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Chavda VP, Vuppu S, Mishra T, Kamaraj S, Sharma N, Punetha S, Sairam A, Vaghela D, Dargahi N, Apostolopoulos V. Combatting infectious diarrhea: innovations in treatment and vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:246-265. [PMID: 38372023 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2295015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The escalating prevalence of infectious diseases is an important cause of concern in society. Particularly in several developing countries, infectious diarrhea poses a major problem, with a high fatality rate, especially among young children. The condition is divided into four classes, namely, acute diarrhea, invasive diarrhea, acute bloody diarrhea, and chronic diarrhea. Various pathogenic agents, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoans, and helminths, contribute to the onset of this condition. AREAS COVERED The review discusses the scenario of infectious diarrhea, the prevalent types, as well as approaches to management including preventive, therapeutic, and vaccination strategies. The vaccination techniques are extensively discussed including the available vaccines, their advantages as well as limitations. EXPERT OPINION There are several approaches available to develop new-improved vaccines. In addition, route of immunization is important and aerosols/nasal sprays, oral route, skin patches, powders, and liquid jets to minimize needles can be used. Plant-based vaccines, such as rice, might save packing and refrigeration costs by being long-lasting, non-refrigerable, and immunogenic. Future research should utilize predetermined PCR testing intervals and symptom monitoring to identify persistent pathogens after therapy and symptom remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Suneetha Vuppu
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Toshika Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathvika Kamaraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nikita Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Swati Punetha
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Sairam
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research Lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dixa Vaghela
- Pharmacy Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Narges Dargahi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Immunology Program, Sunshine Hospital Campus, Saint Albans, Victoria, Australia
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Montero DA, Vidal RM, Velasco J, George S, Lucero Y, Gómez LA, Carreño LJ, García-Betancourt R, O’Ryan M. Vibrio cholerae, classification, pathogenesis, immune response, and trends in vaccine development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1155751. [PMID: 37215733 PMCID: PMC10196187 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of cholera, a highly contagious diarrheal disease affecting millions worldwide each year. Cholera is a major public health problem, primarily in countries with poor sanitary conditions and regions affected by natural disasters, where access to safe drinking water is limited. In this narrative review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the evolution of virulence and pathogenesis of V. cholerae as well as provide an overview of the immune response against this pathogen. We highlight that V. cholerae has a remarkable ability to adapt and evolve, which is a global concern because it increases the risk of cholera outbreaks and the spread of the disease to new regions, making its control even more challenging. Furthermore, we show that this pathogen expresses several virulence factors enabling it to efficiently colonize the human intestine and cause cholera. A cumulative body of work also shows that V. cholerae infection triggers an inflammatory response that influences the development of immune memory against cholera. Lastly, we reviewed the status of licensed cholera vaccines, those undergoing clinical evaluation, and recent progress in developing next-generation vaccines. This review offers a comprehensive view of V. cholerae and identifies knowledge gaps that must be addressed to develop more effective cholera vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio George
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Pediatría y Cirugía Infantil, Hospital Dr. Roberto del Rio, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo A. Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Richard García-Betancourt
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O’Ryan
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ul Haq I, Krukiewicz K, Yahya G, Haq MU, Maryam S, Mosbah RA, Saber S, Alrouji M. The Breadth of Bacteriophages Contributing to the Development of the Phage-Based Vaccines for COVID-19: An Ideal Platform to Design the Multiplex Vaccine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1536. [PMID: 36675046 PMCID: PMC9861788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phages are highly ubiquitous biological agents, which means they are ideal tools for molecular biology and recombinant DNA technology. The development of a phage display technology was a turning point in the design of phage-based vaccines. Phages are now recognized as universal adjuvant-free nanovaccine platforms. Phages are well-suited for vaccine design owing to their high stability in harsh conditions and simple and inexpensive large-scale production. The aim of this review is to summarize the overall breadth of the antiviral therapeutic perspective of phages contributing to the development of phage-based vaccines for COVID-19. We show that phage vaccines induce a strong and specific humoral response by targeted phage particles carrying the epitopes of SARS-CoV-2. Further, the engineering of the T4 bacteriophage by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) presents phage vaccines as a valuable platform with potential capabilities of genetic plasticity, intrinsic immunogenicity, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharqia 44519, Egypt
