be putative pharmacological targets to reduce schistosomal morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Ferreira Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lucia Martins Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Santos MP, Gonçalves-Santos E, Gonçalves RV, Santos EC, Campos CC, Bastos DSS, Marques MJ, Souza RLM, Novaes RD. Doxycycline aggravates granulomatous inflammation and lung microstructural remodeling induced by Schistosoma mansoni infection. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 94:107462. [PMID: 33611055 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although doxycycline exhibits immunomodulatory properties, its effects on pulmonary infection by Schistosoma mansoni remain overlooked. Thus, we investigated the impact of this drug on lung granulomatous inflammation and microstructural remodeling in a murine model of schistosomiasis. Swiss mice were randomized in four groups: (i) uninfected, (ii) infected with S. mansoni and untreated, (iii) infected treated with praziquantel (Pzq; 200 mg/kg), and (iv) infected treated with Dox (50 mg/kg). Pz was administered in a single dose, and Dox for 60 days. S. mansoni induced marked granulomatous lung inflammation, which was associated to cytokines upregulation (IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and TGF-β), neutrophils and macrophages recruitment, alveolar collapse, lung fibrosis, and extensive depletion of elastic fibers. These parameters were attenuated by Pzq and aggravated by Dox. Exudative/productive granulomas were predominant in untreated and Dox-treated animals, while fibrotic granulomas were more frequent in Pzq-treated mice. The number and size of granulomas in Dox-treated animals was higher than untreated and Pzq-treated mice. Dox treatment inhibited the increase in MMP-1 and MMP-2 activity but upregulated myeloperoxidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase activity compared to untreated and Pzq-treated animals. Dox and Pzq exerted no effect on elastin depletion and upregulation of elastase activity. Together, our findings indicated that Dox aggravated granulomatous inflammation, accelerating lung microstructural remodeling by downregulating MMP-1 and MMP-2 activity without impair neutrophils and macrophages recruitment or elastase activity. Thus, Dox potentiates inflammatory damage associated with lung fibrosis, elastin depletion and massive alveolar collapse, profoundly subverting lung structure in S. mansoni-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida P Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elda Gonçalves-Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Reggiani V Gonçalves
- Department of Animal Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliziária C Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camila C Campos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel S S Bastos
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos J Marques
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Raquel L M Souza
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rômulo D Novaes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Cagnazzo TDO, Nogueira CT, de Castro CA, Neris DM, Fattori ACM, Correia RDO, Albuquerque YR, Fragelli BDDL, Mendes TMF, Allegretti SM, Soares EG, Romanello L, Torini JR, Pereira HD, Anibal FDF. Investigating Immunization With Nucleotide Enzymes of Schistosoma mansoni: Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase and Adenylosuccinate Lyase as New Antigenic Targets Against Schistosomiasis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:569988. [PMID: 33072110 PMCID: PMC7538676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.569988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma mansoni trematode worm, affects more than 1.5 million people in Brazil. The current treatment consists in the administration of Praziquantel, the only medicine used for treatment for more than 40 years. Some of the limitations of this drug consist in its inactivity against schistosomula and parasite eggs, the appearance of resistant strains and non-prevention against reinfection. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of immunization with recombinant functional enzymes of the purine salvage pathway of S. mansoni, Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase (NDPK) and Adenylosuccinate Lyase (ADSL), to evaluate the host immune response, as well as the parasite load after vaccination. For this, Balb/c mice were divided into 5 groups: control (uninfected and untreated), non-immunized/infected, NDPK infected, ADSL infected, and NDPK + ADSL infected. Immunized groups received three enzyme dosages, with a 15-day interval between each dose, and after 15 days of the last application the animals were infected with 80 cercariae of S. mansoni. On the 47th day after the infection, fecal eggs were counted and, on the 48th day after the infection, the evaluation of leukocyte response, parasite load, antibody production, cytokines quantification, and histopathological analysis were performed. The results showed that immunizations with NDPK, ADSL or NDPK + ADSL promoted a discreet reduction in eosinophil counts in lavage of peritoneal cavity. All immunized animals showed increased production and secretion of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE antibodies. Increased production of IL-4 was observed in the group immunized with the combination of both enzymes (NDPK + ADSL). In addition, in all immunized groups there were reductions in egg counts in the liver and intestine, such as reductions in liver granulomas. Thus, we suggest that immunizations with these enzymes could contribute to the reduction of schistosomiasis transmission, besides being important in immunopathogenesis control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Túlio di Orlando Cagnazzo
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Camila Tita Nogueira
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Aparecida de Castro
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Débora Meira Neris
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Maragno Fattori
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Correia
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Yulli Roxenne Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dias de Lima Fragelli
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Silmara Marques Allegretti
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Edson Garcia Soares
- Laboratório de Citopatologia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa Romanello
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Juliana Roberta Torini
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Humberto D'Muniz Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Freitas Anibal
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Doenças Infecciosas, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
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Adverse events and monitoring requirements associated with monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-019-00682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Mouser EEIM, Pollakis G, Smits HH, Thomas J, Yazdanbakhsh M, de Jong EC, Paxton WA. Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and recombinant Omega-1 modulate induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses and HIV-1 infection in vitro. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007924. [PMID: 31487324 PMCID: PMC6728022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths evade, skew and dampen human immune responses through numerous mechanisms. Such effects will likely have consequences for HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Here we analyzed the effects that soluble egg antigen (SEA) from Schistosoma mansoni had on modulating HIV-1 infection and cytokine/chemokine production in vitro. We determined that SEA, specifically through kappa-5, can potently bind to DC-SIGN and thereby blocks DC-SIGN mediated HIV-1 trans-infection (p<0.05) whilst not interfering with cis-infection. DCs exposed to SEA whilst maturing under Th2 promoting conditions, will upon co-culture with naïve T-cells induce a T-cell population that was less susceptible to HIV-1 R5 infection (p<0.05) compared to DCs unexposed to SEA, whereas HIV-1 X4 virus infection was unaffected. This was not observed for DCs exposed to SEA while maturing under Th1 or Th1/Th2 (Tmix) promoting conditions. All T-cell populations induced by SEA exposed DCs demonstrate a reduced capacity to produce IFN-γ and MIP-1β. The infection profile of T-cells infected with HIV-1 R5 was not associated with down-modulation of CCR5 cell surface expression. We further show that DCs maturing under Tmix conditions exposed to plant recombinant omega-1 protein (rω-1), which demonstrates similar