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Abstract
The human and animal pathogens Yersinia pestis, which causes bubonic and pneumonic plague, and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia enterocolitica, which cause gastroenteritis, share a type 3 secretion system which injects effector proteins, Yops, into host cells. This system is critical for virulence of all three pathogens in tissue infection. Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to infected sites and all three pathogens frequently interact with and inject Yops into these cells during tissue infection. Host receptors, serum factors, and bacterial adhesins appear to collaborate to promote neutrophil- Yersinia interactions in tissues. The ability of neutrophils to control infection is mixed depending on the stage of infection and points to the efficiency of Yops and other bacterial factors to mitigate bactericidal effects of neutrophils. Yersinia in close proximity to neutrophils has higher levels of expression from yop promoters, and neutrophils in close proximity to Yersinia express higher levels of pro-survival genes than migrating neutrophils. In infected tissues, YopM increases neutrophil survival and YopH targets a SKAP2/SLP-76 signal transduction pathway. Yet the full impact of these and other Yops and other Yersinia factors on neutrophils in infected tissues has yet to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Mecsas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, 136 Harrison Ave, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
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Porte R, Van Maele L, Muñoz-Wolf N, Foligné B, Dumoutier L, Tabareau J, Cayet D, Gosset P, Jonckheere N, Van Seuningen I, Chabalgoity JA, Simonet M, Lamkanfi M, Renauld JC, Sirard JC, Carnoy C. Flagellin-Mediated Protection against Intestinal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection Does Not Require Interleukin-22. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00806-16. [PMID: 27872237 PMCID: PMC5278166 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00806-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the main receptors in innate immunity, is essential for the defense of mucosal surfaces. It was previously shown that systemic TLR5 stimulation by bacterial flagellin induces an immediate, transient interleukin-22 (IL-22)-dependent antimicrobial response to bacterial or viral infections of the mucosa. This process was dependent on the activation of type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of flagellin treatment in a murine model of oral infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (an invasive, Gram-negative, enteropathogenic bacterium that targets the small intestine). We found that systemic administration of flagellin significantly increased the survival rate after intestinal infection (but not systemic infection) by Y. pseudotuberculosis This protection was associated with a low bacterial count in the gut and the spleen. In contrast, no protection was afforded by administration of the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide, suggesting the presence of a flagellin-specific effect. Lastly, we found that TLR5- and MyD88-mediated signaling was required for the protective effects of flagellin, whereas neither lymphoid cells nor IL-22 was involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Porte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laurye Van Maele
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Wolf
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Benoit Foligné
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien Tabareau
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Cayet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Hopital Saint Vincent, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Université Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Jonckheere
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172, JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France
| | - José A Chabalgoity
- Laboratory for Vaccine Research, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Higiene, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michel Simonet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Hygiène, Institut de Microbiologie, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, and Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, and de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Carnoy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
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Spinner JL, Winfree S, Starr T, Shannon JG, Nair V, Steele-Mortimer O, Hinnebusch BJ. Yersinia pestis survival and replication within human neutrophil phagosomes and uptake of infected neutrophils by macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 95:389-98. [PMID: 24227798 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1112551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis, the bacterial agent of plague, is transmitted by fleas. The bite of an infected flea deposits Y. pestis into the dermis and triggers recruitment of innate immune cells, including phagocytic PMNs. Y. pestis can subvert this PMN response and survive at the flea-bite site, disseminate, and persist in the host. Although its genome encodes a number of antiphagocytic virulence factors, phagocytosis of Y. pestis by PMNs has been observed. This study tests the hypotheses that Y. pestis, grown at the ambient temperature of the flea vector (21°C), where the major antiphagocytic virulence factors are not produced, can survive and replicate within human PMNs and can use PMNs as a route to infect macrophages subsequently. We show that Y. pestis is localized within PMN phagosomes, predominately as individual bacteria, and that intracellular bacteria can survive and replicate. Within 12 h of infection, ~70% of infected PMNs had PS on their surface and were plausibly competent for efferocytosis. With the use of live cell confocal imaging, we show that autologous HMDMs recognize and internalize infected PMNs and that Y. pestis survives and replicates within these HMDMs following efferocytosis. Addition of HMDMs to infected PMNs resulted in decreased secretion of inflammatory cytokines (compared with HMDMs incubated directly with pCD1(-) Y. pestis) and increased secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ra. Thus, Y. pestis can survive and replicate within PMNs, and infected PMNs may be a route for noninflammatory infection of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin L Spinner
- 1.Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, 903 South 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840, USA.
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Schiano CA, Lathem WW. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in Yersinia species. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:129. [PMID: 23162797 PMCID: PMC3493969 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of gene expression is required by bacterial pathogens to respond to continually changing environmental conditions and the host response during the infectious process. While transcriptional regulation is perhaps the most well understood form of controlling gene expression, recent studies have demonstrated the importance of post-transcriptional mechanisms of gene regulation that allow for more refined management of the bacterial response to host conditions. Yersinia species of bacteria are known to use various forms of post-transcriptional regulation for control of many virulence-associated genes. These include regulation by cis- and trans-acting small non-coding RNAs, RNA-binding proteins, RNases, and thermoswitches. The effects of these and other regulatory mechanisms on Yersinia physiology can be profound and have been shown to influence type III secretion, motility, biofilm formation, host cell invasion, intracellular survival and replication, and more. In this review, we discuss these and other post-transcriptional mechanisms and their influence on virulence gene regulation, with a particular emphasis on how these processes influence the virulence of Yersinia in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A Schiano
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
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