| | - Mehboob Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sajida Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- Infection Control Unit, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig University, El Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang Y, Deng Y, Feng J, Hu J, Chen H, Guo Z, Gao R, Su Y. ToxR modulates biofilm formation in fish pathogen Vibrio harveyi. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 74:288-299. [PMID: 34822732 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is a common aquaculture pathogen causing diseases in a variety of aquatic animals. toxR, a conserved virulence-associated gene in vibrios, is identified in V. harveyi 345, a pathogenic strain isolated from diseased fish. In this study, to gain insight into function of ToxR in V. harveyi, an in-frame deletion of the toxR gene was constructed to reveal the role of ToxR in the physiology and virulence of V. harveyi. The statistical analysis showed no significant differences in the growth ability, motility, extracellular protease secretion, antibiotic susceptibility, virulence by intraperitoneal injection and the ability of V. harveyi to colonize the spleen and liver tissues of the pearl gentian grouper between the wild-type (WT) and the toxR mutant. However, the deletion of toxR increased the biofilm formation. The structure of the V. harveyi biofilm was further analysed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the results showed that deletion of toxR increased the number and density of V. harveyi biofilm. Since biofilm production is flagella, exopolysaccharide (EPS) and lipopolysaccharide dependent, 16 of V. harveyi biofilm-related genes were selected for further analysis. Based on quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR, the expression levels of these genes, including genes flrB, motY and mshA, flaE, flrA and gmhD, were significantly up-regulated in the ΔtoxR+ strain as compared with the WT+ and C-ΔtoxR strains during the early and mid-exponential, while epsG, flaA, flaE, flgD, flgE, flrB, flrC, lpxB, motY, mshA and scrG genes were inhibited because of deletion of the toxR gene in the stationary growth phase. Our results indicate that ToxR plays an important role in controlling the biofilm in V. harveyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Feng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Hu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Chen
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - R Gao
- Zhaoqing Dahuanong Biology Medicine Co. Ltd, Guangdong, Zhaoqing, PR China
| | - Y Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Innovative Institute of Animal Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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Xian TH, Sinniah K, Yean CY, Krishnamoorthy V, Bahari MB, Ravichandran M, Prabhakaran G. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live, oral cholera vaccine formulation stored outside-the-cold-chain for 140 days. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:29. [PMID: 32450807 PMCID: PMC7249306 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cholera, an acute watery diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 and O139 across the continents. Replacing the existing WHO licensed killed multiple-dose oral cholera vaccines that demand ‘cold chain supply’ at 2–8 °C with a live, single-dose and cold chain-free vaccine would relieve the significant bottlenecks and cost determinants in cholera vaccination campaigns. In this direction, a prototype cold chain-free live attenuated cholera vaccine formulation (LACV) was developed against the toxigenic wild-type (WT) V. cholerae O139 serogroup. LACV was found stable and retained its viability (5 × 106 CFU/mL), purity and potency at room temperature (25 °C ± 2 °C, and 60% ± 5% relative humidity) for 140 days in contrast to all the existing WHO licensed cold-chain supply (2–8 °C) dependent killed oral cholera vaccines. Results The LACV was evaluated for its colonization potential, reactogenicity, immunogenicity and protective efficacy in animal models after its storage at room temperature for 140 days. In suckling mice colonization assay, the LACV recorded the highest recovery of (7.2 × 107 CFU/mL) compared to those of unformulated VCUSM14P (5.6 × 107 CFU/mL) and the WT O139 strain (3.5 × 107 CFU/mL). The LACV showed no reactogenicity even at an inoculation dose of 104–106 CFU/mL in a rabbit ileal loop model. The rabbits vaccinated with the LACV or unformulated VCUSM14P survived a challenge with WT O139 and showed no signs of diarrhoea or death in the reversible intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhoea (RITARD) model. Vaccinated rabbits recorded a 275-fold increase in anti-CT IgG and a 15-fold increase in anti-CT IgA antibodies compared to those of rabbits vaccinated with unformulated VCUSM14P. Vibriocidal antibodies were increased by 31-fold with the LACV and 14-fold with unformulated VCUSM14P. Conclusion The vaccine formulation mimics a natural infection, is non-reactogenic and highly immunogenic in vivo and protects animals from lethal wild-type V. cholerae O139 challenge. The single dose LACV formulation was found to be stable at room temperature (25 ± 2 °C) for 140 days and it would result in significant cost savings during mass cholera vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tew Hui Xian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Kurunathan Sinniah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Chan Yean Yean
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Baidi Bahari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Manickam Ravichandran
- Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Guruswamy Prabhakaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Semeling, Kedah, Malaysia.