functions to natural ω-1, induced T-cell populations that were less sensitive for HIV-1 R5 infection (p<0.05), but not for X4 virus infection. This inhibition associated again with a reduction in IFN-γ and MIP-1β expression, but additionally correlated with reduced CCR5 expression. We have shown that SEA parasite antigens and more specifically rω-1 can modulate HIV-1 infectivity with the potential to influence disease course in co-infected individuals. Parasitic helminths have developed a number of strategies to evade, skew and dampen human immune responses. Such effects will likely have consequences for HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. Here we analyzed the effect that soluble egg antigen (SEA) from Schistosoma mansoni had on HIV-1 infection in vitro. We determined that SEA, through kappa-5, can potently block DC-SIGN mediated HIV-1 trans-infection of CD4+ T-lymphocytes, but not block cis-infection. Dendritic cells (DC) exposed to SEA during maturation under Th2 skewing conditions, induce T-cell populations that are less susceptible to HIV-1 R5 infection compared to cells induced by unexposed DCs. HIV-1 X4 infection was unaffected. This restricted infection profile was not associated with down-modulation of CCR5 surface expression or observed differences in cytokine/chemokine production. Using recombinant omega-1, an abundant component of SEA, HIV-1 R5 infection was similarly inhibited with no effect on HIV-1 X4 infection levels. Hence SEA possesses antigens, namely omega-1, that can modulate HIV-1 infection and potentially influence disease course in co-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily EIM Mouser
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jordan Thomas
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (ECdJ); (WAP)
| | - William A. Paxton
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology (CIMI), Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (ECdJ); (WAP)
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11
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Doenhoff MJ, Modha J, Walker AJ. Failure of in vitro-cultured schistosomes to produce eggs: how does the parasite meet its needs for host-derived cytokines such as TGF-β? Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:747-757. [PMID: 31348959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
When adult schistosome worm pairs are transferred from experimental hosts to in vitro culture they cease producing viable eggs within a few days. Female worms in unisexual infections fail to mature, and when mature adult females are separated from male partners they regress sexually. Worms cultured from the larval stage are also permanently reproductively defective. The cytokine transforming growth factor beta derived from the mammalian host is considered important in stimulating schistosome female worm maturation and maintenance of fecundity. The means by which schistosomes acquire TGF-β have not been elucidated, but direct uptake in vivo seems unlikely as the concentration of free, biologically active cytokine in host blood is very low. Here we review the complexities of schistosome development and male-female interactions, and we speculate about two possibilities on how worms obtain the TGF-β they are assumed to need: (i) worms may have mechanisms to free active cytokine from the latency-inducing complex of proteins in which it is associated, and/or (ii) they may obtain the cytokine from alpha 2-macroglobulin, a blood-borne protease inhibitor to which TGF-β can bind. These ideas are experimentally testable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Doenhoff
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Jay Modha
- Modha Biomedical Ltd, 9B St Cuthberts Avenue, Great Glen, Leicester LE8 9EJ, UK
| | - Anthony J Walker
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey KT1 2EE, UK
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12
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Dias MV, Castro AP, Campos CC, Souza-Silva TG, Gonçalves RV, Souza RLM, Marques MJ, Novaes RD. Doxycycline hyclate: A schistosomicidal agent in vitro with immunomodulatory potential on granulomatous inflammation in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:324-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Schramm G, Suwandi A, Galeev A, Sharma S, Braun J, Claes AK, Braubach P, Grassl GA. Schistosome Eggs Impair Protective Th1/Th17 Immune Responses Against Salmonella Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2614. [PMID: 30487793 PMCID: PMC6246638 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Countries with a high incidence of helminth infections are characterized by high morbidity and mortality to infections with intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella. Some patients with Salmonella-Schistosoma co-infections develop a so-called “chronic septicemic salmonellosis,” with prolonged fever and enlargement of the liver and spleen. These effects are most likely due to the overall immunoregulatory activities of schistosomes such as induction of Tregs, Bregs, alternatively activated macrophages, and degradation of antibodies. However, detailed underlying mechanisms are not very well investigated. Here, we show that intraperitoneal application of live Schistosoma mansoni eggs prior to infection with Salmonella Typhimurium in mice leads to an impairment of IFN-γ and IL-17 responses together with a higher bacterial load compared to Salmonella infection alone. S. mansoni eggs were found in granulomas in the visceral peritoneum attached to the colon. Immunohistological staining revealed IPSE/alpha-1, a glycoprotein secreted from live schistosome eggs, and recruited basophils around the eggs. Noteworthy, IPSE/alpha-1 is known to trigger IL-4 and IL-13 release from basophils which in turn is known to suppress Th1/Th17 responses. Therefore, our data support a mechanism of how schistosomes impair a protective immune response against Salmonella infection and increase our understanding of helminth-bacterial co-infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Schramm
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Abdulhadi Suwandi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alibek Galeev
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Samriti Sharma
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janin Braun
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Claes
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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14
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Knuhr K, Langhans K, Nyenhuis S, Viertmann K, Kildemoes AMO, Doenhoff MJ, Haas H, Schramm G. Schistosoma mansoni Egg-Released IPSE/alpha-1 Dampens Inflammatory Cytokine Responses via Basophil Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2293. [PMID: 30364177 PMCID: PMC6191518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomes control inflammation in their hosts via highly effective mechanisms such as induction of Tregs, Bregs, and alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs). Notably, IPSE/alpha-1, the major secretory product from Schistosoma mansoni eggs, triggers basophils to release interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. Both cytokines are essential for AAM induction, suggesting an important role for IPSE/alpha-1 in inflammation control. Here, we show by in vitro co-culture experiments that IPSE/alpha-1-induced basophil IL-4/IL-13 inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine release from human LPS-activated monocytes. This effect was cell/cell contact-independent but dependent on IL-4, since it was abrogated in the presence of anti-IL-4 antibodies. Importantly, the IPSE/alpha-1-induced IL-4/IL-13 release from basophils was amplified in the presence of LPS. Moreover, monocytes co-cultured in the presence of LPS with IPSE/alpha-1-stimulated basophils adopted an AAM-like phenotype as assessed by elevated expression of CD206 and CD209. The putative in vivo relevance of these findings was supported by immunohistological staining of S. mansoni-infected murine tissue revealing close physical contact between IPSE/alpha-1 and basophils in schistosome egg granulomas. Taken together, we found that IPSE/alpha-1 dampens inflammatory cytokine responses by triggering basophil IL-4/IL-13, in particular in the context of TLR activation, thereby turning inflammatory monocytes into anti-inflammatory AAMs. This might represent a mechanism used by schistosomes to control inflammation in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Knuhr
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Kristina Langhans
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Sandra Nyenhuis
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Kerstin Viertmann
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Anna M Overgaard Kildemoes
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Doenhoff
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gabriele Schramm
- Experimental Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
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15
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Homann A, Schramm G, Jappe U. Glycans and glycan-specific IgE in clinical and molecular allergology: Sensitization, diagnostics, and clinical symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:356-368. [PMID: 28479330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycan-specific IgE antibodies cross-react with highly similar or even identical carbohydrate structures on a variety of different natural allergens, the so-called cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs). In clinical practice CCDs often interfere with the specificity of in vitro allergy diagnostics, thus impairing allergy therapy decisions for individual patients. Strikingly, these IgE antibodies directed against CCDs often do not cause clinically relevant allergy symptoms. On the other hand, the IgE-binding glycan allergen galactose-α-(1,3)-galactose (α-Gal) is associated with IgE-mediated delayed anaphylaxis in meat allergy. The reason for this discrepancy is not known. The discovery of α-Gal stimulated new discussions and investigations regarding the relevance of anti-glycan IgE for allergic diseases. In this review the effect of glycans and glycan-specific IgE on sensitization to allergens and allergy diagnosis is described. Because parasite infections elicit a similar immunologic environment as allergic diseases, the association of glycan-specific antibodies against parasite glycoproteins with glycan structures on allergens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Homann
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma & Allergy, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schramm
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Research Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma & Allergy, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany; Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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16
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Ke XD, Shen S, Song LJ, Yu CX, Kikuchi M, Hirayama K, Gao H, Wang J, Yin X, Yao Y, Liu Q, Zhou W. Characterization of Schistosoma japonicum CP1412 protein as a novel member of the ribonuclease T2 molecule family with immune regulatory function. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:89. [PMID: 28212670 PMCID: PMC5316207 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosome infection typically induces a polarized Th2 type host immune response. As egg antigen molecules play key roles in this immunoregulatory process, clarifying their functions in schistosomiasis would facilitate the development of vaccine and immunotherapeutic methods. Schistosoma japonicum (Sj) CP1412 (GenBank: AY57074.1) has been identified as a new member of the RNase T2 family with immune regulatory functions. Methods The expression plasmid Sj CP1412-pET28a was constructed and transformed into bacteria for production of recombinant Sj CP1412 protein (rSj CP1412) via IPTG induction. The RNase activity of Sj CP1412 was predicted by bioinformatic analysis and confirmed by digesting the yeast tRNA with rSj CP1412.C57BL/6j mice were immunized with rSj CP1412, and its immune regulatory effects in vivo and in vitro were investigated. Meanwhile, the relationship between the RNase activity of Sj CP1412 and its immune regulation was observed. Results Sj CP1412 was confirmed as a novel RNase T2 family protein with RNase activity. Immunoblotting and RT-PCR analyses demonstrated Sj CP1412 as a protein exclusively secreted/excreted from eggs, but not cercariae and adult worms. Stimulating RAW264.7 macrophages with rSj CP1412 raised the expression of CD206, Arg-1 and IL-10, which are related to M2 type macrophage differentiation. Stimulating dendritic cells (DCs) with rSjCP1412 failed to induce their maturation, and the recombinant protein also inhibited LPS-stimulated DC maturation. Depletion of Sj CP1412 from soluble egg antigen (SEA) impaired the ability of SEA to induce M2 type polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages. Immunizing mice with rSj CP1412 induced high antibody titers, increased serum IL-4 and TGF-β levels and splenic CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells, downregulated serum IFN-γ levels and alleviated the egg granuloma pathology of schistosome infection. In vitro stimulation by rSj CP1412 significantly increased CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T cell numbers in splenocytes of healthy mice. The rSj CP1412 protein with RNase activity inactivated by DEPC failed to induce M2 surface marker CD206 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Conclusions The Sj CP1412 protein expressed specifically in S. japonicum eggs is a novel member of the RNase T2 family. Similar to Omega-1 of Schistosoma mansoni, the Sj CP1412 protein drives polarization of the host Th2 immune response, which is dependent on its RNase activity. These data provide new evidence towards understanding the immune regulatory role of RNase T2 family proteins during schistosome infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1962-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Dan Ke
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Shen
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China.,Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Song
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Xin Yu
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China. .,Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Public Health Research Center, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mihoko Kikuchi
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, 210003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuren Yin
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasite and Vector Control, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, 214064, People's Republic of China
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17
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Pinto MES, Licona-Limón P. Th9 Cells and Parasitic Inflammation: Use of Nippostrongylus and Schistosoma Models. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1585:223-245. [PMID: 28477200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6877-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Th9 cells are a new subpopulation of CD4+ T helper cells, characterized by the expression of IL-9 that have been involved in type 2 immune responses, antitumor responses and autoimmune diseases. Here, we describe two different parasitic models frequently maintained in the laboratory where Th9 cells or IL-9 (the cytokine produced by Th9 cells) has been shown to play critical roles in pathogen clearance and immune response activation: the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and the trematode Schistosoma mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Enrique Serrano Pinto
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paula Licona-Limón
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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18
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Purinergic signaling in schistosomal infection. Biomed J 2016; 39:316-325. [PMID: 27884378 PMCID: PMC6138794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human schistosomiasis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by blood fluke worms belonging to the genus Schistosoma. Health metrics indicate that the disease is related to an elevated number of years lost-to-disability and years lost-to-life. Schistosomiasis is an intravascular disease that is related to a Th1 and Th2 immune response polarization, and the degree of polarization affects the outcome of the disease. The purinergic system is composed of adenosine and nucleotides acting as key messenger molecules. Moreover, nucleotide-transforming enzymes and cell-surface purinergic receptors are obligatory partners of this purinergic signaling. In mammalian cells, purinergic signaling modulates innate immune responses and inflammation among other functions; conversely purinergic signaling may also be modulated by inflammatory mediators. Moreover, schistosomes also express some enzymes of the purinergic system, and it is possible that worms modulate host purinergic signaling. Current data obtained in murine models of schistosomiasis support the notion that the host purinergic system is altered by the disease. The dysfunction of adenosine receptors, metabotropic P2Y and ionotropic P2X7 receptors, and NTPDases likely contributes to disease morbidity.