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Shukla GS, Sun YJ, Pero SC, Sholler GS, Krag DN. Immunization with tumor neoantigens displayed on T7 phage nanoparticles elicits plasma antibody and vaccine-draining lymph node B cell responses. J Immunol Methods 2018; 460:51-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Barati N, Razazan A, Nicastro J, Slavcev R, Arab A, Mosaffa F, Nikpoor AR, Badiee A, Jaafari MR, Behravan J. Immunogenicity and antitumor activity of the superlytic λF7 phage nanoparticles displaying a HER2/neu-derived peptide AE37 in a tumor model of BALB/c mice. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:109-116. [PMID: 29580807 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Phage display technique has been increasingly researched for vaccine design and delivery strategies in recent years. In this study, the AE37 (Ii-Key/HER-2/neu 776-790) peptide derived from HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor protein) was used as a fused peptide to the lambda phage (λF7) coat protein gpD, and the phage nanoparticles were used to induce antitumor immunogenicity in a TUBO model of breast cancer in mice. Mice were immunized with the AE37 peptide displaying phage, λF7 (gpD::AE37) every 2-week intervals over 6-weeks, then the generated immune responses were evaluated. An induction of CTL immune response by the λF7 (gpD::AE37) construct compared to the control λF7 and buffer groups was observed in vitro. Moreover, in the in vivo studies, the vaccine candidate showed promising prophylactic and therapeutic effects against the HER2 overexpressing cancer in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Barati
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atefeh Razazan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jessica Nicastro
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, N2L3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Roderick Slavcev
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, N2L3G1, Canada; Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, N2L3G1, Canada; Mediphage Bioceuticals, Inc., 661 University Avenue, Suite 1300, MaRS Centre, West Tower, Toronto, M5G0B7, Canada
| | - Atefeh Arab
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mosaffa
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Behravan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, N2L3G1, Canada; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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O'Ryan M, Vidal R, del Canto F, Salazar JC, Montero D. Vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: Part I: Overview, vaccines for enteric viruses and Vibrio cholerae. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:584-600. [PMID: 25715048 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to develop vaccines for prevention of acute diarrhea have been going on for more than 40 y with partial success. The myriad of pathogens, more than 20, that have been identified as a cause of acute diarrhea throughout the years pose a significant challenge for selecting and further developing the most relevant vaccine candidates. Based on pathogen distribution as identified in epidemiological studies performed mostly in low-resource countries, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, Shigella, diarrheogenic E. coli and V. cholerae are predominant, and thus the main targets for vaccine development and implementation. Vaccination against norovirus is most relevant in middle/high-income countries and possibly in resource-deprived countries, pending a more precise characterization of disease impact. Only a few licensed vaccines are currently available, of which rotavirus vaccines have been the most outstanding in demonstrating a significant impact in a short time period. This is a comprehensive review, divided into 2 articles, of nearly 50 vaccine candidates against the most relevant viral and bacterial pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis. In order to facilitate reading, sections for each pathogen are organized as follows: i) a discussion of the main epidemiological and pathogenic features; and ii) a discussion of vaccines based on their stage of development, moving from current licensed vaccines to vaccines in advanced stage of development (in phase IIb or III trials) to vaccines in early stages of clinical development (in phase I/II) or preclinical development in animal models. In this first article we discuss rotavirus, norovirus and Vibrio cholerae. In the following article we will discuss Shigella, Salmonella (non-typhoidal), diarrheogenic E. coli (enterotoxigenic and enterohemorragic), and Campylobacter jejuni.