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19
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Santos PDA, Lorena VMBD, Fernandes ÉDS, Sales IRF, Nascimento WRCD, Gomes YDM, Albuquerque MCPDA, Costa VMA, Souza VMOD. Gestation and breastfeeding in schistosomotic mothers differently modulate the immune response of adult offspring to postnatal Schistosoma mansoni infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:83-92. [PMID: 26872339 PMCID: PMC4750447 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni antigens in the early life alter homologous and
heterologous immunity during postnatal infections. We evaluate the immunity to
parasite antigens and ovalbumin (OA) in adult mice born/suckled by schistosomotic
mothers. Newborns were divided into: born (BIM), suckled (SIM) or born/suckled (BSIM)
in schistosomotic mothers, and animals from noninfected mothers (control). When
adults, the mice were infected and compared the hepatic granuloma size and
cellularity. Some animals were OA + adjuvant immunised. We evaluated hypersensitivity
reactions (HR), antibodies levels (IgG1/IgG2a) anti-soluble egg antigen and
anti-soluble worm antigen preparation, and anti-OA, cytokine production, and
CD4+FoxP3+T-cells by splenocytes. Compared to control group,
BIM mice showed a greater quantity of granulomas and collagen deposition, whereas SIM
and BSIM presented smaller granulomas. BSIM group exhibited the lowest levels of
anti-parasite antibodies. For anti-OA immunity, immediate HR was suppressed in all
groups, with greater intensity in SIM mice accompanied of the remarkable level of
basal CD4+FoxP3+T-cells. BIM and SIM groups produced less
interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-g. In BSIM, there was higher
production of IL-10 and IFN-g, but lower levels of IL-4 and
CD4+FoxP3+T-cells. Thus, pregnancy in schistosomotic mothers
intensified hepatic fibrosis, whereas breastfeeding diminished granulomas in
descendants. Separately, pregnancy and breastfeeding could suppress heterologous
immunity; however, when combined, the responses could be partially restored in
infected descendants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia d'Emery Alves Santos
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Érica de Souza Fernandes
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Iana Rafaela Fernandes Sales
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Vlaudia Maria Assis Costa
- Setor de Imunologia, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brasil
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20
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Wang S, Xie Y, Yang X, Wang X, Yan K, Zhong Z, Wang X, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Liu F, Shen J. Therapeutic potential of recombinant cystatin from Schistosoma japonicum in TNBS-induced experimental colitis of mice. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:6. [PMID: 26728323 PMCID: PMC4700642 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helminth infections and their components have been shown to have a protective effect on autoimmune diseases. The isolated purified protein from Schisotosoma japonicum and its potential therapeutic effect on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis could provide an alternative way to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBDs). Methods Colitis was induced in Balb/c mice by rectal administration of 2.5 % TNBS, followed by intraperitoneal injection of rSjcystatin 50 μg at 6 h and 24 h afterwards. The inflammation was monitored by recording weight change, stool character and bleeding, colon length, macroscopic score (MAO), microscopic score (MIO), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) and disease activity index (DAI). The potential underlying mechanism was investigated by examining cytokine profiles including Th1 (IFNγ), Th2 (IL-4), Th17 (IL-17A) and Treg subsets from lymphocytes of spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) by flow cytometry. The mRNA relative expressions of the cytokines in splenocytes and MLN were analysed by quantitative real time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Simultaneously, the concentrations of the cytokines in the colon homogenate supernatants were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and key transcription factors were detected by Western blotting. Results Administration of rSjcystatin significantly reduced inflammatory parameters and ameliorated the severity of the TNBS-induced colitis through decreasing IFNγ in three organs and lifting the level of IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, and TGF-β in the colon tissues, with uptrending Tregs in the MLN and LPMC. Conclusion The findings provide evidence that rSjcystatin has a therapeutic potential for diminishing colitis inflammation in Balb/c mice. The immunological mechanism may involve the down-regulation of Th1 response and up-regulation of Th2 and Tregs in the MLN and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushu Wang
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Pediatrics Department of Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Xiaodi Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Bengbu Medical College; Anhui Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Bengbu, 233000, Anhui, China.
| | - Xuesong Wang
- Pediatrics Department of Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Ke Yan
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, the Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233004, China.
| | - Zhengrong Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, the Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233004, China.
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Jilong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China. .,Department of Pathogen Biology, Provincial Laboratories of Pathogen Biology and Zoonoses Anhui, Hefei, 230022, China.
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Yepes E, Varela-M RE, López-Abán J, Rojas-Caraballo J, Muro A, Mollinedo F. Inhibition of Granulomatous Inflammation and Prophylactic Treatment of Schistosomiasis with a Combination of Edelfosine and Praziquantel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003893. [PMID: 26191954 PMCID: PMC4507859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease worldwide caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. This parasitic disease is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. Egg-released antigens stimulate tissue-destructive inflammatory and granulomatous reactions, involving different immune cell populations, including T cells and granulocytes. Granulomas lead to collagen fibers deposition and fibrosis, resulting in organ damage. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug of choice for treating all species of schistosomes. However, PZQ kills only adult Schistosoma worms, not immature stages. The inability of PZQ to abort early infection or prevent re-infection, and the lack of prophylactic effect prompt the need for novel drugs and strategies for the prevention of schistosomiasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we have found that the alkylphospholipid analog edelfosine kills schistosomula, and displays anti-inflammatory activity. The combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine during a few days before and after cercariae infection in a schistosomiasis mouse model, simulating a prophylactic treatment, led to seven major effects: a) killing of Schistosoma parasites at early and late development stages; b) reduction of hepatomegaly; c) granuloma size reduction; d) down-regulation of Th1, Th2 and Th17 responses at late post-infection times, thus inhibiting granuloma formation; e) upregulation of IL-10 at early post-infection times, thus potentiating anti-inflammatory actions; f) down-regulation of IL-10 at late post-infection times, thus favoring resistance to re-infection; g) reduction in the number of blood granulocytes in late post-infection times as compared to infected untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Taken together, these data suggest that the combined treatment of PZQ and edelfosine promotes a high decrease in granuloma formation, as well as in the cellular immune response that underlies granuloma development, with changes in the cytokine patterns, and may provide a promising and effective strategy for a prophylactic treatment of schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Yepes
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rubén E. Varela-M
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio López-Abán
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Rojas-Caraballo
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro
- IBSAL-CIETUS (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca-Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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22
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Meyer NH, Mayerhofer H, Tripsianes K, Blindow S, Barths D, Mewes A, Weimar T, Köhli T, Bade S, Madl T, Frey A, Haas H, Mueller-Dieckmann J, Sattler M, Schramm G. A Crystallin Fold in the Interleukin-4-inducing Principle of Schistosoma mansoni Eggs (IPSE/α-1) Mediates IgE Binding for Antigen-independent Basophil Activation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:22111-26. [PMID: 26163514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.675066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The IL-4-inducing principle from Schistosoma mansoni eggs (IPSE/α-1), the major secretory product of eggs from the parasitic worm S. mansoni, efficiently triggers basophils to release the immunomodulatory key cytokine interleukin-4. Activation by IPSE/α-1 requires the presence of IgE on the basophils, but the detailed molecular mechanism underlying activation is unknown. NMR and crystallographic analysis of IPSEΔNLS, a monomeric IPSE/α-1 mutant, revealed that IPSE/α-1 is a new member of the βγ-crystallin superfamily. We demonstrate that this molecule is a general immunoglobulin-binding factor with highest affinity for IgE. NMR binding studies of IPSEΔNLS with the 180-kDa molecule IgE identified a large positively charged binding surface that includes a flexible loop, which is unique to the IPSE/α-1 crystallin fold. Mutational analysis of amino acids in the binding interface showed that residues contributing to IgE binding are important for IgE-dependent activation of basophils. As IPSE/α-1 is unable to cross-link IgE, we propose that this molecule, by taking advantage of its unique IgE-binding crystallin fold, activates basophils by a novel, cross-linking-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Helge Meyer
- From the Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science and Biomolecular NMR, Department of Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching
| | | | - Konstantinos Tripsianes
- From the Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science and Biomolecular NMR, Department of Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Weimar
- the Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thies Köhli
- the Institute of Chemistry, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Steffen Bade
- Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostic Section, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, and
| | - Tobias Madl
- From the Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science and Biomolecular NMR, Department of Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching
| | - Andreas Frey
- Mucosal Immunology and Diagnostic Section, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, and
| | | | | | - Michael Sattler
- From the Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, the Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science and Biomolecular NMR, Department of Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching,
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23
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Knocking down schistosomes - promise for lentiviral transduction in parasites. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:324-32. [PMID: 25933926 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Underpinned by major advances in our understanding of the genomes of schistosomes, progress in the development of functional genomic tools is providing unique prospects to gain insights into the intricacies of the biology of these blood flukes, their host relationships, and the diseases that they cause. This article reviews some key applications of double-stranded RNA interference (RNAi) in Schistosoma mansoni, appraises delivery systems for transgenesis and stable gene silencing, considers ways of increasing efficiency and specificity of gene silencing, and discusses the prospects of using a lentivirus delivery system for future functional genomic-phenomic explorations of schistosomes and other parasites. The ability to achieve effective and stable gene perturbation in parasites has major biological implications and could facilitate the development of new interventions.
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24
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Tahapary DL, de Ruiter K, Martin I, van Lieshout L, Guigas B, Soewondo P, Djuardi Y, Wiria AE, Mayboroda OA, Houwing-Duistermaat JJ, Tasman H, Sartono E, Yazdanbakhsh M, Smit JWA, Supali T. Helminth infections and type 2 diabetes: a cluster-randomized placebo controlled SUGARSPIN trial in Nangapanda, Flores, Indonesia. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:133. [PMID: 25888525 PMCID: PMC4389675 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin resistance is a strong predictor of the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chronic helminth infections might protect against insulin resistance via a caloric restriction state and indirectly via T-helper-2 polarization of the immune system. Therefore the elimination of helminths might remove this beneficial effect on insulin resistance. Methods/Design To determine whether soil-transmitted helminth infections are associated with a better whole-body insulin sensitivity and whether this protection is reversible by anthelmintic treatment, a household-based cluster-randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in the area of Nangapanda on Flores Island, Indonesia, an area endemic for soil-transmitted helminth infections. The trial incorporates three monthly treatment with albendazole or matching placebo for one year, whereby each treatment round consists of three consecutive days of supervised drug intake. The presence of soil-transmitted helminths will be evaluated in faeces using microscopy and/or PCR. The primary outcome of the study will be changes in insulin resistance as assessed by HOMA-IR, while the secondary outcomes will be changes in body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, 2 h-glucose levels after oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c, serum lipid levels, immunological parameters, and efficacy of anthelmintic treatment. Discussion The study will provide data on the effect of helminth infections on insulin resistance. It will assess the relationship between helminth infection status and immune responses as well as metabolic parameters, allowing the establishment of a link between inflammation and whole-body metabolic homeostasis. In addition, it will give information on anthelmintic treatment efficacy and effectiveness. Trial registration This study has been approved by the ethical committee of Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia (ref: 549/H2.F1/ETIK/2013), and has been filed by the ethics committee of Leiden University Medical Center, clinical trial number: ISRCTN75636394. The study is reported in accordance with the CONSORT guidelines for cluster-randomised trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicky L Tahapary
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. .,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin de Ruiter
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivonne Martin
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Mathematics, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Pradana Soewondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Yenny Djuardi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Aprilianto E Wiria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Oleg A Mayboroda
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Hengki Tasman
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Taniawati Supali
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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25
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Pereira ASA, Cavalcanti MGS, Zingali RB, Lima-Filho JL, Chaves MEC. Isoforms of Hsp70-binding human LDL in adult Schistosoma mansoni worms. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1145-52. [PMID: 25573694 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni is one of the most common parasites infecting humans. They are well adapted to the host, and this parasite's longevity is a consequence of effective escape from the host immune system. In the blood circulation, lipoproteins not only help to conceal the worm from attack by host antibodies but also act as a source of lipids for S. mansoni. Previous SEM studies showed that the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles present on the surface of adult S. mansoni worms decreased in size when the incubation time increased. In this study, immunocytochemical and proteomic analyses were used to locate and identify S. mansoni binding proteins to human plasma LDL. Ultrathin sections of adult worms were cut transversely from the anterior, medial and posterior regions of the parasite. Immunocytochemical experiments revealed particles of gold in the tegument, muscle region and spine in male worms and around vitelline cells in females. Immunoblotting and 2D-electrophoresis using incubations with human serum, anti-LDL antibodies and anti-chicken IgG peroxidase conjugate were performed to identify LDL-binding proteins in S. mansoni. Analysis of the binding proteins using LC-MS identified two isoforms of the Hsp70 chaperone in S. mansoni. Hsp70 is involved in the interaction with apoB in the cytoplasm and its transport to the endoplasmic reticulum. However, further studies are needed to clarify the functional role of Hsp70 in S. mansoni, mainly related to the interaction with human LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S A Pereira
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica em Eucariotos, Instituto de Química - Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, sala 1200, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil,
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26
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Treatment with egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni ameliorates experimental colitis in mice through a colonic T-cell-dependent mechanism. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:48-59. [PMID: 25437821 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helminth-derived molecules are being identified as a new therapeutic approach for immune-mediated diseases. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and the immunological mechanisms of Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SmSEA) in a mouse model of chronic colitis. METHODS Colitis was induced in immunocompromised severe combined immunodeficiency mice by the adoptive transfer of CD4CD25CD62L T cells. Two weeks post-transfer, SmSEA treatments were started (study 1: 1 × 20 μg SmSEA per week 5 times; study 2: 2 × 20 μg SmSEA per week 3 times). From the start of the treatment (week 2), the clinical outcome and colonic inflammation were assessed at different time points by a clinical disease score and colonoscopy, respectively. At the end of the studies, the colons were harvested for macroscopic examination, and colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells were isolated for flow cytometric T-cell characterization. RESULTS In both studies, administration of SmSEA in colitis mice improved all the inflammatory parameters studied. However in study 1, this beneficial effect on inflammation diminished with time, and the T-cell characterization of the lamina propria mononuclear cells, performed at week 6, revealed no immunological effects of the SmSEA treatment. In study 2, mice were killed earlier (week 4) and at that time point, we found a significant downregulation of the number of interleukin-17A-producing T cells and a significant upregulation of the number of interleukin-4-producing T cells in the colon of the SmSEA-treated colitis mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that the administration of SmSEA reduces the severity of colitis in the adoptive transfer mouse model characterized by an increased Th2 response and a suppressed Th17 response in the colon.
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27
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Omega-1 knockdown in Schistosoma mansoni eggs by lentivirus transduction reduces granuloma size in vivo. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5375. [PMID: 25400038 PMCID: PMC4243216 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, one of the most important neglected tropical diseases worldwide, is caused by flatworms (blood flukes or schistosomes) that live in the bloodstream of humans. The hepatointestinal form of this debilitating disease results from a chronic infection with Schistosoma mansoni or Schistosoma japonicum. No vaccine is available to prevent schistosomiasis, and treatment relies predominantly on the use of a single drug, praziquantel. In spite of considerable research effort over the years, very little is known about the complex in vivo events that lead to granuloma formation and other pathological changes during infection. Here we use, for the first time, a lentivirus-based transduction system to deliver microRNA-adapted short hairpin RNAs (shRNAmirs) into the parasite to silence and explore selected protein-encoding genes of S. mansoni implicated in the disease process. This gene-silencing system has potential to be used for functional genomic–phenomic studies of a range of socioeconomically important pathogens. Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease, is caused by flatworms such as Schistosoma mansoni. Here, Hagen et al. describe a lentivirus-based transduction system to deliver microRNA-adapted small hairpin RNAs into S. mansoni to inhibit transcription of selected genes implicated in the disease process.