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Key Words
- ALA, aminolevulenic acid
- ASC, antibody secreting cell
- Ace, accessory cholera enterotoxin
- CT, cholera toxin
- CT-A cholera toxin A subunit
- CT-B cholera toxin B subunit
- Cep, core encoded pilus
- E. coli
- ETEC
- ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli
- GEMS, global enteric multi-center study
- HA/P, hemaglutinin protease
- HBGA, histo-blood group antibodies
- IS, intussusception
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IgM, immunoglobulin M
- LB, lower boundary
- LLR, Lanzhou Lamb Rotavirus vaccine
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MPL, monophosphoril lipid A
- MSH, mannose-sensitive hemaglutinin pilus
- REST, rotavirus efficacy and safety trial
- RITARD
- RR, relative risk, CI, confidence interval
- RecA, recombinase A
- SAES, serious adverse events
- SRSV, small round virus, ORF, open reading frame
- STEC
- STEC, shigatoxin producing E. coli
- TCP, toxin co-regulated pilus
- V. cholerae
- VA1.3, vaccine attempt 1.3
- VLP, virus like particle
- VLPs, virus like particles, VRPs, virus replicon particles
- VP, viral proteins
- WHO, World Health Organization
- Zot, zonula occludens toxin
- acute diarrhea
- campylobacter
- enteric pathogens
- gastroenteritis
- norovirus
- removable intestinal tie-adult rabbit diarrhea
- rotavirus
- salmonella
- shigella
- vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel O'Ryan
- a Microbiology and Mycology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Universidad de Chile ; Santiago , Chile
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Costa LE, Goulart LR, Pereira NCDJ, Lima MIS, Duarte MC, Martins VT, Lage PS, Menezes-Souza D, Ribeiro TG, Melo MN, Fernandes AP, Soto M, Tavares CAP, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Coelho EAF. Mimotope-based vaccines of Leishmania infantum antigens and their protective efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110014. [PMID: 25333662 PMCID: PMC4198211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of cost-effective prophylactic strategies to prevent leishmaniasis has become a high-priority. The present study has used the phage display technology to identify new immunogens, which were evaluated as vaccines in the murine model of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Epitope-based immunogens, represented by phage-fused peptides that mimic Leishmania infantum antigens, were selected according to their affinity to antibodies from asymptomatic and symptomatic VL dogs' sera. METHODOLOGY/MAIN FINDINGS Twenty phage clones were selected after three selection cycles, and were evaluated by means of in vitro assays of the immune stimulation of spleen cells derived from naive and chronically infected with L. infantum BALB/c mice. Clones that were able to induce specific Th1 immune response, represented by high levels of IFN-γ and low levels of IL-4 were selected, and based on their selectivity and specificity, two clones, namely B10 and C01, were further employed in the vaccination protocols. BALB/c mice vaccinated with clones plus saponin showed both a high and specific production of IFN-γ, IL-12, and GM-CSF after in vitro stimulation with individual clones or L. infantum extracts. Additionally, these animals, when compared to control groups (saline, saponin, wild-type phage plus saponin, or non-relevant phage clone plus saponin), showed significant reductions in the parasite burden in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and paws' draining lymph nodes. Protection was associated with an IL-12-dependent production of IFN-γ, mainly by CD8+ T cells, against parasite proteins. These animals also presented decreased parasite-mediated IL-4 and IL-10 responses, and increased levels of parasite-specific IgG2a antibodies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study describes two phage clones that mimic L. infantum antigens, which were directly used as immunogens in vaccines and presented Th1-type immune responses, and that significantly reduced the parasite burden. This is the first study that describes phage-displayed peptides as successful immunogens in vaccine formulations against VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourena Emanuele Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Nathália Cristina de Jesus Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ingrid Sousa Lima
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana Costa Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian Tamietti Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Sousa Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Gomes Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Norma Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alberto Pereira Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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10
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Böhles N, Böhles N, Busch K, Busch K, Hensel M, Hensel M. Vaccines against human diarrheal pathogens: current status and perspectives. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1522-35. [PMID: 24861668 PMCID: PMC5396248 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, nearly 1.7 billion people per year contract diarrheal infectious diseases (DID) and almost 760 000 of infections are fatal. DID are a major problem in developing countries where poor sanitation prevails and food and water may become contaminated by fecal shedding. Diarrhea is caused by pathogens such as bacteria, protozoans and viruses. Important diarrheal pathogens are Vibrio cholerae, Shigella spp. and rotavirus, which can be prevented with vaccines for several years. The focus of this review is on currently available vaccines against these three pathogens, and on development of new vaccines. Currently, various types of vaccines based on traditional (killed, live attenuated, toxoid or conjugate vaccines) and reverse vaccinology (DNA/mRNA, vector, recombinant subunit, plant vaccines) are in development or already available. Development of new vaccines demands high levels of knowledge, experience, budget, and time, yet promising new vaccines often fail in preclinical and clinical studies. Efficacy of vaccination also depends on the route of delivery, and mucosal immunization in particular is of special interest for preventing DID. Furthermore, adjuvants, delivery systems and other vaccine components are essential for an adequate immune response. These aspects will be discussed in relation to the improvement of existing and development of new vaccines against DID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie; Universität Osnabrück; Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael Hensel