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28
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Macrophage P2X7 receptor function is reduced during schistosomiasis: putative role of TGF- β1. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:134974. [PMID: 25276050 PMCID: PMC4158569 DOI: 10.1155/2014/134974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a chronic inflammatory disease whose macrophages are involved in immunopathology modulation. Although P2X7 receptor signaling plays an important role in inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages, no reports have examined the role of P2X7 receptors in macrophage function during schistosomiasis. Thus, we evaluated P2X7 receptor function in peritoneal macrophages during schistosomiasis using an ATP-induced permeabilization assay and measurements of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. ATP treatment induced significantly less permeabilization in macrophages from S. mansoni-infected mice than in control cells from uninfected animals. Furthermore, P2X7-mediated increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels were also reduced in macrophages from infected mice. TGF-β1 levels were increased in the peritoneal cavity of infected animals, and pretreatment of control macrophages with TGF-β1 reduced ATP-induced permeabilization, mimicking the effect of S. mansoni infection. Western blot and qRT-PCR data showed no difference in P2X7 protein and mRNA between uninfected, infected, and TGF-β1-treated groups. However, immunofluorescence analysis revealed reduced cell surface localization of P2X7 receptors in macrophages from infected and TGF-β1-treated mice compared to controls. Therefore, our data suggest that schistosomiasis reduces peritoneal macrophage P2X7 receptor signaling. This effect is likely due to the fact that infected mice have increased levels of TGF-β1, which reduces P2X7 receptor cell surface expression.
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29
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Kara EE, Comerford I, Fenix KA, Bastow CR, Gregor CE, McKenzie DR, McColl SR. Tailored immune responses: novel effector helper T cell subsets in protective immunity. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003905. [PMID: 24586147 PMCID: PMC3930558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ cells into functionally distinct effector helper T cell subsets, characterised by distinct "cytokine signatures," is a cardinal strategy employed by the mammalian immune system to efficiently deal with the rapidly evolving array of pathogenic microorganisms encountered by the host. Since the T(H)1/T(H)2 paradigm was first described by Mosmann and Coffman, research in the field of helper T cell biology has grown exponentially with seven functionally unique subsets having now been described. In this review, recent insights into the molecular mechanisms that govern differentiation and function of effector helper T cell subsets will be discussed in the context of microbial infections, with a focus on how these different helper T cell subsets orchestrate immune responses tailored to combat the nature of the pathogenic threat encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ervin E. Kara
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Iain Comerford
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kevin A. Fenix
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cameron R. Bastow
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Carly E. Gregor
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Duncan R. McKenzie
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shaun R. McColl
- School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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30
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Karmakar S, Zhang W, Ahmad G, Torben W, Alam MU, Le L, Damian RT, Wolf RF, White GL, Carey DW, Carter D, Reed SG, Siddiqui AA. Use of an Sm-p80-based therapeutic vaccine to kill established adult schistosome parasites in chronically infected baboons. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:1929-40. [PMID: 24436452 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
No vaccines are available for human use for any parasitic infections, including the helminthic disease schistosomiasis. Sm-p80, the large subunit of Schistosoma mansoni calpain, is a leading antigen candidate for a schistosomiasis vaccine. Prophylactic and antifecundity efficacies of Sm-p80 have been tested using a variety of vaccine approaches in both rodent and nonhuman primate models. However, the therapeutic efficacy of a Sm-p80-based vaccine had not been determined. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of Sm-p80 by using 2 different strategies and 3 Sm-p80-based vaccine formulations in baboons. Vaccine formulations were able to decrease established adult worms by 10%-36%, reduce retention of eggs in tissues by 10%-57%, and decrease egg excretion in feces by 13%-33%, compared with control formulations. Marked differences were observed in B and T cell immune correlates between vaccinated and control animals. This is the first report of killing of established adult schistosome worms by a vaccine. In addition to distinct prophylactic efficacy of Sm-p80, this study adds to the evidence that Sm-p80 is a potentially important antigen with both substantial prophylactic and therapeutic efficacies. These data reinforce that Sm-p80 should be moved forward along the path toward human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Karmakar
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology
| | - Gul Ahmad
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Peru State College, Nebraska
| | - Workineh Torben
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Mayeen U Alam
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology
| | - Loc Le
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology
| | | | - Roman F Wolf
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Gary L White
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - David W Carey
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Afzal A Siddiqui
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology Department of Internal Medicine Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock
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31
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Wolfs IMJ, Stöger JL, Goossens P, Pöttgens C, Gijbels MJJ, Wijnands E, Vorst EPC, Gorp P, Beckers L, Engel D, Biessen EAL, Kraal G, Die I, Donners MMPC, Winther MPJ. Reprogramming macrophages to an anti‐inflammatory phenotype by helminth antigens reduces murine atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2013; 28:288-99. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-235911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ine M. J. Wolfs
- Department of Molecular GeneticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - J. Lauran Stöger
- Department of Molecular GeneticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical BiochemistryAcademic Medical Center (AMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter Goossens
- Department of Molecular GeneticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille‐Luminy (CIML)Aix‐Marseille UniversityMarseilleFrance
| | - Chantal Pöttgens
- Department of Molecular GeneticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of PhysiologyCardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Marion J. J. Gijbels
- Department of Molecular GeneticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical BiochemistryAcademic Medical Center (AMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Erwin Wijnands
- Department of PathologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Emiel P. C. Vorst
- Department of Molecular GeneticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick Gorp
- Department of Molecular GeneticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Linda Beckers
- Department of PathologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical BiochemistryAcademic Medical Center (AMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - David Engel
- Department of PathologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Georg Kraal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyVrije Universiteit (VU) Medical Center AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Irma Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and ImmunologyVrije Universiteit (VU) Medical Center AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjo M. P. C. Donners
- Department of Molecular GeneticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of PathologyMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Menno P. J. Winther
- Department of Molecular GeneticsMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Medical BiochemistryAcademic Medical Center (AMC)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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van Hellemond JJ, Vonk AG, de Vogel C, Koelewijn R, Vaessen N, Fahal AH, van Belkum A, van de Sande WWJ. Association of eumycetoma and schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2241. [PMID: 23717704 PMCID: PMC3662663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Eumycetoma is a morbid chronic granulomatous subcutaneous fungal disease. Despite high environmental exposure to this fungus in certain regions of the world, only few develop eumycetoma for yet unknown reasons. Animal studies suggest that co-infections skewing the immune system to a Th2-type response enhance eumycetoma susceptibility. Since chronic schistosomiasis results in a strong Th2-type response and since endemic areas for eumycetoma and schistosomiasis do regionally overlap, we performed a serological case-control study to identify an association between eumycetoma and schistosomiasis. Compared to endemic controls, eumycetoma patients were significantly more often sero-positive for schistosomiasis (p = 0.03; odds ratio 3.2, 95% CI 1.18-8.46), but not for toxoplasmosis, an infection inducing a Th1-type response (p = 0.6; odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 0.58-3.83). Here, we show that schistosomiasis is correlated to susceptibility for a fungal disease for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaap J. van Hellemond
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alieke G. Vonk
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corné de Vogel
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Koelewijn
- Harbour Hospital and Institute for Tropical Diseases, Laboratory for Parasitology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Vaessen
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed H. Fahal
- Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- bioMerieux, Microbiology R&D, La Balme Les Grottes, France
| | - Wendy W. J. van de Sande
- Erasmus MC, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Oliveira SDDS, Coutinho-Silva R, Silva CLM. Endothelial P2X7 receptors' expression is reduced by schistosomiasis. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:81-9. [PMID: 22987361 PMCID: PMC3568429 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells control vascular tone, permeability and leukocyte transmigration and are modulated by pro-inflammatory mediators. Schistosomiasis is an intravascular disease associated with inflammation, therefore altering endothelial cells' phenotype. Purinergic P2X7 receptors (P2X7R) play an important role in inflammation; however, the impact of the disease upon endothelial P2X7R function or expression has not been explored. Using ethidium bromide uptake to investigate P2X7R function, we observed that the effects of ATP (3 mM) and the P2X7R agonist 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)-ATP (BzATP) were smaller in mesenteric endothelial cells from the Schistosoma mansoni-infected group than in the control group. In the control group, BzATP induced endothelial nitric oxide production, which was blocked by the P2X7R antagonists KN-62 and A740003. However, in the infected group, we observed a reduced effect of BzATP and no effect of both P2X7R antagonists, suggesting a downregulation of endothelial P2X7R in schistosomiasis. We observed similar results in both infected and P2X7R(-/-) groups, which were also comparable to data obtained with KN-62- or A740004-treated control cells. Data from Western blot and immunocytochemistry assays confirmed the reduced expression of P2X7R in the infected group. In conclusion, our data show a downregulation of P2X7R in schistosomiasis infection, which likely limits the infection-related endothelial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen D’Arc dos Santos Oliveira
- />Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratory of Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, room J-17, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599 Brazil
- />Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, room C-17, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599 Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- />Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, room C-17, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599 Brazil
- />Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCT, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Lucia Martins Silva
- />Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratory of Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS, room J-17, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-599 Brazil
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34
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McDonald EA, Kurtis JD, Acosta L, Gundogan F, Sharma S, Pond-Tor S, Wu HW, Friedman JF. Schistosome egg antigens elicit a proinflammatory response by trophoblast cells of the human placenta. Infect Immun 2013; 81:704-12. [PMID: 23250950 PMCID: PMC3584891 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01149-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects nearly 40 million women of reproductive age. Many of these women are infected while pregnant and lactating. Several studies have demonstrated transplacental trafficking of schistosome antigens; however, little is known regarding how these antigens affect the developing fetus and placenta. To evaluate the impact of schistosomiasis on trophoblasts of the human placenta, we isolated primary trophoblast cells from healthy placentas delivered at term. These trophoblasts were placed in culture and treated with Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigens (SEA) or plasma from S. japonicum-infected pregnant women. Outcomes measured included cytokine production and activation of signal transduction pathways. Treatment of primary human trophoblast cells with SEA resulted in upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 and the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α). Cytokine production in response to SEA was dose dependent and reminiscent of production in response to other proinflammatory stimuli, such as Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 agonists. In addition, the signaling pathways extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), p38, and NF-κB were all activated by SEA in primary trophoblasts. These effects appeared to be mediated through both carbohydrate and protein epitopes of SEA. Finally, primary trophoblasts cocultured with plasma from S. japonicum-infected pregnant women produced increased levels of IL-8 compared to trophoblasts cocultured with plasma from uninfected pregnant women. We report here a direct impact of SEA on primary human trophoblast cells, which are critical for many aspects of a healthy pregnancy. Our data indicate that schistosome antigens can activate proinflammatory responses in trophoblasts, which might compromise maternal-fetal health in pregnancies complicated by schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A McDonald
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
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Ito T, Connett JM, Kunkel SL, Matsukawa A. The linkage of innate and adaptive immune response during granulomatous development. Front Immunol 2013; 4:10. [PMID: 23386849 PMCID: PMC3560376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomas represent a spectrum of inflammatory sequestration responses that may be initiated by a variety of agents, including non-infectious environmental factors and infectious microbial pathogens. Although this reaction is designed to be protective, the associated tissue injury is often responsible for a profound degree of pathology. While many of the mechanisms that sustain the development of the granuloma are enigmatic, it is accepted that the maintenance of this inflammatory process is dependent upon dynamic interactions between an inciting agent, inflammatory mediators, various immune and inflammatory cells, and structural cells of the involved tissue. The best studied of the host-dependent processes during granuloma development is the innate and adaptive immune response. The innate immune response by antigen-presenting cells [APCs; dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages] is initiated quickly to protect from overwhelming pathogens, but with time, can also activate the adaptive immune response. APCs, essential regulators of the innate immune response, can respond to microbial ligands through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which function in the recognition of microbial components and play an important role to link the innate and adaptive immune responses. CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are essential regulators of adaptive immune responses and inflammatory diseases. Recently, the Notch system has been shown to be an important bridge between APCs and T cell communication circuits. In the present review, we discuss recent findings that explore the mechanisms in the linkage of innate and adaptive immunity, including granulomatous formation though TLRs and Notch activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
Invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) is a most devastating complication of a parasitic infection. Several physical and immunological barriers provide obstacles to such an invasion. In this broad overview focus is given to the physical barriers to neuroinvasion of parasites provided at the portal of entry of the parasites, i.e., the skin and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and between the blood and the brain parenchyma, i.e., the blood-brain barrier (BBB). A description is given on how human pathogenic parasites can reach the CNS via the bloodstream either as free-living or extracellular parasites, by embolization of eggs, or within red or white blood cells when adapted to intracellular life. Molecular mechanisms are discussed by which parasites can interact with or pass across the BBB. The possible targeting of the circumventricular organs by parasites, as well as the parasites' direct entry to the brain from the nasal cavity through the olfactory nerve pathway, is also highlighted. Finally, examples are given which illustrate different mechanisms by which parasites can cause dysfunction or damage in the CNS related to toxic effects of parasite-derived molecules or to immune responses to the infection.
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Beschin A, De Baetselier P, Van Ginderachter JA. Contribution of myeloid cell subsets to liver fibrosis in parasite infection. J Pathol 2012; 229:186-97. [DOI: 10.1002/path.4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beschin
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory; VIB Brussels Belgium
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Unit; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Patrick De Baetselier
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory; VIB Brussels Belgium
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Unit; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Laboratory; VIB Brussels Belgium
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Unit; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Brussels Belgium
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Wiria AE, Djuardi Y, Supali T, Sartono E, Yazdanbakhsh M. Helminth infection in populations undergoing epidemiological transition: a friend or foe? Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:889-901. [PMID: 23129304 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections are highly prevalent in developing countries, especially in rural areas. With gradual development, there is a transition from living conditions that are dominated by infection, poor sanitation, manual labor, and traditional diet to a situation where burden of infections is reduced, infrastructure is improved, sedentary lifestyle dominates, and processed food forms a large proportion of the calorie intake. The combinations of some of the changes in lifestyle and environment are expected to result in alteration of the landscape of diseases, which will become dominated by non-communicable disorders. Here we review how the major helminth infections affect a large proportion of the population in the developing world and discuss their impact on the immune system and the consequences of this for other infections which are co-endemic in the same areas. Furthermore, we address the issue of decreasing helminth infections in many parts of the world within the context of increasing inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases.