- Abt. Mikrobiologie; Universität Osnabrück; Osnabrück, Germany
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11
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Cheng C, Zhou Y, Kan B, Wang Q, Rui Y. Construction and characterization of a Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 vaccine candidate by genetic engineering. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2239-44. [PMID: 24676972 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to construct and evaluate the live attenuated Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 vaccine candidate, in which genes encoding protective antigens were integrated into the chromosomal DNA. Using the initial strain, O139-ZJ9693, the toxin-linked cryptic (TLC) and cholera toxin (CTX) genetic elements and repeats in the toxin (RTX) gene cluster were deleted from its chromosomal DNA, and the cholera toxin genes, ctxB and rstR, were transferred into the chromosome to construct the candidate vaccine strain. The expression of ctxB and the vaccine virulence were then examined. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzymatic digestion and electrophoresis were performed to confirm that TLC, CTX and RTX were deleted, and that ctxB and rstR were transferred into the vaccine candidate DNA. According to the preliminary evaluation, the ctxB gene exhibited cholera toxin subunit B expression, and no enterotoxigenic or cytotoxic effects were observed in this strain. In conclusion, a recombinant strain containing genes encoding protective antigens that replaced virulence-associated genes was successfully constructed in the present study; this candidate strain may have the potential to be utilized to further evaluate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Cheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Biao Kan
- The Priority Laboratory of Medical Molecular Bacteriology of the Ministry of Health, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yongyu Rui
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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12
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Pastor M, Pedraz JL, Esquisabel A. The state-of-the-art of approved and under-development cholera vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:4069-78. [PMID: 23845813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholera remains a huge public health problem. Although in 1894, the first cholera vaccination was reported, an ideal vaccine that meets all the requirements of the WHO has not yet been produced. Among the different approaches used for cholera vaccination, attenuated vaccines represent a major category; these vaccines are beneficial in being able to induce a strong protective response after a single administration. However, they have possible negative effects on immunocompromised patient populations. Both the licensed CVD103-HgR and other vaccine approaches under development are detailed in this article, such as the Vibrio cholerae 638 vaccine candidate, Peru-15 or CholeraGarde(®) and the VA1.3, VA1.4, IEM 108 VCUSM2 and CVD 112 vaccine candidates. In another strategy, killed V. cholerae vaccines have been developed, including Dukoral(®), mORCAX(®) and Sanchol™. The killed vaccines are already sold, and they have successfully demonstrated their potential to protect populations in endemic areas or after natural disasters. However, these vaccines do not fulfill all the requirements of the WHO because they fail to confer long-term protection, are not suitable for children under two years, require more than a single dose and require a distribution chain with cold storage. Lastly, other vaccine strategies under development are summarized in this review. Among these strategies, vaccine candidates based on alternative drug delivery systems that have been reported lately in the literature are discussed, such as microparticles, proteoliposomes, LPS subunits, DNA vaccines and rice seeds containing toxin subunits. Preliminary results reported by many groups working on alternative delivery systems for cholera vaccines demonstrate the importance of new technologies in addressing old problems such as cholera. Although a fully ideal vaccine has not yet been designed, promising steps have been reported in the literature resulting in hope for the fight against cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pastor
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, University of the Basque Country, School of Pharmacy, Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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13
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Bazan J, Całkosiński I, Gamian A. Phage display--a powerful technique for immunotherapy: 2. Vaccine delivery. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1829-35. [PMID: 22906938 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display is a powerful technique in medical and health biotechnology. This technology has led to formation of antibody libraries and has provided techniques for fast and efficient search of these libraries. The phage display technique has been used in studying the protein-protein or protein-ligand interactions, constructing of the antibody and antibody fragments and improving the affinity of proteins to receptors. Recently phage display has been widely used to study immunization process, develop novel vaccines and investigate allergen-antibody interactions. This technology can provide new tools for protection against viral, fungal and bacterial infections. It may become a valuable tool in cancer therapies, abuse and allergies treatment. This review presents the recent advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic applications of phage display. In particular the applicability of this technology to study the immunization process, construction of new vaccines and development of safer and more efficient delivery strategies has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bazan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw, Poland
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