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39
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Wilson RA. Virulence factors of schistosomes. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1442-50. [PMID: 22982150 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review considers whether the products of schistosomes in the mammalian host can be considered as virulence factors. These include: the cercarial secretions used in infection, those of the migrating schistosomulum, surface-exposed proteins of adult worms in the portal system and their gut vomitus in the context of immune evasion, secretions of the egg facilitating its escape from gut tissues and micro-exon gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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40
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Effects of helminths and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection on HIV-1: a cellular immunological perspective. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:260-7. [PMID: 22411452 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e3283521144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In many regions of the world, a high prevalence of HIV-1, helminthic and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections can be found. Here, we summarize the types of immune responses induced and/or modulated by these pathogens and the consequences for HIV-1 disease. RECENT FINDINGS Helminths predominantly induce strong T helper (Th) 2 cellular responses which are downregulated in chronic disease. The anatomical niche populated by helminths plays a key factor in the effect these parasites have on HIV-1 transmission and subsequent replication. Gut-associated helminths have been found to increase HIV-1 transmission via the lesions they provide. In spite of this, the many immune modulatory molecules secreted by the parasites may inhibit or slow HIV-1 infection. In contrast, Mtb is mainly restricted to the lung and the Mtb-specific Th cells induced are highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection and replication. Antigens from both pathogens have immunomodulatory activity that can skew cellular immune responses in specific directions. SUMMARY The effect of helminths and Mtb on modulating immune responses is varied and complex with both their location and phenotype potentially influencing HIV-1 disease. These pathogens have evolved a complex array of molecules which have the capacity to modulate immunity and preserve pathogen survival.
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Ruby T, McLaughlin L, Gopinath S, Monack D. Salmonella's long-term relationship with its host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:600-15. [PMID: 22335190 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-adapted strains of Salmonella enterica cause systemic infections and have the ability to persist systemically for long periods of time and pose significant public-health problems. Multidrug-resistant S. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) are on the increase and are often associated with HIV infection. Chronically infected hosts are often asymptomatic and transmit disease to naïve hosts via fecal shedding of bacteria, thereby serving as a critical reservoir for disease. Salmonella utilizes multiple ways to evade and modulate host innate and adaptive immune responses in order to persist in the presence of a robust immune response. Survival in macrophages and modulation of immune cells migration allow Salmonella to evade various immune responses. The ability of Salmonella to persist depends on a balance between immune responses that lead to the clearance of the pathogen and avoidance of damage to host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ruby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a structural and functional barrier that protects the central nervous system (CNS) from invasion by blood-borne pathogens including parasites. However, some intracellular and extracellular parasites can traverse the BBB during the course of infection and cause neurological disturbances and/or damage which are at times fatal. The means by which parasites cross the BBB and how the immune system controls the parasites within the brain are still unclear. In this review we present the current understanding of the processes utilized by two human neuropathogenic parasites, Trypanosoma brucei spp and Toxoplasma gondii, to go across the BBB and consequences of CNS invasion. We also describe briefly other parasites that can invade the brain and how they interact with or circumvent the BBB. The roles played by parasite-derived and host-derived molecules during parasitic and white blood cell invasion of the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willias Masocha
- Department of Applied Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Indirect effects of oral tolerance inhibit pulmonary granulomas to Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2012:293625. [PMID: 22013486 PMCID: PMC3195550 DOI: 10.1155/2012/293625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parenteral injection of tolerated proteins into orally tolerant mice inhibits the initiation of immunological responses to unrelated proteins and blocks severe chronic inflammatory reactions of immunological origin, such as autoimmune reactions. This inhibitory effect which we have called “indirect effects of oral tolerance” is also known as “bystander suppression.” Herein, we show that i.p. injection of OVA + Al(OH)3 minutes before i.v. injection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs into OVA tolerant mice blocked the increase of pulmonary granulomas. In addition, the expression of ICAM-1 in lung parenchyma in areas outside the granulomas of OVA-orally tolerant mice was significantly reduced. However, at day 18 after granuloma induction there was no difference in immunofluorescency intensity to CD3, CD4, F4/80, andα-SMA per granuloma area of tolerant and control groups. Reduction of granulomas by reexposure to orally tolerated proteins was not correlated with a shift in Th-1/Th-2 cytokines in serum or lung tissue extract.
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44
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Song X, Shen J, Wen H, Zhong Z, Luo Q, Chu D, Qi Y, Xu Y, Wei W. Impact of Schistosoma japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice: a murine model of human rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23453. [PMID: 21858123 PMCID: PMC3152573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hygiene hypothesis suggests that helminth infections prevent a range of autoimmune diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate the effects of S. japonicum infection on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), male DBA/1 mice were challenged with unisexual or bisexual S. japonicum cercariae two weeks prior to bovine type II collagen (CII) immunization or at the onset of CIA. S. japonicum infection prior to CII immunization significantly reduced the severity of CIA. ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) showed that the levels of anti-CII IgG and IgG2a were reduced in prior schistosome-infected mice, while anti-CII IgG1 was elevated. Splenocyte proliferation against both polyclonal and antigen-specific stimuli was reduced by prior schistosome infection as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation (3H-TdR). Cytokine profiles and CD4+ T cells subpopulation analysis by ELISA and flow cytometry (FCM) demonstrated that prior schistosome infection resulted in a significant down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and Th1 cells, together with up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and Th2 cells. Interestingly, the expansion of Treg cells and the reduction of Th17 cells were only observed in bisexually infected mice. In addition, prior schistosome infection notably reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) in the inflamed joint. However, the disease was exacerbated at one week after infection when established CIA mice were challenged with bisexual cercariae. Conclusion/Significance Our data provide direct evidence that the Th2 response evoked by prior S. japonicum infection can suppress the Th1 response and pro-inflammatory mediator and that bisexual infection with egg-laying up-regulates the Treg response and down-regulates the Th17 response, resulting in an amelioration of autoimmune arthritis. The beneficial effects might depend on the establishment of a Th2-dominant response rather than the presence of the eggs. Our results suggest that anti-inflammatory molecules from the parasite could treat autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Collagen Type II/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Hygiene Hypothesis
- Immunization
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Schistosoma japonicum/immunology
- Schistosoma japonicum/parasitology
- Schistosomiasis japonica/immunology
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Therapy with Helminths
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Song
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Anhui Cardiovascular Research, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jilong Shen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Huiqin Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhengrong Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qinli Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Deyong Chu
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yao Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and The Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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